CN104835872A - 柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,包括厚度为3-30μm的单晶硅基底和覆盖在单晶硅基底上表面的石墨烯,所述单晶硅基底下表面设有金属背电极,所述单晶硅基底与石墨烯构成肖特基结。本发明制备柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的方法,首先减薄单晶硅至3-30μm,然后在单晶硅背面制备金属背电极,接着将石墨烯转移到单晶硅薄膜上表面,最后在石墨烯表面制备前电极得产品。本发明太阳能电池将石墨烯和单晶硅结合使用,形成肖特基结,石墨烯可以起到分离光生电子和空穴的作用,可以有效将太阳辐照转化为电能。另外,本发明太阳能电池具有极高的柔韧性,可结合在衣服、背包、手表、汽车、无线电子器件等日常生活品上。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于基本电气元件领域,涉及一种将电磁波转化为电能的电气元件,特别涉及一种基于单晶硅和石墨烯的柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池。
背景技术
太阳能电池是一种通过将太阳能转化为电能进而加以利用的电气元件,目前太阳能电池多以单晶硅为主要原材料,通过对单晶硅进行不同掺杂形成PN结,利用PN结将太阳辐射转化为电能。目前,单晶硅太阳能电池的构造和生产工艺已较为成熟,其转化效率可达24%,产品已广泛用于空间和地面。
然而,单纯的单晶硅太阳能电池中单晶硅的厚度约为300-500微米,导致单晶硅的消耗量过大,且产品的柔韧性较差,无法满足市场使用的需求。
石墨烯是一种具有有益理化性能的新型材料,其高电子迁移率为>250000cm2V-1S-1、高透光率>97%、高机械强度约为130GPa、且带隙为零、费米能级可调,有望在光伏电池领域获得广泛应用。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种基于石墨烯和单晶硅的柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池。
为达到上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,包括厚度为3-30μm的单晶硅基底和覆盖在单晶硅基底上表面的石墨烯,所述单晶硅基底下表面设有金属背电极,所述单晶硅基底与石墨烯构成肖特基结。
优选的,还包括前电极、封装材料和柔性衬底。
优选的,所述金属背电极材料与晶硅衬底形成欧姆接触,其材质为Al、Ag、Au、LiF/Al、Ni/Ag、Ni/Au、Ti/Au、Ti/Ag或镓铟合金。
优选的,所述前电极设置在石墨烯表面,其材质为Al、Au、Ag、Pt、Cu、Ni或ZnO、碳电极材料。
优选的,所述封装材料材质为PDMS、UV紫外固化胶、热固性树脂或PMMA。
优选的,所述柔性衬底材质为PET或聚酰亚胺。
优选的,所述石墨烯为P型掺杂石墨烯。
优选的,选用硝酸、盐酸、双氧水或硫化亚砜利用干法熏蒸对石墨烯进行P型掺杂或者选用氯化金水溶液、氯化金硝基甲烷溶液、氯化铂水溶液或氯化铂硝基甲烷溶液利用湿法熏蒸对石墨烯进行P型掺杂。
制备柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的方法,包括以下步骤:
1)利用化学刻蚀方法减薄单晶硅至3-30μm;
2)在单晶硅背面利用磁控溅射或者电子束蒸镀金属背电极;
3)将石墨烯转移到单晶硅薄膜上表面并使两者之间形成肖特基结;
4)在石墨烯表面制备前电极;
5)对石墨烯表面进行P型掺杂;
6)封装得到成品。
进一步,所述单晶硅为N型,晶向为(100)。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明的新型太阳能电池间石墨烯和单晶硅结合使用,两者之间形成肖特基结,可以有效将太阳辐照转化为电能,石墨烯还具有良好的透光率和导电性,可以起到分离光生电子和空穴的作用,本发明新型太阳能电池可以大幅减薄单晶硅的厚度,有助降低制造成本,简化工艺流程。另外,本发明的太阳能电池具有极高的柔韧性能,可结合在衣服、背包、手表、汽车、无线电子器件等日常生活品上,而且在航天、军工、生物检测等高技术领域也具有巨大的应用潜力。最后,本发明的单晶硅太阳能电池的光电转化效率可达14.5%,显示了其巨大应用潜力。
附图说明
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果更加清楚,本发明提供如下附图进行说明:
图1为实施例1柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池结构示意图;
图2为实施例1封装后柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池结构示意图;
图3为实施例1减薄后16.1μm单晶硅截面的SEM图;
图4为实施例1减薄后16.1μm单晶硅弯曲状态的图片;
图5为实施例1未掺杂柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的I-V特性曲线;
图6为实施例2掺杂后柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的I-V特性曲线。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图,对本发明的优选实施例进行详细的描述。
实施例1:
本实施例的柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池结构如图1所示,包括单晶硅薄膜基底1、沉积在单晶硅基底1背面的金属背电极3、覆盖在单晶硅基底1正面的石墨烯薄膜2以及位于石墨烯表面的前电极4。
本实施例的柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池按如下方法制得:
1、取N型(100)晶向单晶硅(电阻率1-10Ω·cm,厚度300微米)并减薄至16.1微米得到如图3、4所示单晶硅基底,从图4可以看出,减薄后的单晶硅具有良好的柔韧性能;
本步骤采用化学刻蚀方法对单晶硅进行减薄,减薄腐蚀液可为质量分数20%-70%的高浓度碱性溶液如氢氧化钾(KOH)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、四甲基氢氧化铵(TMAH),腐蚀溶液温度可选在70-100℃(本实施例腐蚀液选用30wt%的KOH溶液,温度为80℃);
