CN116380409B - Fusion reactor cladding ball bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device and method - Google Patents
Fusion reactor cladding ball bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device and method Download PDFInfo
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- CN116380409B CN116380409B CN202310657710.0A CN202310657710A CN116380409B CN 116380409 B CN116380409 B CN 116380409B CN 202310657710 A CN202310657710 A CN 202310657710A CN 116380409 B CN116380409 B CN 116380409B
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- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000009529 body temperature measurement Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009530 blood pressure measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 28
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 description 3
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N Deuterium Chemical compound [2H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000306 component Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052805 deuterium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008358 core component Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010408 sweeping Methods 0.000 description 1
- YTZVWGRNMGHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetralithium;silicate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] YTZVWGRNMGHDJE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21B—FUSION REACTORS
- G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
- G21B1/25—Maintenance, e.g. repair or remote inspection
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01D21/00—Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
- G01D21/02—Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- G01M9/00—Aerodynamic testing; Arrangements in or on wind tunnels
- G01M9/06—Measuring arrangements specially adapted for aerodynamic testing
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Indicating Or Recording The Presence, Absence, Or Direction Of Movement (AREA)
- Measuring Volume Flow (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fusion reactor thermal hydraulic measurement, and particularly discloses a fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device and a fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement method, wherein the fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device comprises a pebble bed experiment section and a measurement unit, an air inlet end of the pebble bed experiment section is connected with an air inlet system through a first connecting pipe, and a plurality of pebble bed temperature measurement points are arranged in the pebble bed experiment section along the gas flow direction; the measuring unit comprises a pressure guiding pipe, a temperature and pressure tee joint, a thermocouple and a differential pressure sensor; the three ports of the warm-pressing tee joint are respectively connected with a pressure guiding pipe, a thermocouple and the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor, one end of the pressure guiding pipe, which is far away from the warm-pressing tee joint, is arranged at the temperature measuring point of the ball bed, the pressure guiding pipes are in one-to-one correspondence with the temperature measuring points of the ball bed, and the high pressure side of the differential pressure sensor is connected with the air inlet end of the first connecting pipe. The invention not only can measure the edge Cheng Yajiang of the ball bed, but also can avoid the influence of excessive quantity of pressure guiding pipes on the particle stacking structure of the ball bed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of fusion reactor thermal hydraulic measurement, in particular to a fusion reactor cladding sphere bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device and a fusion reactor cladding sphere bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement method.
Background
Magneto-restrictive nuclear fusion energy is currently the most promising clean energy source for solving the world energy problem. In deuterium-tritium (D-T) magnetic confinement nuclear fusion, huge energy is mainly generated by fusion reaction of fuel deuterium and tritium. Deuterium is very abundant in nature, but tritium is hardly present in nature, and self-sustaining fuel tritium is required to be realized by self-production of tritium by a fusion reactor. The cladding is a core component for realizing the function of proliferation and tritium production in the fusion reactor, and whether the cladding can realize efficient tritium proliferation and energy extraction is a key point of whether the magnetic confinement fusion energy source can be commercially utilized. In the solid cladding of the fusion reactor, tritium is mainly produced by a tritium breeder ball bed, tritium produced by carrier gas blowing through the ball bed is sent to a subsequent tritium extraction system for treatment. Therefore, the flow resistance of the high-temperature carrier gas in the cladding sphere is an important input parameter for the design optimization of a tritium production cladding system and a tritium extraction system, and the accurate and reliable flow resistance is obtained and plays an important role in the design optimization of the fusion reactor cladding.
The ceramic tritium breeder and neutron breeder filled in the fusion reactor cladding adopt spherical or nearly spherical particles which are piled up in the cladding cavity to form a stable piled ball bed. The tritium extracting gas carries tritium carrier generated by the proliferation reaction out of the cladding through sweeping the ball bed area for further treatment. Under normal working conditions, the temperature of the ball bed area can reach 900 ℃ at the highest, the inlet pressure of the ball bed is 0.1-0.5 MPa, and the particle size is about 0.5-3 mm.
At present, research on gas flow resistance and pressure drop in a solid cladding sphere is developed for supporting research and development of a Chinese helium cold solid ceramic breeder sphere experimental cladding. The device mainly comprises an experimental section, wherein a stable accumulation ball bed is formed in the experimental section, the two ends of the experimental section are respectively provided with an air inlet and an air outlet, the existing research device can only measure the pressure drop of the ball bed, the edge Cheng Yajiang of the ball bed can not be measured, and constant temperature control is difficult to realize.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device and a method for measuring high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristics of a fusion reactor cladding sphere bed, which not only can measure the sphere bed edge Cheng Yajiang, but also can avoid the influence of excessive quantity of pressure guiding pipes on the sphere bed particle stacking structure.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the measuring device comprises a sphere experimental section and a measuring unit, wherein the air inlet end of the sphere experimental section is connected with an air inlet system through a first connecting pipe, and a plurality of sphere temperature measuring points are arranged in the sphere experimental section along the gas flow direction;
the measuring unit comprises a pressure guiding pipe, a temperature and pressure tee joint, a thermocouple and a differential pressure sensor;
the three ports of the warm-pressing tee joint are respectively connected with the pressure guiding pipe, the thermocouple and the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor, one end of the pressure guiding pipe, which is far away from the warm-pressing tee joint, is arranged at the temperature measuring point of the ball bed, the pressure guiding pipes are in one-to-one correspondence with the temperature measuring points of the ball bed, and the high pressure side of the differential pressure sensor is connected with the air inlet end of the first connecting pipe.
