CN104795989A - 具有减小的浪涌电流及故障保护的切换式电容器dc-dc转换器 - Google Patents

具有减小的浪涌电流及故障保护的切换式电容器dc-dc转换器 Download PDF

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CN104795989A
CN104795989A CN201510025896.3A CN201510025896A CN104795989A CN 104795989 A CN104795989 A CN 104795989A CN 201510025896 A CN201510025896 A CN 201510025896A CN 104795989 A CN104795989 A CN 104795989A
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vout
circuit
voltage
transducer
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CN104795989B (zh
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张劲东
黎坚
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Analog Devices International ULC
Linear Technology LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1588—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及具有减小的浪涌电流及故障保护的切换式电容器DC-DC转换器。为减小进入到切换式电容器DC/DC转换器中的浪涌电流并检测电压及电流故障，将转换器控制器连同电流限制串联晶体管及故障检测电路装纳在一起。所述串联晶体管经控制以在启动期间将所述浪涌电流限制于预定最大电平。如果所述电流限制电平的持续时间或使Vout实现目标电压的时间超过第一阈值时间，那么封装中的第一故障检测器切断所述串联晶体管。在稳态操作期间，如果输入电流达到所述限制达第二阈值时间或如果Vout延伸到某一范围之外达所述第二阈值时间，那么所述封装中的第二故障检测器切断所述串联晶体管。

Description

具有减小的浪涌电流及故障保护的切换式电容器DC-DC转换器
相关申请案交叉参考
本申请案主张对张金东(Jindong Zhang)等人于2014年1月17日申请的以引用方式并入本文中的第61/928,745号美国临时申请案的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及DC/DC转换器，且特定来说涉及一种具有电流限制电路及故障保护电路的切换式电容器DC/DC转换器。
背景技术
也称为电荷泵的切换式电容器网络通常用以对输入电压Vin进行倍增或分压。输出电压Vout与Vin成比例，例如2X、3X、1/2X、1/3X等。连接到Vout的负载可为常规电阻型负载、电压调节器(例如，降压转换器)或任何其它类型的负载。
关于此类切换式电容器DC/DC转换器的一个问题是输入电压直接耦合到电容器。在系统的启动后，当首先施加Vin时，到电容器中的浪涌电流在达到稳态之前可因低阻抗互连而容易地在几纳秒内超过1000A。这对设计强加了各种约束及风险。
图1图解说明输出为输入电压Vin的大致一半的电压Vout的常规2∶1切换式电容器转换器10。在稳态操作期间，切换FET Q1-Q4，如图2中所展示，以循环地将称为飞跨电容器的电容器C2充电及放电。展示了所述FET的本体二极管。当跨越电容器C1连接时重复地将电容器C2充电到Vin/2，且当跨越电容器C3连接时将电荷转移到电容器C3(及负载12)。电容器C1及C3在启动时最初由Vin充电，其中C1与C3的节点处于Vin/2。通常，电容器由于其大的尺寸而连接在任何控制器封装外部。如果电流为高的，那么开关Q1-Q4也可在封装外部。输入电压Vin直接连接到FET Q1及电容器C1的顶部端子。
