CN104870076A - 用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件 - Google Patents
用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 71
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 70
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 title claims 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 68
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 29
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 35
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 17
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 15
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 3
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron nickel Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe].[Ni] BIJOYKCOMBZXAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001105 martensitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002688 persistence Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
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Abstract
本发明提供用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件。根据本发明,组件材料用于抑制由在碳捕获与封存(CCS)过程期间分离膜组件中碳源的反应性,并且能阻止碳的发生和由副反应引起的氢气局部压力的下降。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于捕获二氧化碳(CO2)的氢气分离膜组件,且更具体地涉及采用可以抑制与分离膜组件中的碳源反应以阻止由副反应引起的碳的发生(occurrence of carbon)以及氢气局部压力下降的组件材料用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件。
背景技术
在整体煤气化联合循环(integrated gasification combined cycle,IGCC)过程中,碳捕获与封存(CCS)是通过煤气化、脱硫、水煤气变换(WGS)反应、水分离和采用分离膜的二氧化碳和氢气分离的五个步骤完成的。WGS反应是如在下面公式中所示的用于制备氢气和二氧化碳的反应,并用氢气分离膜捕获在WGS反应中产生的氢气和二氧化碳中的二氧化碳以制备高纯度的氢气。
作为用于从在WGS反应中产生的氢气混合气体来分离氢气的技术,各种方法(比如:变压吸附(PSA)、深度冷却、化学吸附作用以及采用分离膜的分离)可以被采用。在这些技术中,采用分离膜的分离工艺已知的能量效率方面最好的技术。最近,为了商业化超大号精炼部分(比如预点火的CCS),采用氢气分离膜的分离工艺的发展正在进行。
此外,已有大量投入到用于采用氢气分离膜的氢气精炼的组件构造中的研究,并且这种研究是从确保已渗入分离膜的高浓度的氢气的观点进行的。当前,关于氢气的市场规模是全世界一年1万亿韩元或更多,并且在这些国家中,韩国占其大约5%。在韩国,采用分离膜的高效氢气制造设备的市场规模已被估计为一年2亿韩元或更多。近些年,由于包括半导体制造工艺的石油化学工艺中对高纯度氢气的需求已经变得大得多,当将具有最大化性能的氢气分离膜组件应用在高纯度氢气的制备和CCS工艺中时,市场性已经被估计得很大。
进一步地,在用于采用分离膜的分离二氧化碳和氢气的应用分离膜的工艺中,应该同时满足氢气精炼和CO2浓度,并且因此,不可能获得在某一水平或更高的残余气体的浓度,除非保持高的氢气回收率。也就是说,当从混合气体分离氢气时,在分离膜上材料的扩散充当了针对分离膜的氢气清除效率的主导因素,因为还没有渗入分离膜的残余气体中氢气的浓度逐渐减少。因此,分离膜的构造发挥了绝对的影响,并且膜本身的性能,以及氢气分离膜组件的性能在采用氢气分离膜的二氧化碳捕获中也非常重要。
作为用于制造氢气分离膜组件的金属材料,不锈钢已经被普遍使用。然而,形成不锈钢的代表性主要金属包括铁、镍和铬,以及一些材料可能包括硅、钼、钛以及类似的金属。这些金属材料为根据它们的目的在各种催化反应中使用的材料,并且当被用作氢气分离膜组件的一种材料时,可以充当催化剂,且由此,催化反应可能在不需要的方向进行。
如上文所描述,当进行不需要的催化反应时,与WGS反应相反的一种反应—反向水煤气变换(R-WGS)可能作为一种副反应发生。当这种R-WGS反应发生时,氢气的局部压力下降引起组件性能上的显著下降,且因此导致由于该副反应的堵缝(caulking)的发生(碳产生)。