According to the invention, the temperature measuring points of the ball bed can be used as the temperature measuring points of the experimental section of the ball bed and also can be used as the pressure drop measuring points through a plurality of ball bed temperature measuring points and through a designed measuring unit.
In order to realize measuring the ball bed edge Cheng Yajiang, a plurality of measurement points are required to be arranged in the ball bed experimental section, and meanwhile, because a plurality of temperature measurement points are required in the ball bed experimental section, if the temperature measurement points and the pressure drop measurement points are separately arranged, too many measurement pipes (pressure guiding pipes) inserted into the ball bed experimental section can be caused, the ball bed particle stacking structure can be influenced, the particle stacking wall effect and the wall leakage flow can be generated, and the pressure drop measurement can be influenced.
The measuring unit is connected with the pressure guiding pipe, the thermocouple and the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor through the temperature and pressure tee joint, so that the differential pressure sensor and the thermocouple share the temperature and pressure tee joint and extend into the ball bed experimental section through the pressure guiding pipe, and the influence of particle accumulation wall effect and wall leakage flow on pressure drop measurement is eliminated.
In summary, the invention not only can measure the ball bed edge Cheng Yajiang, but also can avoid the influence of excessive quantity of pressure guiding pipes on the ball bed particle stacking structure.
Further, the pressure guiding pipe comprises a first pressure guiding branch pipe and a second pressure guiding branch pipe; three ports of the warm-pressing tee joint are respectively connected with the first pressure guiding branch pipe, the second pressure guiding branch pipe and the thermocouple; one end of the first pressure guiding branch pipe, which is far away from the warm-pressing tee joint, is arranged at a temperature measuring point of the ball bed; an electromagnetic stop valve is arranged on the second pressure guiding branch pipe; the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through a four-way connecting pipe.
According to the invention, the electromagnetic stop valves are arranged on the second pressure guiding branch pipes, the low-pressure side of the differential pressure sensor is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through the four-way connecting pipe, so that the pressure drop measurement of all the temperature measuring points of the ball bed can be realized by one differential pressure sensor, when the pressure drop of a certain temperature measuring point of the ball bed needs to be measured, the electromagnetic stop valves are arranged on the corresponding second pressure guiding branch pipes, when the pressure drop of all the temperature measuring points of the ball bed needs to be measured, the electromagnetic stop valves are arranged on the corresponding second pressure guiding branch pipes one by one, namely the differential pressure sensor measures the pressure drop of one temperature measuring point of the ball bed at a time, and when the pressure drop of the corresponding temperature measuring point of the ball bed needs to be measured, the electromagnetic stop valves are arranged on the second pressure guiding branch pipes one by one.
Further, the pressure difference sensor comprises a plurality of pressure difference sensors with different measuring ranges, the high pressure side of each pressure difference sensor is connected with the air inlet end of the first connecting pipe, and the low pressure side of each pressure difference sensor is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through a four-way connecting pipe.
The measurement results of a plurality of differential pressure sensors with different measuring ranges are verified mutually.
Further, the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the ball bed experimental section are respectively provided with a first flange and a second flange, the first flange and the second flange are respectively used for being connected with a first connecting pipe and a second connecting pipe, and the second connecting pipe is used for exhausting air or being connected with a vacuum system; the ball bed experimental section, the first flange and the second flange are all arranged in the tubular high-temperature furnace.
Compared with the prior art, the device directly winds the heating belt on the outer wall of the ball bed experimental section, and integrally puts the ball bed experimental section and the first flange and the second flange at two ends into the tubular high-temperature furnace, so that measurement gas is heated in advance before entering the ball bed experimental section, kept at a constant temperature in the ball bed experimental section, kept at a certain distance after leaving the ball bed experimental section, and the stability of the internal temperature of the ball bed experimental section is ensured.
Further, the first flange and the second flange are both funnel-shaped reducing flanges.
The funnel-shaped reducing flange is funnel-shaped, so that the effect of uneven flow distribution end face of the gas flowing into and out of the experimental section of the ball bed can be eliminated, and the measured gas speed and pressure can be ensured to uniformly enter and exit the experimental section of the ball bed.