2∶1切换式电容器转换器可在无电容器C1的情况下恰当地操作。在此情况中，当FET Q1及Q3接通时，电容器C2及C3串联地由Vin充电。当FET Q2及Q4接通时，电容器C2及C3为并联的。这迫使电容器C2及C3电压彼此极为接近，处于大约Vin/2。
图3图解说明在Vin电力供应于时间T0通电后当电容器C1-C3具有零初始电压时，浪涌电流可如何容易地超过1000A(取决于路径中的任何寄生电阻)。高电流可仅持续小于1微秒，但可容易地超过FET的安全操作电流且在设计中需要加以考虑。输出电压Vout仅在电容器C1、C2及C3被完全充电且如图2中所展示而控制开关Q1-Q4之后达到其稳态电压。Vout波形展示在浪涌电流之后的某一振铃。
在故障条件(例如电容器C3变为短路)中，由于切换式电容器电路中不存在限制电流的电感器，因此输入浪涌电流可快速升高到极高的电平，从而导致FET失效及系统损坏。
需要一种用于控制其中浪涌电流减小的切换式电容器DC/DC转换器的完整电路。所述电路还应在操作期间检测故障且采取适当的安全措施。
发明内容
在优选实施例中，用于切换式电容器DC/DC转换器的开关控制器电路装纳在与电流限制电路及故障检测电路相同的封装中。并非将输入电压直接连接到切换式电容器转换器，而是将输入电压连接到控制输入引线与电容器之间的串联FET的电流限制电路。当在启动期间或在稳态期间检测到故障时，所述FET还充当保护FET。在启动及稳态期间使用不同的故障检测技术。
在启动后，连接于反馈回路中的串联FET即刻将浪涌电流限制于受控制最大值，同时切换式电容器转换器的输出电压Vout在预计时间限制内斜升到其稳态Vout。当浪涌电流低于电流限制阈值时，串联FET完全接通以将全输入电压供应到切换式电容器转换器。
故障检测电路包含对浪涌电流的持续时间进行计时的计时器。如果持续时间在第一阈值时间之外，那么系统关断串联FET并发出故障信号。此外，在启动阶段期间，如果Vout在第一阈值时间内不处于目标电压范围内，那么系统关断串联FET并发出故障信号。
另一电路在稳态操作期间检测故障。如果在稳态操作期间转换器的输出电压Vout在上阈值电压及下阈值电压的范围之外达多于第二阈值时间，那么发生输出电压故障，且关断串联FET。系统接着发出故障信号。上阈值电压及下阈值电压分别以小的正或负偏移系结到Vin/N(其中N等于目标Vin/Vout)。此外，在稳态操作期间，输入电流达到电流限制达长于第二阈值时间，那么关断串联FET且发出故障信号。所述第一阈值时间可不同于所述第二阈值时间。
电容器开关可在封装内部或外部，此取决于所述开关的电流要求。
切换式电容器转换器可对输入电压进行倍增或分压。连接到转换器的输出的负载可为电阻负载、电压调节器或任何其它类型的负载。
本发明描述了各种实施例。
附图说明
图1图解说明常规切换式电容器DC/DC转换器。
图2图解说明施加到图1中的开关的信号。
图3图解说明在启动时在图1的转换器中产生的各种波形。
图4图解说明发明性电路的高级示意图。
图5图解说明在启动时图4的电路内的各种波形。
图6更详细地图解说明图4的经封装电路。
图7A是识别由图6的电路在启动阶段期间执行的步骤的流程图。
图7B是识别由图6的电路在稳态期间执行的步骤的流程图。
图8图解说明电容器网络的负载可如何作为降压转换器。
图9图解说明电容器网络可如何经连接以对输入电压进行倍增。
以相同编号标记相同或等效的元件。
具体实施方式
图4图解说明含有图1的切换式电容器转换器10的发明性电路的高级示意图。在一个实施例中，除图1中的电容器C1-C3之外的整个电路均在具有用于连接到印刷电路板的引线的单个封装14内。
封装14的输入电压Vin1端子16耦合到电力供应及串联晶体管(例如FET 18)的第一端子。FET 18的第二端子耦合到切换式电容器转换器10的输入且将输入电压Vin2施加到转换器10。Vin2将耦合到图1中的电容器C1的顶部端子。滤波器电容器20耦合到FET 18的第二端子。