发明内容
技术问题
为了解决上文描述的问题,本发明的一个目的是提供用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件,其采用可以抑制与在用于捕获二氧化碳的分离膜组件中的碳源反应的组件材料,其中分离膜组件在碳捕获与封存(CCS)期间采用分离膜的分离二氧化碳和氢气的步骤中使用,以防止由于作为副反应的反向水煤气变换(R-WGS)反应引起的碳的发生和氢气的局部压力下降。
技术方案
本发明的发明人高度关注了其中当催化反应在用于捕获二氧化碳的传统的氢气分离膜组件中进行时,由于作为副反应的反向水煤气变换(R-WGS)反应引起的氢气局部压力下降和生成碳(堵缝,caulking)的问题,并且作为其结果,已构思出一种想法,其中含有碳的气体(二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲烷等)可以经历作为副反应的催化反应:与包含在不锈钢表面中的催化金属反应,形成氢气分离膜组件的组件材料内部。
也就是说,本发明的发明人已构思出一种想法,就是抑制分离膜组件中催化剂的反应是非常重要的,因为,作为在用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件中进行催化反应的最重要的起因,用作氢气分离膜组件的材料的不锈钢包括如铁、镍、铬等的金属材料,并且这些金属材料根据它们的目的,充当能导致各种催化反应的催化剂,从而不锈钢材料制成的组件表面上的含有碳的气体分子(二氧化碳、一氧化碳和甲烷等)在不锈钢的表面上被吸附,形成氢气分离膜组件内部的组件材料,并且因此导致通过与包含在不锈钢内起催化作用的金属反应的副反应,并且显著减弱了氢气分离膜组件的性能。基于这个想法,本发明的发明人发现,当采用不促进催化反应的材料来代替在本领域中常规使用的材料时,不发生副反应,特别地,组件中可能不产生碳摄取,并且这完成了本发明。
有益效果
根据本发明,通过采用含有高含量的镍和铬的不锈钢作为用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料,副反应的反向水煤气变换(R-WGS)反应可以在氢气分离膜组件中被抑制,并且在分离膜组件中可能不产生碳摄取,从而可能获得在氢气分离膜组件的持久性上的改进以及捕获二氧化碳的优异效果。
最优方式
本发明涉及用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件,其用在碳捕获与封存(CCS)过程中使用分离膜的分离二氧化碳和氢气的步骤中,并且特别地,本发明提供用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件,其采用含有高含量的镍和铬的不锈钢材料,以防止组件中反向水煤气变换反应的发生,并且因此防止了在分离膜组件中没有产生碳摄取的氢气局部压力的下降。
不锈钢含有作为基础金属的铁(Fe)以及作为主要原材料的铬(Cr)和镍(Ni),并且通过添加除了铬和镍的化学元素可以获得多种特性。另外,不锈钢可以根据化学组成以及金属的晶体结构进行大致分类。具体地,就化学组成而言,不锈钢被分类为铁-铬(Fe-Cr)合金和铁-铬-镍(Fe-Cr-Ni)合金,并且被分类为铁-铬-镍(Fe-Cr-Ni)合金的奥氏体不锈钢、双相不锈钢、铁-铬(Fe-Cr)合金的铁素体不锈钢以及马氏体不锈钢。在这些不锈钢中,奥氏体不锈钢不具有磁性且由于与表面氧化膜的高度增加的粘性而具有杰出的耐腐蚀性、耐冲击性和耐热性,并且因此用作对于化学工厂的各种类型的材料。作为一种代表性的钢材类型,奥氏体不锈钢(具有18%铬和8%镍)是本领域已知的。
形成奥氏体不锈钢的代表性的金属成分包括铁、铬和镍,并且一些不锈钢会以非常小的量包含钼和钛。相应地,包含在奥氏体不锈钢中的金属成分(比如镍和铬等)为根据它们的目的在各种催化反应中使用的材料,并且当它们用作氢气分离膜组件的材料时,具有催化功能的结构在氢气分离膜组件的表面上形成,且由此表现出催化活性以引起催化反应。然而,含有高含量的镍和铬成分的奥氏体不锈钢具有由于合金的晶体结构的高密度(denseness)引起的改进的耐氧化性和耐热性的特性,并呈现出与其他不锈钢相比催化活性的少量表现的期望性质。
进一步地,如果以化学成分的小量的硅(Si)的含量在奥氏体不锈钢中高时,可以表现出在高温下改进的耐氧化性的特性。因此,在不锈钢的表面上以及其内部的金属之间的界面上由硅氧化物形成超薄的浓缩层,其发挥作为保护膜防止金属离子的外部扩散和氧的内部扩散的功能,并由此呈现出与其他不锈钢相比催化活性的少量表现的期望性质。
当材料(比如不锈钢)暴露于含有碳的气体(比如:CO、CO2或CH4等)时,碳化现象发生。在此,碳化的程度由气体中的碳和氧的水平、温度以及不锈钢的成分确定。由于碳化,不锈钢的表面可能恶化,因为碳化物或碳化物连接在不锈钢的晶体结构内或晶体结构之间的界面形成。用于提供在对碳化的抗性方面增加最大的合金化学元素为铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)和硅(Si),可以从下面的表1看出。
表1
参考在表1中所示的在910℃下7340小时后在含有34%H2、14%CO、12.4%CH4和39.6%N2的组分的气体中的碳摄取的结果,可以看出在对于关于铬和镍成分(在奥氏体不锈钢中表现催化活性)的每种成分类型都一样的条件下可以获得通过碳源的碳摄取的各种结果。
根据碳摄取的结果,可以看出仅对于具有重量(“wt%”)为23%Cr和13wt%Ni,以及25wt%Cr和20wt%Ni范围内的成分的奥氏体不锈钢,以及具有25wt%Cr、20wt%Ni和作为另一种化学成分的2.5wt%Si范围内的成分的奥氏体不锈钢来说,从来不会产生碳摄取。