Further, an air inlet end and an air outlet end of the ball bed experiment section are respectively provided with a first temperature transmitter and a second temperature transmitter; the air inlet end of the ball bed experiment section is also provided with a pressure sensor.
Further, a metal filter element and a fastening nut are arranged at the joint of the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the ball bed experimental section and the external part;
the metal filter element comprises an inner filter element and an outer filter element, the mesh size of the inner filter element is smaller than the diameter of a filling ball in the experimental section of the ball bed, and the mesh size of the outer filter element is larger than the diameter of the filling ball in the experimental section of the ball bed;
the fastening nut is used for fixing the metal filter element.
According to the invention, the metal filter element and the fastening nut are arranged at the connection part of the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the ball bed experimental section and the external part, so that the loosening phenomenon of ball bed particles is eliminated.
Further, the temperature measuring point of the ball bed is arranged in the ball bed experimental section, preferably arranged on the axis of the ball bed experimental section, so that the wall effect of ball bed particle accumulation and the influence of fluid leakage flow near the wall on pressure drop flow resistance measurement data can be eliminated.
Further, the system also comprises a control system and a data acquisition unit;
the control system includes a controller;
the data acquisition unit comprises a differential pressure sensor, a mass flowmeter, a thermocouple and a temperature acquisition module;
the temperature acquisition module is used for acquiring the heating temperature of the heating device for heating the experimental section of the ball bed and transmitting the acquired heating temperature to the controller;
the controller receives the heating temperature and compares the heating temperature with the target temperature, and when the heating temperature reaches the target temperature, the controller controls to open an outlet valve of the air inlet system so that the air enters the experimental section of the ball bed through the first connecting pipe for purging;
the pressure difference sensor is used for collecting the pressure difference of each ball bed temperature measuring point in the purging process and transmitting the collected pressure difference to the controller;
the thermocouple is used for collecting the temperature of each ball bed temperature measuring point in the purging process and transmitting the collected temperature to the controller;
the mass flowmeter is used for collecting the flow of the purge gas;
the controller calculates a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired pressure difference of each of the pebble bed temperature measurement points and the distance between the two pebble bed temperature measurement points, and calculates a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow velocity and the pressure drop coefficient.
The invention can realize the automatic operation, data acquisition and data processing of the whole measuring device by arranging the control system and the data acquisition unit.
The testing method based on the fusion reactor cladding sphere bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device comprises the following steps:
s1, assembling a measuring device;
s2, introducing measurement gas into the measurement device to replace air in the measurement device;
s3, heating the experimental section of the ball bed to reach a target temperature;
s4, setting air inlet parameters, opening an outlet valve of an air inlet system, enabling measured gas to enter a sphere bed experiment section to perform differential pressure measurement, and collecting differential pressure of each sphere bed temperature measuring point in the purging process by a differential pressure sensor, wherein the air inlet parameters comprise gas source pressure and gas flow;
s5, calculating a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired pressure difference of each spherical bed temperature measuring point and the distance between the two spherical bed temperature measuring points, and calculating a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow velocity and the pressure drop coefficient;
and (5) changing the air inlet parameters, repeating the steps S4 and S5, and carrying out repeated measurement for a plurality of times.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, the temperature-pressure tee joint shared by the differential pressure sensor and the thermocouple is realized through the designed measuring unit at a plurality of ball bed temperature measuring points and extends into the ball bed experimental section through the pressure guiding pipe, namely, the ball bed temperature measuring points can be used as temperature measuring points of the ball bed experimental section and pressure drop measuring points, and the influence of particle accumulation wall effect and wall leakage flow on pressure drop measurement is eliminated.
2. According to the invention, the ball bed experimental section and the first flange and the second flange at the two ends are integrally placed in the tubular high-temperature furnace, so that the integral heating is realized, and the internal temperature of the ball bed experimental section is ensured to be stable.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate embodiments of the invention. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device of the invention;
FIG. 2 is an isometric view of a connection of a ball bed test section with a thermocouple and a pressure tube;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the connection of the experimental section of the ball bed with the thermocouple and the pressure guiding tube;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a combined structure of fastening nuts at two ends of a ball bed experimental section and a metal filter element;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a funnel-shaped reducing flange structure.
In the drawings, the reference numerals and corresponding part names:
1-an air inlet; 2-a mass flowmeter; 3-an air inlet end connecting pipe; 4-differential pressure sensor; 5-a four-way connecting pipe; 6-an electromagnetic stop valve; 7-a first connection tube; 8-a first temperature transmitter; 9-a first air inlet end supporting tube; 10-a first pipe fixing bracket; 11-a pressure sensor; 12-a first flange; 13-a sphere bed experiment section; 14-a pressure guiding pipe; 15-warm-pressing the tee joint; 16-thermocouple; 17-tube type high temperature furnace; 18-a second flange; 19-a second pipe fixing bracket; 20-a second air inlet end supporting tube; 21-a second temperature transmitter; 22-a control system; 23-experiment table; 24-a second connecting tube; 25-a vacuum pump; 26-a first pneumatic valve; 27-an air outlet end tee joint; 28-a second pneumatic valve; 29-check valve; 30-vacuum tube; 31-a ball bed temperature measuring point; 32-a metal filter element; 33-tightening the nut.