2、在单晶硅背面制作一层金属背电极;
具体制作方法可以选用磁控溅射或者电子束蒸镀,背电极材料可以是Al、Ag、Au、LiF/Al、Ni/Ag、Ni/Au、Ti/Au、Ti/Ag或镓铟合金(本实施例选用磁控溅射法,背电极材料选择Ag,其厚度为80-150μm,确保银背电极与单晶硅形成欧姆接触);
3、制备并转移石墨烯:
通过CVD方法在铜基底上生长石墨烯,旋涂PMMA,在硝酸铁溶液中溶解基底铜,得到石墨烯薄膜,将石墨烯薄膜层转移到柔性硅基底上并采用热烘的方法使二者紧密结合,形成肖特基结;
4、在石墨烯表面制作前电极:
前电极可以选用热蒸镀、化学气相沉积、溅射、旋涂、丝网印刷、喷墨打印方法制备,其材质优选为Al、Au、Ag、Pt、Cu、Ni或ZnO或碳电极材料(本实施例采用丝网印刷技术将银浆印刷到石墨烯上)。
实施例2:
本实施例与实施例1的区别在于,本实施例步骤4之后还包括对石墨烯进行掺杂的步骤:
掺杂方法优选干法熏蒸,旋涂或湿法掺杂,干法熏蒸试剂可以为硝酸、盐酸、双氧水、硫化亚砜;旋涂或湿法掺杂化学试剂可选:氯化金水溶液、氯化金硝基甲烷溶液、氯化铂水溶液、氯化铂硝基甲烷溶液(本实施例选用硝酸对石墨烯进行P型掺杂)。
实施例3:
本实施例与实施例2的区别在于,本实施例单晶硅薄膜的厚度在11.0微米。
实施例4:
本实施例与实施例1的区别在于,本实施例将石墨烯转移到单晶硅薄膜之前,将石墨烯浸泡到10mM的氯化金水溶液中1min,对石墨烯进行P型掺杂。后期将柔性石墨烯/单晶硅薄膜太阳能电池用PDMS封装到柔性PET衬底上,用以增加电池的稳定性和使用寿命。(当然,也可以选择其他封装材料PDMS、UV紫外固化胶、热固性树脂或PMMA以及聚酰亚胺柔性衬底)。
本实施例所得柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池结构如图2所示,包括单晶硅薄膜基底1,该单晶硅薄膜背面沉积金属背电极3,金属背电极3下侧设有柔性PET衬底5,单晶硅薄膜正面为转移的石墨烯薄膜2,石墨烯上设有前电极4,前电极4上侧设有PDMS封装层。
图5为实施例1未掺杂柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的I-V特性曲线,图6为实施例2掺杂后柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的I-V特性曲线。
结合图5和图6可以看出进行掺杂以后柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的开路电压、短路电流和填充因子均大于未掺杂的柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,由此可知,对石墨烯P型掺杂会提升该太阳能电池性能和能量转换效率。
由此可见,本发明的新型太阳能电池间石墨烯和单晶硅结合使用,两者之间形成肖特基结,可以有效将太阳辐照转化为电能,石墨烯还具有良好的透光率和导电性,可以起到分离光生电子和空穴的作用,本发明新型太阳能电池可以大幅减薄单晶硅的厚度,有助降低制造成本,简化工艺流程。另外,本发明的太阳能电池具有极高的柔韧性能,可结合在衣服、背包、手表、汽车、无线电子器件等日常生活品,而且在航天、军工、生物检测等高技术领域也具有巨大的应用潜力。
最后说明的是,以上优选实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管通过上述优选实施例已经对本发明进行了详细的描述,但本领域技术人员应当理解,可以在形式上和细节上对其作出各种各样的改变,而不偏离本发明权利要求书所限定的范围。
Claims (10)
1.柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:包括厚度为3-30μm的单晶硅基底和覆盖在单晶硅基底上表面的石墨烯,所述单晶硅基底下表面设有金属背电极,所述单晶硅基底与石墨烯构成肖特基结。
2.根据权利要求1所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:还包括前电极、封装材料和柔性衬底。
3.根据权利要求1所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述金属背电极材料与单晶硅衬底形成欧姆接触,其材质为Al、Ag、Au、LiF/Al、Ni/Ag、Ni/Au、Ti/Au、Ti/Ag或镓铟合金。
4.根据权利要求2所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述前电极设置在石墨烯表面,其材质为Al、Au、Ag、Pt、Cu、Ni或ZnO、碳电极材料。
5.根据权利要求2所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述封装材料材质为PDMS、UV紫外固化胶、热固性树脂或PMMA。
6.根据权利要求2所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述柔性衬底材质为PET或聚酰亚胺。
7.根据权利要求1所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:所述石墨烯为P型掺杂石墨烯。
8.根据权利要求3所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于:选用硝酸、盐酸、双氧水或硫化亚砜利用干法熏蒸对石墨烯进行P型掺杂或者选用氯化金水溶液、氯化金硝基甲烷溶液、氯化铂水溶液或氯化铂硝基甲烷溶液利用湿法熏蒸对石墨烯进行P型掺杂。
9.制备权利要求1-7任意一项所述柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)利用化学刻蚀方法减薄单晶硅至3-30μm;
2)在单晶硅背面利用磁控溅射或者电子束蒸镀金属背电极;
3)将石墨烯转移到单晶硅薄膜上表面并使两者之间形成肖特基结;
4)在石墨烯表面制备前电极;
5)对石墨烯表面进行P型掺杂;
6)封装得到成品。
10.根据权利要求8所述制备柔性异质结薄膜太阳能电池的方法,其特征在于:所述单晶硅为N型,晶向为(100)。
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