如可从上面的描述看出,当采用含有20-30wt%范围的Cr和12-35wt%范围的镍的奥氏体不锈钢,以及除其他化学成分外,含有1.5-3.0wt%范围的Si的奥氏体不锈钢,并且优选地,含有22-26wt%范围的Cr和12-22wt%范围的镍的奥氏体不锈钢,以及含有在作为用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料的其他化学成分中1.5-3.0wt%范围的Si的奥氏体不锈钢时,会发现与在氢气分离膜组件中的碳源的反应可以被抑制,以此防止碳的发生和由于副反应引起的氢气局部压力的下降,并且完成本发明。
如含有高含量的镍和铬的奥氏体不锈钢(其用作用于在碳捕获与封存(CCS)过程中采用分离膜的分离二氧化碳和氢气的步骤中捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料),含有20-30wt%含量的Cr和12-35wt%含量的镍(作为除了铁(Fe)成分的化学元素成分)的不锈钢是合适的,并且所述不锈钢可以包含0.08wt%或更少的碳(C)、1.50wt%或更少的硅(Si)、2.0wt%或更少的锰(Mn)、0.045wt%或更少的磷(P)以及0.03wt%或更少的硫(S)作为其他化学成分。作为含有高含量的镍和铬的奥氏体不锈钢(如上面描述的不锈钢一样合适)的例子,优选采用AISI国际标准SS 309S和SS 310S。
作为含有含高含量的镍和铬的奥氏体不锈钢的相对高含量的硅(Si)的材料(其适于作为用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料),有含有作为另一种化学成分的1.50-3.0wt%范围的硅(Si)的不锈钢,同时含有作为除了铁(Fe)成分的化学元素成分的20-30wt%含量的Cr和12-35wt%含量的镍。作为含有高含量的镍、铬和硅的奥氏体不锈钢的例子(适于作为上述描述的不锈钢),优选采用AISI国际标准SS 314。
同时,当采用含有少于20wt%Cr和少于12wt%Ni的奥氏体不锈钢(其作为在碳捕获与封存(CCS)过程中采用分离膜的分离二氧化碳的氢气的步骤中使用的用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料),存在由于增加的反应性制备出大量一氧化碳(CO)和产生碳摄取的问题。此外,含有超过30wt%和35wt%范围的铬(Cr)和镍(Ni)的奥氏体不锈钢,分别在现在可以制备的钢材类型中和应用为奥氏体不锈钢在本领域不是已知的。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将参考实施例描述实施方案以更具体地理解本发明。然而,本领域普通技术人员会理解这种实施方案是为了解释性目的提供而不会限制如在详细描述和随附的权利要求中公开的所要保护的主题。
实施例
之后,通过选择下面的奥氏体不锈钢作为制造用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料来制备测试组件,获得所制备的测试组件中捕获二氧化碳的实验结果,并之后用获得的实验结果分析被捕获的气体组分。
二氧化碳被捕获的气体的组分分析
在400℃的温度、20atm压差、2L/min的原料气(60%H2和40%CO2)进样率的实验条件下,分析被捕获的被捕获气体的组分。
根据被捕获气体的组分的上述分析的结果,含有26wt%Cr和22wt%Ni含量的奥氏体不锈钢显示出最低的反应性,从而检测到0.1%或更少的一氧化碳(CO),而含有18wt%Cr和9wt%Ni含量,和含有17wt%Cr和11wt%Ni含量的奥氏体不锈钢分别显示出相对高的反应性和高含量的一氧化碳(CO)。
表2
从上述描述可以看出,在采用分别含有在20-30wt%和12-35wt%范围内的高含量的铬和镍的奥氏体不锈钢的组件中,作为用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件的材料,以及含有在上述范围中的1.5-3.0wt%范围内的高含量的Si的奥氏体不锈钢,抑制了与氢气分离膜组件中的碳源的反应,且由此阻止碳摄取的发生,并显示出极佳的捕获效率。
Claims (6)
1.一种用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件,其包含:
作为所述组件的材料的含有20-30wt%铬(Cr)和12-35wt%镍(Ni)的奥氏体不锈钢,以抑制与在所述氢气分离膜组件的表面上产生的碳源进行反应并防止碳摄取。
2.一种用于捕获二氧化碳的氢气分离膜组件,其包含:
作为所述组件的材料的含有20-30wt%铬(Cr)、12-35wt%镍(Ni)和1.5-3wt%硅(Si)的奥氏体不锈钢,以抑制与在所述氢气分离膜组件的表面上产生的碳源进行反应并防止碳摄取。
3.根据权利要求1所述的氢气分离膜组件,其包含作为所述组件的材料的含有22-26wt%铬(Cr)和12-22wt%镍(Ni)的奥氏体不锈钢。
4.根据权利要求2所述的氢气分离膜组件,其包含作为所述组件的材料的含有22-26wt%铬(Cr)、12-22wt%镍(Ni)和1.5-3wt%硅(Si)的奥氏体不锈钢。
5.根据权利要求1所述的氢气分离膜组件,其中所述奥氏体不锈钢为AISI国际标准SS309S和SS310S中的任意一种。
6.根据权利要求2所述的氢气分离膜组件,其中所述奥氏体不锈钢为AISI国际标准SS314。
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