CN104798323A - 光通信网络和用于在光网络中对信号进行自适应编码的方法 - Google Patents

光通信网络和用于在光网络中对信号进行自适应编码的方法 Download PDF

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CN104798323A
CN104798323A CN201380059538.3A CN201380059538A CN104798323A CN 104798323 A CN104798323 A CN 104798323A CN 201380059538 A CN201380059538 A CN 201380059538A CN 104798323 A CN104798323 A CN 104798323A
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秋浓俊昭
K·帕森斯
段春杰
小岛启介
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Abstract

一种用于非线性信道的自适应编码方案提高了数字通信网络中的可靠性和效率。该方法监测信道统计，以分析信道的外信息转移图。将信道统计反馈回发送器，以适应前向纠错编码。参数分析方法使用高斯混合模型。统计信息反馈能够通过将加权的接收信号添加到原始编码信号来适应ARQ方案，以减少非线性失真。网格成形能够使发送信号优选用于非线性信道。

Description

光通信网络和用于在光网络中对信号进行自适应编码的方法
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及数字通信，并且更具体地，涉及对用于非线性信道的信号进行自适应编码。
背景技术
前向纠错(FEC)编码能够减少由有噪信道导致的错误。通过与外信息转移(EXIT，extrinsic information transfer)图曲线拟合，可以最优化FEC编码。当信道状态是时变的时，FEC编码将根据信道状态改变。这通常通过使用自适应编码和调制来完成。然而，现有的自适应编码方法都不能调节用于非线性信道，尤其是在光通信中，这限制了FEC编码的优点。
光通信具有与无线通信不同的特征。首先，光信号与介质之间的相互作用很复杂。其次，光信号通常经由单向光纤被传输。因此，光网络从发送器到接收器使用一个信道，而从接收器到发送器使用另一信道。由此，不像在无线通信中那样，这两个信道不对称，并且反向信道不反映前向信道。然而，光信道不像无线信道那样随时间改变很多。因此，信道状态在较长时间段内倾向于有效，并且瞬时信道状态不太重要。
自适应预编码通过使用信道状态的先验信息来执行幅度、相位控制和数据控制，以减少错误。用于预编码的方法包括Tomlinson-Harashima预编码、脏纸编码、网格成形(trellis shaping)、时间反转预编码、逆信道滤波、矢量扰动和预失真。这些方法都不适于复杂的时变非线性信道。
数字后向传播(DBP)能够被用于光通信中的非线性信道。然而，DBP具有许多缺点。DBP对随机噪声的抵抗很弱，需要高复杂性的操作，并且与实际信道状态的参数失配导致附加失真。
在线性信道中，已知编码和解码复杂性被显著减小，并且当来自接收器的反馈信息在发送器处可用时，错误概率显著减小。自动重传请求(ARQ)是这种反馈信息的一个示例。众所周知的Schalkwijk-Kailath(S-K)反馈编码方案在没有任何FEC编码的情况下，以双重指数衰减的错误概率，实现了信道容量。然而，不存在成功应用、以及关于用于非线性信道的反馈的使用的统一理论。
发明内容
本发明的实施方式提供了一种用于线性和非线性信道的自适应编码，以提高数字通信网络中的可靠性和效率。该方法监测信道统计(statistics)，以生成并且分析信道的外信息转移(EXIT)图。将信道统计反馈回发送器，以适应前向纠错(FEC)预编码和编码。
本发明的一个实施方式通过使用高斯混合模型(GMM，Gaussian mixture model)提供非线性信道统计的参数分析。通过期望最大化(EM，expectation-maximization)处理来估计统计参数。对于非参数分析，信道统计由多变量接收信号的多维分布图表示，以建立多个要素(moment)(均值、方差、偏度等)。
利用参数统计或非参数统计，给出先验互信息以适应FEC编码，通过外互信息的另一个分布图获得EXIT曲线。
本发明的一个实施方式基于在发送器处可用的EXIT图信息来最优化低密度奇偶校验(LDPC)码。考虑到实际解码器方面(包括迭代的最大数目、定点运算精度和编码的有限长度)，通过EXIT图的曲线拟合，重新设计LDPC变量节点和校验节点的度分布。
本发明的另一实施方式通过反馈接收信号，基于针对非线性信道归纳的Schalkwijk-Kailath(S-K)反馈编码，提供自动重传请求(ARQ)。发送器将加权的接收信号添加至编码信号，其可以按指数减少等效非线性失真。
本发明的另一个实施方式适应预编码(例如，网格成形)，其有意地适应数据，使得发送信号更优选用于非线性信道，以减少失真。通过使用信道的统计信息、以及基于GMM的再生模型和Volterra级数展开，可以重新设计最佳预编码。
附图说明
[图1]
图1是根据本发明的实施方式的具有自适应编码的方法和通信网络的示意图；
[图2]
图2是根据本发明的实施方式的信道统计估计的示意图；
[图3]
图3是根据本发明的实施方式的LDPC码的基于EXIT的最优化的示意图；
[图4]
图4是根据本发明的实施方式的自适应LDPC编码器和解码器的示意图；
[图5]
