CN104849310A - Experimental device for measuring high-temperature heat exchange between porous material in tube and airflow - Google Patents
Experimental device for measuring high-temperature heat exchange between porous material in tube and airflow Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental device for measuring high-temperature heat exchange between a porous material in a tube and airflow, and relates to the experimental device for measuring high-temperature heat exchange between the porous material in the tube and the airflow. The experimental device is provided aiming at solving the technical problem that basic parameters of coupled heat transfer of a porous material cannot be measured at high temperature at present. The experimental device consists of an air compressor, a gas and liquid separator, a by-pass system, a temperature and pressure compensation turbine flow-meter and a test section, wherein the air compressor is connected with a pressure stabilizing tank, an outlet of an adjusting valve is divided into two branches, one branch is communicated with a shut-off valve, the shut-off valve is connected with the by-pass system, the other branch is connected with the temperature and pressure compensation turbine flow-meter, and the test section is connected with an outlet stabilizing section. The experimental device disclosed by the invention has the advantages that by adopting the experimental device, the operation of measuring the basic parameters of coupled heat transfer of the porous material at high temperature can be completed; and moreover, each system has coordinated operation, and the experimental device has the characteristics of safety, stability, convenience in disassembly and assembly, replaceable porous materials and high repeated measurement performance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube.
Background technology
Due to porosint engineering background widely, expand in the mechanism disclosing the various transport phenomenon of porous medium and rule both at home and abroad and study in large quantities, define the Theories and methods that some have directive significance.But for the research of the single-phase fluid interchange of porous medium, also mainly concentrate on the lower occasion of temperature at present, have ignored radiation effect.Under high temperature application scenario, the contribution of radiation heat transfer be can not ignore, particularly in the field such as Solar use and burning.The above-mentioned complicated coupling diabatic process all belonging to porosint heat conduction-convection current-radiation under high temperature.Along with porosint is in the development of high-temperature applications, the acquisition of its basic high temperature heat transfer master data becomes more and more urgent, how to measure the Coupled Heat Transfer basic parameter of porosint under hot conditions and seems most important.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is the technical matters in order to solve the Coupled Heat Transfer basic parameter at high temperature cannot measuring porosint at present, thus the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube is provided.
The experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube of the present invention is by air compressor 1, buffer tank 2, gas-liquid separator 3, reduction valve 4, variable valve 5, stop valve a6, bypath system 7, temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, stop valve b9, test section 10 and export stable section 11 and form; Described test section 10 is made up of flange 12, thermopair 13, connecting pipe a14, connecting pipe b15, differential pressure indicator 16, absolute pressure gauge 17, pipe joint 18, valve 19, connecting pipe c20, connecting pipe d21, high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, supporting construction 26, connecting pipe e27, connecting pipe f28, circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 and connecting pipe j32;
The gas outlet of described air compressor 1 is connected with the entrance of buffer tank 2, the outlet of buffer tank 2 is connected with the entrance of gas-liquid separator 3, the gas outlet of gas-liquid separator 3 is connected with the entrance of reduction valve 4, the outlet of reduction valve 4 is connected with the entrance of variable valve 5, the outlet of variable valve 5 separates two branch roads, the wherein entrance of a branch road connection stop valve a6, the outlet of stop valve a6 is connected with the entrance of bypath system 7, another branch road is connected with the entrance of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, the outlet of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 is connected with the entrance of stop valve b9, the outlet of stop valve b9 is connected with the entrance 22 of test section 10, the outlet 25 of test section 10 is connected with the entrance of outlet stable section 11,
The both sides of the circular pipe 29 in described test section 10 are respectively arranged with one group of flange 12, a thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside and entrance 22 of the flange near entrance 22, multiple thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside of the flange near outlet 25 and outlet 25, the bottom of the part be clipped between the outer and flange of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth at circular pipe 29 outer wall arranges many group thermopairs 13 respectively, and the bottom outer wall of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with many group thermopairs 13, circular pipe 29 is through the burner hearth of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, arrange a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 in circular pipe 29, a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 is arranged at circular pipe 29 part and near the top and bottom of outlet 25 in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth respectively, the bottom of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with a row multiple connecting pipe e27s and connecting pipe g30s vertical with circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30 is arranged on outermost, a connecting pipe e27 outside another is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by pipe joint 18, the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with absolute pressure gauge 17, remaining connecting pipe e27 and connecting pipe g30 are respectively communicated with by pipe joint 18 is corresponding with multiple connecting pipe c20, each connecting pipe c20 is all arranged a valve 19, each connecting pipe c20 is all communicated with same connecting pipe d21, one end of connecting pipe d21 is closed, the other end is communicated with an entrance of a differential pressure indicator 16, another entrance of differential pressure indicator 16 is communicated with a connecting pipe b15, connecting pipe b15 with organize connecting pipe j32 more and be communicated with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively arranges a valve 19, with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively organizes that connecting pipe a14 is corresponding to be communicated with by pipe joint 18 more, each connecting pipe a14 is all arranged at the top of pipe joint 18 with a connecting pipe e27 vertical connection, be communicated with a connecting pipe h31 at pipe joint 18 upper vertical of connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by a pipe joint 18, and the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with an absolute pressure gauge 17.