在操作期间，例如借助低值串联感测电阻器感测输入电流Iin，且将对应于Iin的信号施加到电流浪涌控制器22。控制器22在启动期间驱动FET 18的栅极使得Iin处于可设定电流限制。控制器22使Iin维持处于电流限制直到转换器10中的所有电容器被实质上完全充电为止。此时，Iin将变为低于电流限制，且控制器22增加FET 18的栅极电压直到FET 18完全导通为止。此时，Vin2将大致等于Vin1，且稳态操作可开始。
图5图解说明在启动时图4的电路内的各种波形，假定Vin1为48V。如所展示，存在Iin的快速斜升直到达到电流限制(例如3-10X稳态电流)为止。Iin保持处于电流限制直到电容器被完全充电为止。尽管Iin受到限制，但Vin2斜升直到其处于大约48V的稳态电压为止。同时，转换器10开关(图1中的Q1-Q4)经控制以使输出电压Vout斜升到大致24V，假定转换器为(Vin1)/2分压器。
随着电流限制的时间一起检测输出电压Vout。如果电流限制花费长于阈值时间(时间1)或如果Vout在某一范围(在Vhigh与Vlow之间)超出阈值时间(时间1)，那么电路块24假定故障，且控制器22将FET 18关闭并产生故障报告信号。
如果在启动阶段期间不存在故障，那么电路块24继续控制开关Q1-Q4(图1及2)以产生大致(Vin1)/2的输出电压Vout以实现操作稳态。
图6更详细地图解说明图4的电路的一个实施例。将参考图7A及7B的流程图描述图6的电路的操作。
在图7A的步骤30中，系统由产生Vin1的电力供应启动。
到转换器10中的电流流动穿过低值串联电阻器32及FET 18(或其它类型的晶体管或可控制导体)。跨越电阻器32的电压由比较器34检测。偏移电压Vlim由电压源36产生。当跨越电阻器32的电压超过Vlim时，比较器34产生逻辑1，从而指示输入电流Iin处于或高于电流限制阈值。
比较器34的输出经由栅极驱动器38控制到FET 18的栅极驱动电压。驱动器38产生足以使电流传导穿过FET 18的栅极电压使得到比较器34中的输入不超过跳脱阈值。因此，在启动时，用以将电容器C1、C2、C3及20充电的浪涌电流处于电流限制阈值(图7中的步骤40)。还通过检测到输入电流处于电流限制而使第一计时器起动，如下文所描述。电容器42以及电阻器43及44防止振荡。栅极驱动器38包含电平移位器及逻辑。
由于输入电流受到限制，因此电容器C1、C2、C3及20将以与在不存在电流限制的情况下相比慢得多的速率充电。这在图5中由Iin处于受限值且Vin2以相对慢的速率斜升到48V(通过各种电容器充电)展示。
在Vin2的斜升期间，切换转换器10，如关于图1及2所描述。
经分压Vout作为Vfb反馈到比较器64及66。高阈值电压值Vhigh施加到比较器64，且低阈值Vlow施加到比较器66。N为目标切换式电容器电路转换比率，即，N等于VIN1/VOUT。Vhigh阈值被设定为1/N Vin1加上正的x％Vin1偏移，然后除以Vout被分压的相同百分比。Vlow阈值被设定为1/N Vin1减去y％Vin1偏移，然后除以Vout被分压的相同百分比。简单电阻网络及连接到Vin1的电荷泵电路67可用以产生Vhigh及Vlow。因此，Vhigh及Vlow遵循输入电压Vin，而非为固定参考电压。其它电路可用以产生Vhigh及Vlow。如果Vout在两个阈值之间，那么比较器64及66两者输出逻辑0。如果Vout在任一阈值之外，那么比较器64/66中的一者将输出逻辑1。
当Vin2大致等于Vin1且Vout达到目标Vin1/N电平时，启动完成。在所述实例中，Vout为大约1/2Vin1且N等于2。然而，可使用任何类型的切换式电容器转换器对Vin1进行倍增或分压。
一旦电容器已被充分充电，输入电流Iin便降到远低于电流限制阈值(由于不再存在浪涌电流)且最大栅极电压便施加到FET 18(由于比较器34的输出为零)以使得其本质上成为闭合的开关。