图5是根据本发明的实施方式的基于S-K反馈编码的ARQ的示意图；以及
[图6]
图6是根据本发明的实施方式的基于网格成形的自适应预编码的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施方式提供用于线性和非线性信道的自适应编码，以提高数字通信网络中的可靠性和效率。
方法和网络
图1示出了根据本发明的实施方式的方法和网络100的优选实施方式。该网络包括发送器110和接收器120，以经由例如光纤、卫星和其它类型的有噪通信网络中的线性信道、非线性信道和有噪信道130来传送数据111。
发送器具有用于FEC编码器400的数据111。编码后的数据可以通过预编码块113被改编，并且在调制114之后，作为信号(例如，光信号或无线电信号)经由线性信道、非线性信道或有噪信道130被发送。
例如通过均衡器，在接收器120处检测121失真的接收信号101。检测到的信号被FEC解码122，以减少错误。FEC解码信息可以被反馈回检测器块，以实现Turbo环增益125。
FEC解码器的输出被用于决定123所发送的数据。决定可以通过错误检验器124来监测。当接收器在解码后的数据中检测到错误时，生成144ARQ。
信道统计
本发明使用信道状态信息(CSI)提高可靠性和效率。该方法使用接收信号101来分析200信道统计。通过测量被提供有FEC解码器反馈信息的检测输出的分布图来生成并且分析142EXIT图。
将信道统计反馈回发送器，使得能够根据信道状态使预编码器适应。
EXIT图信息由发送器使用，使得FEC码本根据信道状态被改进。
然后，ARQ可以导致利用改进调制格式的重传。
图2示出用于非参数和参数统计模型的信道分析器200。非参数模型构造表示接收信号101的多维分布图的表210。
参数高斯混合模型(GMM)220分析地表示分布图。GMM具有用于估计的多个参数，用于很好地描绘分布图。GMM通过期望最大化(EM)处理230被估计，其是近似最大似然(ML)的迭代解。
在期望步骤中，确定估计的似然，同时在最大化步骤中更新估计，以局部最大化似然。接收信号被典型地关联，并且因此，通过主成分分析(PCA)或线性判别分析，通常可以减少有效维度。作为参数GMM的替代方案，可以使用其它模型。
给出先验互信息以适应FEC编码，通过外互信息的另一个分布图获得EXIT曲线。
LDPC码的最优化
图3示意性地示出基于在发送器处可用的EXIT图的用于LDPC码的最优化过程300。根据检测器121与FEC解码器122之间的信息的分布图，绘制310非线性信道检测器的EXIT曲线。
EXIT曲线通过添加噪声余量被移位320，使得自适应LDPC编码器仍能够在诸如电路噪声、信道估计误差和精度损失的由接收器缺陷导致的有噪条件下操作。移位后的EXIT曲线与变量节点解码器的EXIT曲线结合330，其中，通过固定点操作解码仿真来预先确定该曲线。使用所得到的曲线和检验节点解码器的EXIT曲线，最优化340LDPC编码器的度分布。
传统最优化利用线性编程执行曲线拟合。相比之下，本发明的实施方式直接使用迭代轨迹而不是曲线拟合，使得错误概率在最大数目的Turbo环迭代125(例如，五次)内小于预定阈值(例如，10-15)。可以同时最优化编码速率。编码最优化可以例如通过修改后的密度演化来完成。
LDPC编码
图4示出了自适应LDPC编码器和解码器400。自适应LDPC编码根据信道统计和EXIT图信息，改变变量节点解码器410与检验节点解码器420之间的边缘的度分布。因此，当基于EXIT的LDPC最优化确定边缘的改变以提高性能时，边缘交织器实现自适应选择器430，以添加和删除预期的边缘。
对于Turbo环操作，可以通过Turbo环多路复用器440更新来自检测器的对数似然比(LLR)405信息，Turbo环多路复用器440将置信信息从变量节点解码器传递到相邻的变量节点解码器。当通过最大对数(max-log)函数来近似Turbo均衡时，可以通过条件加法器来实现这些多路复用器。
用于ARQ的S-K反馈
在本发明的另一个实施方式中，ARQ 144基于通过反馈接收信号101针对非线性信道归纳的S-K反馈编码。
图5示出针对非线性信道统计的S-K反馈500。当检测到510错误时，利用信道统计和量化后的接收信号，将ARQ反馈520给发送器。发送器可以通过使用信道统计和量化后的接收信号530来重新生成接收信号101。基于错误，可以通过添加接收信号的加权和，使适应540调制格式，使得接收器具有指数衰减的非线性失真。类似过程可以被用于任何其它ARQ方法。
自适应编码
本发明的其它实施方式提供基于网格成形的自适应预编码，其有意地适应数据111，使得发送信号优选用于非线性信道，以减少失真。
图6示出用于非线性信道的网格成形600的方法。这基本上替换了图1的预编码块113。
当不使用预编码时，FEC编码数据602经由开关602直接被反馈给调制块114。
如果接收器具有信道统计和再生GMM模型，借助于Volterra级数展开670，FEC编码数据经由网格成形块620被反馈给调制块114。
在网格成形块中，通过卷积码的逆奇偶校验矩阵630，对FEC编码数据进行编码。将奇偶校验输出与其它编码数据进行求和640，所述其它编码数据是从辅助数据660生成的相应发生器矩阵650的输出。然后，组合数据被调制114，并且经由信道130被发送。
对辅助数据660进行最优化，使得所发送的数据可以通过使用GMM的再生模型和Volterra级数展开670来最小化信道中的非线性失真。这通过Viterbi处理来完成，以搜索最小化失真功率的最佳数据。
接收器使用奇偶校验去除辅助数据。类似方法可以工作用于诸如矢量扰动的任何其它预编码方案。