Detailed Description
For the purpose of making apparent the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention, the present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples and the accompanying drawings, wherein the exemplary embodiments of the present invention and the descriptions thereof are for illustrating the present invention only and are not to be construed as limiting the present invention.
Example 1:
as shown in figures 1-5, the fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device comprises a pebble bed experiment section 13 and a measuring unit.
The ball bed experiment section 13 comprises a shell, two ends of the shell are open ends and are respectively an air inlet end and an air outlet end, spherical particles are filled in the shell to form a stable stacked ball bed, the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the ball bed experiment section 13 are respectively provided with a first flange 12 and a second flange 18, the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are respectively connected with a first connecting pipe 7 and a second connecting pipe 24, the second connecting pipe 24 is used for exhausting or is connected with a vacuum system, the vacuum system is used for evacuating the ball bed experiment section 13, the vacuum system is connected with the air inlet system through the first connecting pipe 7, one end of the first connecting pipe 7, which is far away from the ball bed experiment section 13, is provided with an air inlet 1, and is connected with the outlet end of the air inlet system for providing an air source through the air inlet 1, wherein the first connecting pipe 7 adopts a hose and can be a pressure-resistant corrugated pipe, a plurality of ball bed temperature measuring points 31 are arranged in the ball bed experiment section 13 along the air flow direction, and the number of the ball bed temperature measuring points 31 can be 2-6, and the ball bed temperature measuring points 31 are simultaneously used as temperature measuring points and pressure drop measuring points of the ball bed experiment section 13.
The cross section of the inner cavity of the ball bed experiment section 13 can be square and round, preferably the inner diameter of the round ball bed experiment section 13 is 10mm-100mm, and the further inner diameter is 20mm, 30mm, 40mm, 50mm and 60mm; preferably the inner side length of the square ball bed test section 13 is 10mm-100mm, further the inner side length is 15mm, 20mm, 30mm, 40mm, 50mm, 60mm.
The measuring unit comprises a pressure guiding pipe 14, a temperature and pressure tee joint 15, a thermocouple 16 and a differential pressure sensor 4, wherein the thermocouple 16 can be an armored thermocouple;
the three ports of the warm-pressing tee 15 are respectively connected with the pressure guiding pipe 14, the thermocouple 16 and the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor 4, one end of the pressure guiding pipe 14, which is far away from the warm-pressing tee 15, is arranged at the ball bed temperature measuring point 31, the pressure guiding pipe 14 corresponds to the ball bed temperature measuring point 31 one by one, the high pressure side of the differential pressure sensor 4 is connected with the air inlet end of the first connecting pipe 7, namely, the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor 4 is connected with the ball bed experimental section 13 sequentially through the four-way connecting pipe 5, the warm-pressing tee 15 and the pressure guiding pipe 14.
The pressure guiding pipe 14 of the embodiment is connected with the ball bed experimental section 13 and penetrates into the ball bed experimental section 13, so that the wall effect of ball bed particle accumulation and the influence of fluid leakage flow near the wall on pressure drop flow resistance measurement data can be eliminated; the armored thermocouple is provided with the temperature and pressure tee joint 15, the pressure guiding pipe 14 is shared and penetrates into the ball bed experiment section 13, so that the number of pipelines penetrating into the ball bed experiment section 13 can be reduced, and the influence of the pressure guiding pipe 14 and the like on the ball bed particle stacking structure is reduced.
Namely, the measuring unit of the embodiment is connected with the pressure guiding pipe 14, the thermocouple 16 and the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor 4 through the temperature and pressure tee joint 15, so that the differential pressure sensor 4 and the thermocouple 16 share the temperature and pressure tee joint 15 and extend into the ball bed experimental section 13 through the pressure guiding pipe 14, and the influence of particle accumulation wall effect and wall leakage flow on pressure drop measurement is eliminated.
In a preferred scheme, in order to avoid that each ball bed temperature measuring point 31 needs to be correspondingly provided with one differential pressure sensor 4, the differential pressure of all ball bed temperature measuring points 31 can be measured by directly adopting one differential pressure sensor 4, and the pressure guiding pipe 14 comprises a first pressure guiding branch pipe and a second pressure guiding branch pipe; three ports of the warm-pressing tee 15 are respectively connected with a first pressure guiding branch pipe, a second pressure guiding branch pipe and a thermocouple 16; one end of the first pressure guiding branch pipe far away from the warm-pressing tee 15 is arranged at a ball bed temperature measuring point 31; an electromagnetic stop valve 6 is arranged on the second pressure guiding branch pipe; the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor 4 is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through a four-way connecting pipe 5.