在启动阶段开始时，计时器开关48闭合。借助受限最大电流接通输入FET 18以使电压Vin2斜升。FET Q1-Q4由电路块46切换以使输出电压Vout斜升。电流源50将计时器电容器Ct充电以产生斜变电压Vct。Vct及参考电压Vref1施加到启动计时器比较器54的输入，其中Vref1对应于图5中的时间1。如果在时间1(Vct斜升到高于Vref1)比较器34输出仍为逻辑1(指示输入FET 18仍处于电流限制)或“或”门70输出仍为逻辑1(指示Vout在Vlow-Vhigh窗范围之外)，那么故障控制电路46关断输入FET 18且发出故障报告信号。Vref1经选择为大于浪涌电流处于电流限制的预期时间及使输出电压Vout斜升到其目标范围的预期时间。在时间1有效地检查浪涌电流限制及Vout电平的状态的步骤为图7A中的步骤55。可使用简单逻辑来执行此功能。
如果不存在启动故障，那么FET Q1-Q4继续由电路块46以常规方式切换。在稳态中，Vout为大致1/2Vin1(步骤79)。计时器开关48及68断开且计时器电容器Ct由电压源61以比Vref1及Vref2高的电平偏置。
图7B展示在稳态操作期间在时间1之后执行的步骤。
在稳态中，输入电流应低于电流限制且Vout应在Vhigh与Vlow之间。
如果在稳态阶段期间电流限制比较器34的输出变高(输入电流处于限制)或Vout在Vhigh及Vlow的范围之外，那么二极管72或二极管74(充当“或”门)将变为被正向偏置且闭合计时器开关68以起动第二计时器。这展示于图7B的步骤80、82、84、88及90中。
当开关68闭合时，计时器电容器Ct经由电流源75放电以产生斜降的Vct。如果Vout保持在阈值之外达太长时间(步骤82中的时间2)，从而指示故障，那么Vct将变为低于Vref2以触发比较器62发信号通知故障。电路块46接着切断FET 18，停止FETQ1-Q4的任何进一步切换并发出故障报告信号(图7B中的步骤90及86)。
类似地，如果电流限制电平保持达多于阈值周期(时间2)，那么将触发比较器62以指示故障，且将切断FET 18(步骤84及86)。因此，在稳态期间使用同一计时来检测输入电流及Vout故障。
各种计时器阈值取决于非故障瞬态的预期持续时间。由电流源50及75产生的电流可为不同的。
如果输入电流在时间2内降到低于电流限制及/或Vout在时间2内返回到其目标范围(非故障条件)，那么断开开关68且将电容器Ct复位(步骤91)直到检测到下一事件。
为了防止开关68在启动期间存在浪涌电流且Vout在目标范围之外时闭合，可仅在启动之后逝去某一时间之后于稳态阶段期间(例如在时间1之后的某一时间)启用到开关68的控制信号(例如通过另一开关)。
封装14中还包含Vin1欠电压封锁特征。将Vin1施加到电阻器分压器84以将Vin1_UV信号提供到电路块46。将此电压与参考电压进行比较以确定Vin1是否充分高以恰当地操作系统。
封装14中可包含额外特征。
经连接以接收Vout的负载可为任何类型的负载，例如电阻负载或电压调节器。图8图解说明负载可如何作为常规降压转换器90以输出任何电压电平，例如1V。
图9图解说明切换式电容器转换器92可如何以反向配置连接以对输入电压Vin1进行倍增。
尽管已展示及描述了本发明的特定实施例，但所属领域的技术人员将显而易见可在不背离本发明的情况下对其较宽广方面做出改变及修改，且因此，所附权利要求书欲将属于本发明的真正精神及范围内的所有此类改变及修改涵盖于其范围内。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于控制切换式电容器DC/DC转换器以产生输出电压Vout的电路，其包括：
控制器电路，其用于产生用于控制所述切换式电容器DC/DC转换器中的开关以产生Vout的控制信号；
输入端子，其用于输入电压Vin1；
输入电流传感器，其用于产生对应于输入电流的输入电流信号；及