Claims (10)

1.一种光通信网络，该光通信网络包括：
发送器，进一步包括：
前向纠错FEC编码器；
预编码器：以及
调制器；
接收器，进一步包括：
检测器；
FEC解码器；
决策块；以及
错误检验块；以及
分析器，其被配置为生成所述发射器与所述接收器之间的光信道的非线性统计，并且使所述编码器、所述预编码器和所述调制器单独地或以任何组合地适应所述非线性统计。
2.根据权利要求1所述的网络，其中，所述信道是光纤或无线链路。
3.根据权利要求1所述的网络，其中，所述编码器是前向纠错编码器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的网络，所述网络进一步包括：
测量被提供有来自所述FEC解码器的反馈信息的所述检测器的输出的分布图，以生成并且分析外信息转移EXIT图；以及
使所述FEC编码器适应所述EXIT图。
5.根据权利要求1所述的网络，所述网络进一步包括：
生成自动重传请求(ARQ)，以启动利用改进调制格式的数据的重传和自适应Schalkwijk-Kailath编码。
6.根据权利要求4所述的网络，其中，所述分布图基于非参数统计模型和参数统计模型，并且所述参数模型是通过期望最大化EM处理估计的高斯混合模型GMM。
7.根据权利要求6所述的网络，其中，通过在最大化期间局部最大化似然来估计所述GMM。
8.根据权利要求1所述的网络，其中，所述接收器具有指数衰减的非线性失真。
9.根据权利要求1所述的网络，其中，所述预编码器基于网格成形，该网格成形有意地适应所述数据，使得发送信号优选用于非线性信道，以减少失真。
10.一种用于在光网络中对信号进行自适应编码的方法，该方法包括：
生成发射器与接收器之间的非线性信道的非线性统计；以及
在所述发送器处，使编码器、预编码器和调制器单独地或以任何组合地适应所述非线性统计。
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