In the present preferred embodiment, whether the differential pressure sensor 4 is used to measure the differential pressure at the corresponding ball bed temperature measuring point 31 may be achieved by controlling the opening and closing of the electromagnetic shut-off valve 6 on the second pressure introducing branch pipe. When the pressure drop of a certain ball bed temperature measuring point 31 needs to be measured, the electromagnetic stop valves 6 are arranged on the corresponding second pressure guiding branch pipes, and when the pressure drop of all ball bed temperature measuring points 31 needs to be measured, the electromagnetic stop valves 6 are arranged on the corresponding second pressure guiding branch pipes one by one, namely the pressure difference sensor 4 measures the pressure drop of one ball bed temperature measuring point 31 at a time, and the electromagnetic stop valves 6 are arranged on the corresponding second pressure guiding branch pipes one by one to measure the pressure drop of the corresponding ball bed temperature measuring point 31.
In a more preferred solution, the pressure difference sensors 4 with different measuring ranges are included, the high pressure side of each pressure difference sensor 4 is connected with the air inlet end of the first connecting pipe 7, and the low pressure side of each pressure difference sensor 4 is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through one four-way connecting pipe 5.
Exemplary:
the differential pressure sensor 4 adopts 3 differential pressure sensors with different measuring ranges to carry out measurement at the same time, manual switching is not needed, measurement results can be mutually checked, the differential pressure sensor automatically enters a protection mode after the measuring range is exceeded, and differential pressure reading is based on the differential pressure sensor with a relatively low measuring range under the condition of not exceeding the measuring range; further differential pressure sensors measure 5kPa, 20kPa, 100kPa, respectively.
In a preferred embodiment, to achieve constant temperature control in the pebble bed test section 13, a tubular furnace 17 is further included, and the pebble bed test section 13, the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are all disposed in the tubular furnace 17.
In the above preferred case, the whole of the ball bed experiment section 13 and the connection bodies of the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are heated in the tubular high temperature furnace 17, the measurement gas is heated in advance before entering the ball bed experiment section 13, kept at a constant temperature in the ball bed experiment section 13, kept at a constant temperature for a certain distance after leaving the ball bed experiment section 13, and the stability of the internal temperature of the ball bed experiment section 13 is ensured.
In a preferred embodiment, both the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are funnel-shaped reducing flanges. Namely, the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are funnel-shaped, so that the end face effect of uneven flow distribution of gas flowing into and out of the ball bed experimental section 13 can be eliminated, and the measured gas speed and pressure can be ensured to uniformly enter and exit the ball bed experimental section 13.
In a more preferred embodiment, the ball bed test section 13 and the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are made of high temperature resistant alloy materials; specifically, inconel 601 alloy or 310S high-temperature resistant stainless steel can be adopted; preferably the temperature ranges are: room temperature-1000 ℃.
In a preferred case, the connection of the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the ball bed experiment section 13 with the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 is provided with a metal filter element 32 and a fastening nut 33;
the metal filter element 32 adopts a double-layer combined structure, and specifically comprises an inner layer filter element and an outer layer filter element, wherein the mesh size of the inner layer filter element is smaller than the diameter of a filling ball in the ball bed experimental section 13, and the mesh size of the outer layer filter element is larger than the diameter of the filling ball in the ball bed experimental section 13, namely, the outer layer filter element adopts a large mesh rib reinforcing structure, so that the rigidity of the metal filter element can be ensured, and the resistance of the local filter element can be reduced. Preferably, the meshes of the inner filter element are 0.3 mm-1 mm, and the meshes of the outer filter element are 1 mm-5 mm.
The fastening nut 33 is used for fixing the metal filter element 32, the fastening nut 33 can be screwed again after the particle filling is finished or after the pre-experiment is finished, and the loosening phenomenon of the particles of the ball bed can be eliminated.
In a preferred embodiment, the sphere temperature measurement point 31 is disposed inside the sphere experimental section 13, and the sphere temperature measurement point 31 may be disposed on the central axis of the sphere experimental section 13 to eliminate the wall effect of sphere particle accumulation and the influence of fluid leakage near the wall on the pressure drop and flow resistance measurement data.