电流限制电路，其耦合到所述输入电流传感器，用于检测所述输入电流何时已达到电流限制电平且用于控制进入到所述转换器中的浪涌电流以便不超过所述电流限制电平。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电路，其中所述电流限制电路控制所述浪涌电流以便不超过预定最大电流电平。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电路，其进一步包括：
串联晶体管，其耦合于所述输入电流传感器与所述转换器之间；及
串联晶体管控制器，其与所述串联晶体管、所述电流限制电路及所述输入电流传感器连接成一回路，其中在启动期间当将Vin1施加到所述输入端子时，所述串联晶体管控制器控制所述串联晶体管以将进入到所述转换器中的所述浪涌电流限制于所述电流限制电平。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电路，其进一步包括：
故障检测电路，其包括：
第一故障电路，其包含第一计时器，用于检测在所述电路的启动阶段期间是否存在输入电流故障或Vout故障，且用于在于所述启动阶段期间检测到故障的情况下关断所述串联晶体管；及
第二故障电路，其包含第二计时器，用于检测在所述电路的稳态阶段期间是否存在输入电流故障或Vout故障，且用于在于所述稳态阶段期间检测到故障的情况下关断所述串联晶体管。
5.根据权利要求4所述的电路，其中如果所述输入电流在第一时间限制时处于所述电流限制电平，那么所述第一计时器在所述第一时间限制之后发信号通知一故障，从而发信号通知存在输入电流故障，且
其中如果Vout在所述第一时间限制时不在目标范围内，那么所述第一计时器也在所述第一时间限制之后发信号通知一故障，从而发信号通知存在Vout故障。
6.根据权利要求5所述的电路，其中所述第二计时器在所述输入电流达到所述电流限制电平时起动，其中如果所述输入电流保持处于所述电流限制电平达第二时间限制，那么所述第二计时器发信号通知存在输入电流故障，且
其中所述第二计时器也在Vout不在所述目标范围内时起动，其中如果Vout保持在所述目标范围之外达所述第二时间限制，那么所述第二计时器发信号通知存在Vout故障。
7.根据权利要求6所述的电路，其中所述第一时间限制不同于所述第二时间限制。
8.根据权利要求6所述的电路，其进一步包括经耦合以接收所述输入电压Vin1的电压产生器，所述电压产生器产生大于Vin1/N的第一电压且产生低于Vin1/N的第二电压，其中在稳态中N等于Vin1/Vout，且所述第一电压及所述第二电压界定Vout的所述目标范围。
9.根据权利要求8所述的电路，其中由第一比较器及第二比较器将Vout与所述第一电压及所述第二电压进行比较以确定Vout是否在所述目标范围内。
10.根据权利要求4所述的电路，其中所述第一计时器在启动的起始时起动。
11.根据权利要求4所述的电路，其中所述第一计时器包括将第一电流源耦合到计时器电容器的第一开关，其中由第一比较器将电容器电压与第一参考电压进行比较。
12.根据权利要求11所述的电路，其中所述第二计时器包括将第二电流源耦合到所述计时器电容器的第二开关，其中由第二比较器将所述电容器电压与第二参考电压进行比较。
13.根据权利要求11所述的电路，其中当不存在故障条件时将所述计时器电容器复位。
14.根据权利要求4所述的电路，其中除一或多个电容器外，所述控制器电路、所述串联晶体管、所述电流限制电路、所述串联晶体管控制器、所述第一故障电路及所述第二故障电路均装纳于单个封装中。
15.一种用于控制切换式电容器DC/DC转换器以产生输出电压Vout的方法，其包括：
在输入端子处接收用于给所述切换式电容器DC/DC转换器供电的输入电压Vin1；
由控制器电路产生用于控制所述转换器中的开关以产生Vout的控制信号；
由输入电流传感器感测输入电流并产生对应于输入电流的输入电流信号；及
由电流限制电路产生耦合到所述输入电流传感器以用于控制进入到所述转换器中的浪涌电流以便不超过电流限制电平的电流限制信号。
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