The present invention provides steady air flow by air supply system, temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 is adopted to carry out flow measurement, high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 heated porous material 24, form hot environment, air-flow flows through import stable section, high temperature porous convection heat transfer test section 10 and outlet stable section 11 successively, finally discharges system; Carry out data acquisition by thermopair 13, differential pressure indicator 16 and absolute pressure gauge 17, obtain the porosint high temperature convection master data of transient state or stable state, final process obtains the body convection transfer rate of porosint 24.
In the measuring tube of invention, the using method of the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature is as follows:
One, close stop valve a6 and reduction valve 4, open stop valve b9, start air compressor 1 to declared working condition;
Two, open and regulate reduction valve 4 and variable valve 5, air-flow enters test section 10 through buffer tank 2, gas-liquid separator 3, regulates temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 to make stable reading in setting value;
Three, open stop valve a6, close stop valve b9, make airflow passes bypath system 7;
Four, open high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, heating test section 10 also reaches requirement of experiment temperature, closes stop valve a6, make airflow passes test section 10, realize the high temperature convection heat transfer of air-flow and high temperature porous material while opening stop valve b9;
Five, temperature and pressure data are via thermopair 13, differential pressure indicator 16 and absolute pressure gauge 17, undertaken gathering and storing by data acquisition system (DAS), to analyze heat transfer under different operating mode and drooping characteristic;
Six, after obtaining experimental data, close high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, continue supply air-flow, to be tested section 10 is cooled to normal temperature, closes air compressor 1.
Advantage of the present invention:
One, in measuring tube of the present invention, the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature can complete at high temperature the experimental implementation that (300K ~ 1500K) measures the Coupled Heat Transfer basic parameter of porosint.
Two, in measuring tube of the present invention, the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature has synthetic operation between each system, safety and stability, disassembly and assembly are convenient, porosint is replaceable, duplicate measurements high.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in measuring tube of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of test section in the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in measuring tube of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the A-A cut-open view of Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the B-B cut-open view of Fig. 2.