In a preferred case, further comprising a control system 22 and a data acquisition unit;
the control system 22 comprises a controller, wherein the controller is electrically connected with the electromagnetic stop valve 6 and can control the opening and closing of the electromagnetic stop valve 6, and the opening and closing of the electromagnetic stop valve 6 are controlled by the controller to realize that one differential pressure sensor 4 measures the pressure of a plurality of ball bed temperature measuring points 31;
the data acquisition unit comprises a differential pressure sensor 4, a mass flowmeter 2, a thermocouple 16 and a temperature acquisition module;
the temperature acquisition module is used for acquiring the heating temperature of the heating device for heating the ball bed experiment section 13 and transmitting the acquired heating temperature to the controller, and the temperature acquisition module can be a camera which is used for shooting a temperature display screen of the heating device and transmitting the shot heating temperature to the controller;
the controller receives the heating temperature and compares the heating temperature with a target temperature, and when the heating temperature reaches the target temperature, the controller controls to open an outlet valve of the air inlet system so that gas enters the ball bed experiment section 13 through the first connecting pipe 7 for purging;
the differential pressure sensor 4 is used for collecting the differential pressure of each ball bed temperature measuring point 31 in the purging process and transmitting the collected differential pressure to the controller;
the thermocouple 16 is used for collecting the temperature of each ball bed temperature measuring point 31 in the purging process and transmitting the collected temperature to the controller;
the mass flowmeter 2 is used for collecting the flow of the purge gas;
the controller calculates a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired differential pressure of each of the pebble bed temperature measurement points 31 and the distance between the two pebble bed temperature measurement points 31, and calculates a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow rate, and the pressure drop coefficient.
In one specific case, to achieve the installation and the overall test of the ball bed experimental section 13, the measuring device further comprises an experiment table 23, an air inlet end connecting pipe 3, a mass flowmeter 2, a first temperature transmitter 8, a first air inlet end supporting pipe 9, a first pipeline fixing bracket 10, a pressure sensor 11, a second pipeline fixing bracket 19, a second air inlet end supporting pipe 20, a second temperature transmitter 21, a second connecting pipe 24, a vacuum pump 25, a first pneumatic valve 26, an air outlet end tee 27, a second pneumatic valve 28, a check valve 29 and a vacuum pipe 30;
the first pipeline fixing bracket 10 and the second pipeline fixing bracket 19 are arranged on the upper end face of the experiment table 23, and the first air inlet end supporting pipe 9 and the second air inlet end supporting pipe 20 are respectively fixed by the first pipeline fixing bracket 10 and the second pipeline fixing bracket 19; wherein, two ends of the first air inlet end supporting tube 9 are respectively connected with the first flange 12 and the first connecting tube 7, two ends of the second air inlet end supporting tube 20 are respectively connected with the second flange 18 and the second connecting tube 24, the first connecting tube 7 and the second connecting tube 24 are pressure-resistant corrugated tubes, the first flange 12 and the second flange 18 are funnel-shaped reducing flanges, and a through hole for passing through the first connecting tube 7 and the second connecting tube 24 is arranged on the upper end face of the experiment table 23; the two ends of the first connecting pipe 7 are respectively connected with the first air inlet end supporting pipe 9 and the air inlet end connecting pipe 3, one end, far away from the first connecting pipe 7, of the air inlet end connecting pipe 3 is provided with a mass flowmeter 2, and one end, far away from the air inlet end connecting pipe 3, of the mass flowmeter 2 is provided with an air inlet 1.
The control system 22 is mounted on the upper end face of the experiment table 23.
The first temperature transmitter 8 and the pressure sensor 11 are arranged on the first air inlet end supporting pipe 9; a second temperature transmitter 21 is mounted on the second inlet end support tube 20.
The check valve 29 is provided at an end of the second connection pipe 24 remote from the second intake end support pipe 20; the second connecting pipe 24 is provided with an air outlet end tee joint 27, the other end of the air outlet end tee joint 27 is connected with a vacuum pump 25 through a vacuum pipe 30, the first pneumatic valve 26 is arranged on the vacuum pipe 30, and the second pneumatic valve 28 is arranged on the second connecting pipe 24 between a check valve 29 and the air outlet end tee joint 27.
Preferably, rollers are arranged at the bottom of the experiment table 23, the differential pressure sensor 4 and the thermocouple 16 are respectively arranged below and above the experiment table 23, a strip-shaped through groove penetrating through the second pressure guiding pipe is arranged on the experiment table 23,
the testing method of the fusion reactor cladding sphere bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device comprises the following steps:
s1, assembling a measuring device; before the experiment, a metal filter element 32 and a fastening nut 33 are arranged on one side of a ball bed experiment section 13 to fill ball bed particles; preferably the particles may be of different shapes and sizes, further particles being spherical or near spherical particles having an average particle size of 0.5mm to 3 mm; preferably, the particles are made of high-temperature resistant materials such as metal, glass, ceramic and the like, and specifically are stainless steel particles, lithium orthosilicate or lithium titanate ceramic particles; then installing the metal filter element 32 and the fastening nut 33 on the other side, and measuring the ball bed packing factor, preferably the packing factor of single-element single-size particle filling is 0.53-0.74, and the packing factor of double-element double-size particle filling is 0.60-0.82; then the ball bed experiment section 13 is arranged inside the tubular high temperature furnace 17 and is respectively connected and fixed with the first flange 12 and the second flange 18; the air inlet 1 is connected with an air supply source to make air sealing, so that all valves are ensured to be closed for preparing experiments.