Embodiment
Embodiment one: present embodiment is the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube, composition graphs 1-4, present embodiment is made up of air compressor 1, buffer tank 2, gas-liquid separator 3, reduction valve 4, variable valve 5, stop valve a6, bypath system 7, temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, stop valve b9, test section 10 and outlet stable section 11; Described test section 10 is made up of flange 12, thermopair 13, connecting pipe a14, connecting pipe b15, differential pressure indicator 16, absolute pressure gauge 17, pipe joint 18, valve 19, connecting pipe c20, connecting pipe d21, high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, supporting construction 26, connecting pipe e27, connecting pipe f28, circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 and connecting pipe j32;
The gas outlet of described air compressor 1 is connected with the entrance of buffer tank 2, the outlet of buffer tank 2 is connected with the entrance of gas-liquid separator 3, the gas outlet of gas-liquid separator 3 is connected with the entrance of reduction valve 4, the outlet of reduction valve 4 is connected with the entrance of variable valve 5, the outlet of variable valve 5 separates two branch roads, the wherein entrance of a branch road connection stop valve a6, the outlet of stop valve a6 is connected with the entrance of bypath system 7, another branch road is connected with the entrance of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, the outlet of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 is connected with the entrance of stop valve b9, the outlet of stop valve b9 is connected with the entrance 22 of test section 10, the outlet 25 of test section 10 is connected with the entrance of outlet stable section 11,
The both sides of the circular pipe 29 in described test section 10 are respectively arranged with one group of flange 12, a thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside and entrance 22 of the flange near entrance 22, multiple thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside of the flange near outlet 25 and outlet 25, the bottom of the part be clipped between the outer and flange of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth at circular pipe 29 outer wall arranges many group thermopairs 13 respectively, and the bottom outer wall of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with many group thermopairs 13, circular pipe 29 is through the burner hearth of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, arrange a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 in circular pipe 29, a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 is arranged at circular pipe 29 part and near the top and bottom of outlet 25 in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth respectively, the bottom of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with a row multiple connecting pipe e27s and connecting pipe g30s vertical with circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30 is arranged on outermost, a connecting pipe e27 outside another is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by pipe joint 18, the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with absolute pressure gauge 17, remaining connecting pipe e27 and connecting pipe g30 are respectively communicated with by pipe joint 18 is corresponding with multiple connecting pipe c20, each connecting pipe c20 is all arranged a valve 19, each connecting pipe c20 is all communicated with same connecting pipe d21, one end of connecting pipe d21 is closed, the other end is communicated with an entrance of a differential pressure indicator 16, another entrance of differential pressure indicator 16 is communicated with a connecting pipe b15, connecting pipe b15 with organize connecting pipe j32 more and be communicated with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively arranges a valve 19, with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively organizes that connecting pipe a14 is corresponding to be communicated with by pipe joint 18 more, each connecting pipe a14 is all arranged at the top of pipe joint 18 with a connecting pipe e27 vertical connection, be communicated with a connecting pipe h31 at pipe joint 18 upper vertical of connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by a pipe joint 18, and the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with an absolute pressure gauge 17.
Embodiment two: present embodiment and embodiment one unlike: the air-flow velocity of the entrance 22 of test section 10 is 2m/s ~ 50m/s.Other is identical with embodiment one.
Embodiment three: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to two unlike: thermopair 13 is armoured thermocouple.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to two.
Embodiment four: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to three unlike: the material of connecting pipe e27 and connecting pipe g30 is stainless steel.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to three.
Embodiment five: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to four unlike: the material of connecting pipe c20 is brass.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to four.
Embodiment six: one of present embodiment and embodiment one to five are inserted in unlike: thermopair 13 in the sleeve pipe that is welded on circular pipe 29.Other is identical with one of embodiment one to five.
Adopt following verification experimental verification effect of the present invention:
Test one: this test is the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube, composition graphs 1-4, this test is made up of air compressor 1, buffer tank 2, gas-liquid separator 3, reduction valve 4, variable valve 5, stop valve a6, bypath system 7, temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, stop valve b9, test section 10 and outlet stable section 11; Described test section 10 is made up of flange 12, thermopair 13, connecting pipe a14, connecting pipe b15, differential pressure indicator 16, absolute pressure gauge 17, pipe joint 18, valve 19, connecting pipe c20, connecting pipe d21, high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, supporting construction 26, connecting pipe e27, connecting pipe f28, circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 and connecting pipe j32;
The gas outlet of described air compressor 1 is connected with the entrance of buffer tank 2, the outlet of buffer tank 2 is connected with the entrance of gas-liquid separator 3, the gas outlet of gas-liquid separator 3 is connected with the entrance of reduction valve 4, the outlet of reduction valve 4 is connected with the entrance of variable valve 5, the outlet of variable valve 5 separates two branch roads, the wherein entrance of a branch road connection stop valve a6, the outlet of stop valve a6 is connected with the entrance of bypath system 7, another branch road is connected with the entrance of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8, the outlet of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 is connected with the entrance of stop valve b9, the outlet of stop valve b9 is connected with the entrance 22 of test section 10, the outlet 25 of test section 10 is connected with the entrance of outlet stable section 11,
The both sides of the circular pipe 29 in described test section 10 are respectively arranged with one group of flange 12, a thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside and entrance 22 of the flange near entrance 22, multiple thermopair 13 is provided with between the outside of the flange near outlet 25 and outlet 25, the bottom of the part be clipped between the outer and flange of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth at circular pipe 29 outer wall arranges many group thermopairs 13 respectively, and the bottom outer wall of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with many group thermopairs 13, circular pipe 29 is through the burner hearth of high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, arrange a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 in circular pipe 29, a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction 26 is arranged at circular pipe 29 part and near the top and bottom of outlet 25 in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth respectively, the bottom of circular pipe 29 part in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth is provided with a row multiple connecting pipe e27s and connecting pipe g30s vertical with circular pipe 29, connecting pipe g30 is arranged on outermost, a connecting pipe e27 outside another is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by pipe joint 18, the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with absolute pressure gauge 17, remaining connecting pipe e27 and connecting pipe g30 are respectively communicated with by pipe joint 18 is corresponding with multiple connecting pipe c20, each connecting pipe c20 is all arranged a valve 19, each connecting pipe c20 is all communicated with same connecting pipe d21, one end of connecting pipe d21 is closed, the other end is communicated with an entrance of a differential pressure indicator 16, another entrance of differential pressure indicator 16 is communicated with a connecting pipe b15, connecting pipe b15 with organize connecting pipe j32 more and be communicated with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively arranges a valve 19, with, each connecting pipe j32 respectively organizes that connecting pipe a14 is corresponding to be communicated with by pipe joint 18 more, each connecting pipe a14 is all arranged at the top of pipe joint 18 with a connecting pipe e27 vertical connection, be communicated with a connecting pipe h31 at pipe joint 18 upper vertical of connecting pipe g30, connecting pipe h31 is communicated with connecting pipe f28 by a pipe joint 18, and the other end of connecting pipe f28 is communicated with an absolute pressure gauge 17.
The present invention provides steady air flow by air supply system, temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 is adopted to carry out flow measurement, high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 heated porous material 24, form hot environment, air-flow flows through import stable section, high temperature porous convection heat transfer test section 10 and outlet stable section 11 successively, finally discharges system; Carry out data acquisition by thermopair 13, differential pressure indicator 16 and absolute pressure gauge 17, obtain the porosint high temperature convection master data of transient state or stable state, final process obtains the body convection transfer rate of porosint 24.
The air-flow velocity of the entrance 22 of test section 10 is 20m/s; Thermopair 13 is armoured thermocouple; The material of connecting pipe e27 and connecting pipe g30 is stainless steel; The material of connecting pipe c20 is brass.
Porosint 24 is arranged in the part of circular pipe 29 in high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 burner hearth, by supporting construction 26, porosint 24 is stabilized in circular pipe 29 motionless, and the porosity of described porosint 24 is 0.9;
Concrete operations are as follows:
One, close stop valve a6 and reduction valve 4, open stop valve b9, start air compressor 1 to declared working condition;
Two, open and regulate reduction valve 4 and variable valve 5, air-flow enters test section 10 through buffer tank 2, gas-liquid separator 3, regulates temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter 8 to make stable reading in setting value;
Three, open stop valve a6, close stop valve b9, make airflow passes bypath system 7;
Four, opening high temperature thermal resistance stove 23 design temperature is 1000K, and heating test section 10 also reaches 1000K, closes stop valve a6, make airflow passes test section 10, realize the high temperature convection heat transfer of air-flow and high temperature porous material while opening stop valve b9;
Five, temperature and pressure data are via thermopair 13, differential pressure indicator 16 and absolute pressure gauge 17, undertaken gathering and storing by data acquisition system (DAS), to analyze heat transfer under different operating mode and drooping characteristic;
Six, after obtaining experimental data, close high temperature thermal resistance stove 23, continue supply air-flow, to be tested section 10 is cooled to normal temperature, closes air compressor 1.
In measuring tube of the present invention, the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature can complete the experimental implementation of the Coupled Heat Transfer basic parameter at high temperature measuring porosint.