S2, introducing measurement gas into the measurement device to replace air in the measurement device:
the gas inlet 1 is filled with a measuring gas, preferably a plurality of measuring gases (except inflammable, explosive and corrosive gases), which can be single-component gases or mixed gases of a plurality of components, and further helium, argon and nitrogen; after purging for a period of time, the second pneumatic valve 28 is closed, the air source is closed, the first pneumatic valve 26 is opened, the vacuum pump 25 is started to start vacuumizing, after a certain vacuum degree is reached, the first pneumatic valve 26 is closed, the second pneumatic valve 28 is opened, the measuring gas is filled again for flushing, and thus the circulation is carried out in multiple layers, and the air in the real system is replaced by the measuring gas.
S3, heating the ball bed experiment section 13 to reach a target temperature:
the target temperature of the tube furnace 17 is set by the control system 22 and heating is started and controlled until the target temperature is reached, preferably in the temperature range: the temperature is set to be 500 ℃ further at room temperature-1000 ℃.
S4, setting air inlet parameters (adjusting air source pressure and setting air flow to experimental parameters), opening an outlet valve of an air inlet system, enabling measured air to enter the ball bed experimental section 13 to carry out differential pressure measurement, and collecting differential pressure of each ball bed temperature measuring point 31 in the purging process by a differential pressure sensor 4, specifically: the along-the-path gas pressure of the experimental section 13 of the ball bed is measured by adjusting the readings of the electromagnetic stop valves 6 and the differential pressure sensor 4 which are connected in parallel.
S5, calculating a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired pressure difference of each spherical bed temperature measuring point 31 and the distance between the two spherical bed temperature measuring points 31, and calculating a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow velocity and the pressure drop coefficient;
specific pressure drop coefficientfCalculated by the following formula:
wherein Δp is the pressure difference between two measurement points of the experimental section of the ball bed, and L is the distance between the two measurement points. The specific drag coefficient is calculated by the following formula:
in the middle ofK loss For the drag coefficient, ρ is the fluid density,vis the flow rate.
Changing the air inlet parameter, repeating the steps S4 and S5, and performing repeated measurement for a plurality of times; specifically, different target temperatures of the tubular high-temperature furnace 17 are set through the control system 22, heating and temperature adjustment are controlled, the pressure is adjusted by adjusting the gas of different types or pressures through the gas source and entering the gas inlet, the gas flow is adjusted through the gas source and the mass flowmeter 2, the edges Cheng Yajiang of different measuring points are measured through adjusting different electromagnetic stop valves 6, and the measured data are automatically recorded in the control system 22. After the temperature of the ball bed, the inlet gas pressure, the gas flow, the measuring point and the like are adjusted in series and all the tests are completed, the temperature of the tubular high-temperature furnace 17 is adjusted by the control system 22, the tubular high-temperature furnace 17 is closed after the temperature is lower than 100 ℃, then the gas supply is stopped, other devices are closed, the ball bed test section 13 is disassembled, the filling particles are unloaded, and the material returning bottle is filled, and the test is finished.
The measuring device of the embodiment solves the problems of the accumulation wall effect of the ball bed, the loosening of particles, the end face effect of gas flow and the like in the flow resistance measurement of the high-temperature ball bed, improves the constant temperature control and the accurate measurement of the ball bed, expands the types of measuring gas, particles and the ball bed, and has wide testing range.
The foregoing description of the embodiments has been provided for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, and is not meant to limit the scope of the invention, but to limit the invention to the particular embodiments, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements, etc. that fall within the spirit and principles of the invention are intended to be included within the scope of the invention.
It should be noted that the structures, proportions, sizes, etc. shown in the drawings attached to the present specification are for understanding and reading only by those skilled in the art, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, so that any structural modifications, proportional changes, or size adjustments should fall within the scope of the invention without affecting the efficacy and achievement of the present invention. Also, the terms such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "middle", and the like are used herein for descriptive purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention for which the invention may be practiced or for which the relative relationships may be altered or modified without materially altering the technical context.
Claims (10)
1. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device comprises a pebble bed experiment section (13) and a measuring unit, wherein the air inlet end of the pebble bed experiment section (13) is connected with an air inlet system through a first connecting pipe (7), and the fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device is characterized in that a plurality of pebble bed temperature measuring points (31) are arranged in the pebble bed experiment section (13) along the gas flow direction;
the measuring unit comprises a pressure guiding pipe (14), a warm-pressing tee joint (15), a thermocouple (16) and a differential pressure sensor (4);
three ports of warm-pressing tee (15) are connected with the low pressure side of leading pressure pipe (14), thermocouple (16) and differential pressure sensor (4) respectively, the one end that leads pressure pipe (14) kept away from warm-pressing tee (15) sets up in ball bed temperature measurement point (31) department, lead pressure pipe (14) and ball bed temperature measurement point (31) one-to-one, the high pressure side of differential pressure sensor (4) is connected with the inlet end of first connecting pipe (7).
2. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the pressure guiding pipe (14) comprises a first pressure guiding branch pipe and a second pressure guiding branch pipe; three ports of the warm-pressing tee joint (15) are respectively connected with a first pressure guiding branch pipe, a second pressure guiding branch pipe and a thermocouple (16); one end of the first pressure guiding branch pipe, which is far away from the warm-pressing tee joint (15), is arranged at a ball bed temperature measuring point (31); an electromagnetic stop valve (6) is arranged on the second pressure guiding branch pipe; the low pressure side of the differential pressure sensor (4) is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through a four-way connecting pipe (5).
3. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 2, comprising a plurality of differential pressure sensors (4) with different measuring ranges, wherein the high pressure side of each differential pressure sensor (4) is connected with the air inlet end of a first connecting pipe (7), and the low pressure side of each differential pressure sensor (4) is connected with each second pressure guiding branch pipe through a four-way connecting pipe (5).
4. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet end and the gas outlet end of the pebble bed experiment section (13) are respectively provided with a first flange (12) and a second flange (18), the first flange (12) and the second flange (18) are respectively used for being connected with a first connecting pipe (7) and a second connecting pipe (24), and the second connecting pipe (24) is used for exhausting gas or being connected with a vacuum system; the ball bed experimental section (13), the first flange (12) and the second flange (18) are all arranged in the tubular high-temperature furnace (17).
5. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 4, wherein the first flange (12) and the second flange (18) are both funnel-shaped reducing flanges.
6. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the gas inlet end and the gas outlet end of the pebble bed experiment section (13) are respectively provided with a first temperature transmitter (8) and a second temperature transmitter (21); the air inlet end of the ball bed experiment section (13) is also provided with a pressure sensor (11).
7. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein a metal filter element (32) and a fastening nut (33) are arranged at the connection part of the air inlet end and the air outlet end of the pebble bed experiment section (13) and an external part;
the metal filter element (32) comprises an inner filter element and an outer filter element, the mesh size of the inner filter element is smaller than the diameter of a filling ball in the ball bed experimental section (13), and the mesh size of the outer filter element is larger than the diameter of the filling ball in the ball bed experimental section (13);
the fastening nut (33) is used for fixing the metal filter element (32).
8. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high-temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, wherein the pebble bed temperature measurement point (31) is arranged inside the pebble bed experiment section (13).
9. The fusion reactor cladding pebble bed high temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measurement device according to claim 1, further comprising a control system (22) and a data acquisition unit;
the control system (22) includes a controller;
the data acquisition unit comprises a differential pressure sensor (4), a mass flowmeter (2), a thermocouple (16) and a temperature acquisition module;
the temperature acquisition module is used for acquiring the heating temperature of a heating device for heating the ball bed experimental section (13) and transmitting the acquired heating temperature to the controller;
the controller receives the heating temperature and compares the heating temperature with a target temperature, and when the heating temperature reaches the target temperature, the controller controls to open an outlet valve of the air inlet system so that gas enters a ball bed experiment section (13) through a first connecting pipe (7) to purge;
the differential pressure sensor (4) is used for collecting the differential pressure of each ball bed temperature measuring point (31) in the purging process and transmitting the collected differential pressure to the controller;
the thermocouple (16) is used for collecting the temperature of each ball bed temperature measuring point (31) in the purging process and transmitting the collected temperature to the controller;
the mass flowmeter (2) is used for collecting the flow of the purge gas;
the controller calculates a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired pressure difference of each of the ball bed temperature measurement points (31) and the distance between the two ball bed temperature measurement points (31), and calculates a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow rate and the pressure drop coefficient.
10. A testing method based on the fusion reactor cladding sphere bed high temperature gas flow resistance characteristic measuring device according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, assembling a measuring device;
s2, introducing measurement gas into the measurement device to replace air in the measurement device;
s3, heating the ball bed experimental section (13) to reach a target temperature;
s4, setting air inlet parameters, opening an outlet valve of an air inlet system, enabling measurement gas to enter a ball bed experiment section (13) for differential pressure measurement, and collecting differential pressure of each ball bed temperature measuring point (31) in the purging process by a differential pressure sensor (4);
s5, calculating a pressure drop coefficient based on the acquired pressure difference of each spherical bed temperature measuring point (31) and the distance between the two spherical bed temperature measuring points (31), and calculating a resistance coefficient based on the fluid density, the flow velocity and the pressure drop coefficient;
and (5) changing the air inlet parameters, repeating the steps S4 and S5, and carrying out repeated measurement for a plurality of times.
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