Claims (6)
1. an experimental provision for porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in measuring tube, is characterized in that the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in measuring tube is by air compressor (1), buffer tank (2), gas-liquid separator (3), reduction valve (4), variable valve (5), stop valve a (6), bypath system (7), temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter (8), stop valve b (9), test section (10) with export stable section (11) and form, described test section (10) is by flange (12), thermopair (13), connecting pipe a (14), connecting pipe b (15), differential pressure indicator (16), absolute pressure gauge (17), pipe joint (18), valve (19), connecting pipe c (20), connecting pipe d (21), high temperature thermal resistance stove (23), supporting construction (26), connecting pipe e (27), connecting pipe f (28), circular pipe (29), connecting pipe g (30), connecting pipe h (31) and connecting pipe j (32) composition,
The gas outlet of described air compressor (1) is connected with the entrance of buffer tank (2), the outlet of buffer tank (2) is connected with the entrance of gas-liquid separator (3), the gas outlet of gas-liquid separator (3) is connected with the entrance of reduction valve (4), the outlet of reduction valve (4) is connected with the entrance of variable valve (5), the outlet of variable valve (5) separates two branch roads, the wherein entrance of branch road connection stop valve a (6), the outlet of stop valve a (6) is connected with the entrance of bypath system (7), another branch road is connected with the entrance of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter (8), the outlet of temperature and pressure compensation turbo flow meter (8) is connected with the entrance of stop valve b (9), the outlet of stop valve b (9) is connected with the entrance (22) of test section (10), the outlet (25) of test section (10) is connected with the entrance of outlet stable section (11),
The both sides of the circular pipe (29) in described test section (10) are respectively arranged with one group of flange (12), a thermopair (13) is provided with between the outside and entrance (22) of the flange near entrance (22), multiple thermopair (13) is provided with between the outside and outlet (25) of the flange near outlet (25), the bottom of the part be clipped between the outer and flange of high temperature thermal resistance stove (23) burner hearth at circular pipe (29) outer wall is arranged respectively organizes thermopair (13) more, circular pipe (29) bottom outer wall of part in high temperature thermal resistance stove (23) burner hearth is provided with organizes thermopair (13) more, circular pipe (29) is through the burner hearth of high temperature thermal resistance stove (23), arrange a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction (26) in circular pipe (29), a pair fan-shaped flake supporting construction (26) is arranged at circular pipe (29) part and near the top and bottom of outlet (25) in high temperature thermal resistance stove (23) burner hearth respectively, the bottom of circular pipe (29) part in high temperature thermal resistance stove (23) burner hearth is provided with a row multiple connecting pipe e (27) vertical with circular pipe (29) and a connecting pipe g (30), connecting pipe g (30) is arranged on outermost, a connecting pipe e (27) outside another is communicated with connecting pipe f (28) by pipe joint (18), the other end of connecting pipe f (28) is communicated with absolute pressure gauge (17), remaining connecting pipe e (27) and connecting pipe g (30) are respectively communicated with by pipe joint (18) is corresponding with multiple connecting pipe c (20), each connecting pipe c (20) is all arranged a valve (19), each connecting pipe c (20) is all communicated with same connecting pipe d (21), one end of connecting pipe d (21) is closed, the other end is communicated with an entrance of a differential pressure indicator (16), another entrance of differential pressure indicator (16) is communicated with a connecting pipe b (15), connecting pipe b (15) with organize connecting pipe j (32) more and be communicated with, each connecting pipe j (32) respectively arranges a valve (19), with, each connecting pipe j (32) respectively organizes that connecting pipe a (14) is corresponding to be communicated with by pipe joint (18) more, each connecting pipe a (14) is all arranged at the top of pipe joint (18) with connecting pipe e (27) vertical connection, a connecting pipe h (31) is communicated with at pipe joint (18) upper vertical of connecting pipe g (30), connecting pipe h (31) is communicated with connecting pipe f (28) by a pipe joint (18), and the other end of connecting pipe f (28) is communicated with an absolute pressure gauge (17).
2. the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube according to claim 1, is characterized in that the air-flow velocity of the entrance (22) of test section (10) is 2m/s ~ 50m/s.
3. the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube according to claim 1, is characterized in that thermopair (13) is armoured thermocouple.
4. the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube according to claim 1, is characterized in that the material of connecting pipe e (27) and connecting pipe g (30) is stainless steel.
5. the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube according to claim 1, is characterized in that the material of connecting pipe c (20) is brass.
6. the experimental provision of porosint and the heat exchange of air-flow high temperature in a kind of measuring tube according to claim 1, is characterized in that thermopair (13) is inserted in the sleeve pipe that is welded on circular pipe (29).
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