CN104686418A - Implementation method of artificial reef construction engineering for restoring oyster reefs - Google Patents
Implementation method of artificial reef construction engineering for restoring oyster reefs Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104686418A CN104686418A CN201510081874.9A CN201510081874A CN104686418A CN 104686418 A CN104686418 A CN 104686418A CN 201510081874 A CN201510081874 A CN 201510081874A CN 104686418 A CN104686418 A CN 104686418A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- reefs
- oyster
- reef
- implementation method
- artificial reef
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Landscapes
- Artificial Fish Reefs (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to an implementation method of artificial reef construction engineering for restoring oyster reefs. The implementation method comprises the following steps: firstly, setting buoy marks at oyster reef restoration points or places to be constructed at ebb tide or low water level; loading artificial reef construction materials to positions with the buoy marks at high tide or high water level; artificially placing and constructing basic reef types; finally, quarterly monitoring the number and the growth conditions of oyster larvae naturally attached onto the constructed reef, collecting the conditions for restoring the oyster reef by using the artificial reef construction, and comparing the different artificially placed and constructed basic reef types. According to the implementation method, some waste hydraulic structures (hollow bricks or culverts) and discarded oyster shells are used as the reefs; seed oysters in the natural waters are directly attached onto the artificial reefs through a series of module combination and layout methods, so as to achieve the purposes of proliferating oyster populations, amplifying the area of live oyster reefs, and restoring the natural oyster reefs and ecosystems thereof.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to artificial oyster bioherm constructing technology field, particularly relating to the implementation method that a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm builds engineering.
Background technology
Oyster bioherm is grown on by a large amount of oyster set a kind of organic reef that hard substrate surface formed, and it is distributed widely in river mouth, temperate zone and littoral area, oyster bioherm be by oyster shell apposition growth with deposit the reef district formed.Except providing fresh and alive oyster with except edible for the mankind, oyster bioherm also has many important ecological functions and environmental services is worth, first oyster bioherm has water body purification function, oyster is as filter-feeding zoobenthos, effectively can reduce water body recovery technology, nutritive salt and algae concentration, for what control body eutrophication and harmful algal, there is positive effect; Secondly oyster bioherm has habitat function, and oyster bioherm is called " coral reef " of ocean, temperate zone, has the marine ecology of higher bio-diversity, takes refuge, ingest or breed place for many Important Economic fish and swim crustacean provide.In addition, oyster bioherm is preventing from also playing critical function in coastline erosion and solid carbon etc., and oyster is called as " ecological systems engineering teacher ", and it increases the heterogeneity in habitat by constantly superposing growth; Compared with soft shale habitat; The complicated habitat of oyster bioherm improves the survival rate of macrobenthos; For many Important Economic fish and crustacean provide abundant high-quality bait.But along with social mankind's frequent activity and economy development requirement; coastal numerous oyster bioherm system is because ocean development engineering suffers destruction more or less; if do not take relevant safeguard measure to repair etc.; oyster bioherm and relevant ecological system thereof can disappear in the future; for such situation; the present invention proposes the implementation method that a kind of artificial reef body builds, for repairing the destroyed natural oyster bioherm of China coast and ecotope thereof.
Summary of the invention
Technical problem to be solved by this invention is to provide the implementation method that a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm builds engineering, reclaim fields from the sea because ocean engineering comprises for China coast marine site, build that bridge makes harbour, the mankind's activities such as denudation of excessively capturing of marine resources cause surrounding waters oyster bioherm and the serious destruction of the ecosystem thereof, the disappearance of even relevant marine organisms species.At this according to the physiological ecological feature of oyster and the environmental condition of Deposits in Eastern Coastal China, and with reference to the correlation technique that external relevant oyster bioherm builds, utilize some relevant cheap practical hydraulic structures (hollow brick and culvert) and discarded oyster shell (carrying out process pack) as reefs, by a series of structure and the implementation method of putting, the spat of oyster in water is allowed directly to be attached on artificial reef body, reach and support seedling with " refuse ", seedling is supported with " dead shell ", propagation oyster population quantity, amplification live body oyster bioherm area, allow the target that natural oyster bioherm is repaired and the ecosystem that is associated is recovered.
The technical solution adopted for the present invention to solve the technical problems is: provide a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm to build the implementation method of engineering, step is as follows:
A () arranges buoy mark when ebb tide or low water level at oyster bioherm reparation point or place to be built;
B artificial reef body construction material, when climax or high water level, is loaded into and renders to buoy mark by ();
C basic reefs type is manually put and built to ();
D () point season monitoring builds attachment quantity and the growing state naturally of the oyster young on reefs, gather artificial reef body and build the situation of repairing oyster bioherm, and compare to different basic reefs types of manually putting and build.
Manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is two-layer hollow brick reefs: wherein single hollow brick reefs is formed by 5 × 6 × 2 arrangements by 60 hollow bricks, and described two-layer hollow brick reefs long axis direction is parallel to nature reefs.
Long 2.4 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.0 meters, high 0.4 meter, described area is 2.4 square metres.
Manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef: wherein single reefs is arranged by 65 hollow bricks and 156 oyster shell reef bags and formed, lay one deck hollow brick below, often capable arrangement 13 hollow bricks, amount to 5 row, 20 centimetres, adjacent lines interval, on hollow brick, lay one deck oyster shell reef bag again, described hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
Long 5.2 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.8 meters, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 9.36 square metres.
Manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is oyster shell reefs: wherein single reefs is arranged by 200 oyster shell reef bags and formed, individual layer is by 20 × 5 arrangements, two superimposed forms, and described oyster shell reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
Long 8 meters of described single reefs, wide 1 meter, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 8 square metres.
Manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is cylinder culvert reefs: wherein single reefs is formed by 10 × 2 arrangements by 20 culverts, two adjacent culvert interval 5cm, described cylinder culvert reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
The long 4.45m of described single reefs, wide 0.85m, high 0.5m, reefs area is 3.8m2.Quantity adjustment can be carried out according to the area repairing place.
Described artificial reef body construction material is hollow brick, oyster shell reef bag or cylinder culvert.
Beneficial effect
The invention has the advantages that, the hydraulic structure (hollow brick and culvert) utilizing some waste and old and discarded oyster shell (carrying out process pack) are as reefs, given and distribution method by a series of module group, the spat of oyster in natural waters is allowed directly to be attached on artificial reef body, reach propagation oyster population, amplification live body oyster bioherm area, allow the target that natural oyster bioherm and the ecosystem thereof are repaired.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is double-layer hollow brick reefs structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is hollow brick of the present invention-oyster shell reef bag combination reef structural representation.
Fig. 3 is oyster shell reefs structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is cylinder culvert reefs structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, set forth the present invention further.Should be understood that these embodiments are only not used in for illustration of the present invention to limit the scope of the invention.In addition should be understood that those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications the present invention, and these equivalent form of values fall within the application's appended claims limited range equally after the content of having read the present invention's instruction.
Artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm builds an implementation method for engineering, and step is as follows:
A () arranges buoy mark when ebb tide or low water level at oyster bioherm reparation point or place to be built;
B artificial reef body construction material, when climax or high water level, is loaded into and renders to buoy mark by ();
C basic reefs type is manually put and built to ();
D () point season monitoring builds attachment quantity and the growing state naturally of the oyster young on reefs, gather artificial reef body and build the situation of repairing oyster bioherm, and compare to different basic reefs types of manually putting and build.
As shown in Figure 1, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is two-layer hollow brick reefs: wherein single hollow brick reefs is formed by 5 × 6 × 2 arrangements by 60 hollow bricks, and described two-layer hollow brick reefs long axis direction is parallel to nature reefs.
Long 2.4 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.0 meters, high 0.4 meter, described area is 2.4 square metres.
As shown in Figure 2, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef: wherein single reefs is arranged by 65 hollow bricks and 156 oyster shell reef bags and formed, lay one deck hollow brick below, often capable arrangement 13 hollow bricks, amount to 5 row, 20 centimetres, adjacent lines interval, then on hollow brick, lay one deck oyster shell reef bag, described hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
Long 5.2 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.8 meters, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 9.36 square metres.
As shown in Figure 3, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is oyster shell reefs: wherein single reefs is arranged by 200 oyster shell reef bags and formed, individual layer is by 20 × 5 arrangements, two superimposed forms, and described oyster shell reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
Long 8 meters of described single reefs, wide 1 meter, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 8 square metres.
As shown in Figure 4, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is cylinder culvert reefs: wherein single reefs is formed by 10 × 2 arrangements by 20 culverts, two adjacent culvert interval 5cm, described cylinder culvert reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
The long 4.45m of described single reefs, wide 0.85m, high 0.5m, reefs area is 3.8m2.Quantity adjustment can be carried out according to the area repairing place.
Described artificial reef body construction material is hollow brick, oyster shell reef bag or cylinder culvert.
Reclaim fields from the sea because ocean engineering comprises for China coast marine site, the mankind's activities such as denudation of excessively capturing of bridge Wharf Construction, marine resources cause surrounding waters oyster bioherm and the serious destruction of the ecosystem thereof, even about the disappearance of marine organisms species.At this according to the physiological ecological feature of oyster and the environmental condition of Deposits in Eastern Coastal China, and with reference to the correlation technique that relevant oyster bioherm in the world builds, the hydraulic structure (hollow brick and culvert) utilizing some waste and old and discarded oyster shell (carrying out process pack) are as reefs, given and distribution method by a series of module group, the spat of oyster in natural waters is allowed directly to be attached on artificial reef body, reach propagation oyster population, amplification live body oyster bioherm area, allow the target that natural oyster bioherm and the ecosystem thereof are repaired.
Claims (10)
1. the artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm builds an implementation method for engineering, and step is as follows:
A () arranges buoy mark when ebb tide or low water level at oyster bioherm reparation point or place to be built;
B artificial reef body construction material, when climax or high water level, is loaded into and renders to buoy mark by ();
C basic reefs type is manually put and built to ();
D () point season monitoring builds attachment quantity and the growing state naturally of the oyster young on reefs, gather artificial reef body and build the situation of repairing oyster bioherm, and compare to different basic reefs types of manually putting and build.
2. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 1 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is two-layer hollow brick reefs: wherein single hollow brick reefs is formed by 5 × 6 × 2 arrangements by 60 hollow bricks, and described two-layer hollow brick reefs long axis direction is parallel to nature reefs.
3. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 2 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, long 2.4 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.0 meters, high 0.4 meter, described area is 2.4 square metres.
4. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 1 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef: wherein single reefs is arranged by 65 hollow bricks and 156 oyster shell reef bags and formed, lay one deck hollow brick below, often capable arrangement 13 hollow bricks, amount to 5 row, 20 centimetres, adjacent lines interval, one deck oyster shell reef bag is laid again on hollow brick, described hollow brick-oyster shell reef bag combination reef major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
5. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 4 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, long 5.2 meters of described single reefs, wide 1.8 meters, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 9.36 square metres.
6. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 1 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is oyster shell reefs: wherein single reefs is arranged by 200 oyster shell reef bags and formed, individual layer is by 20 × 5 arrangements, two superimposed forms, and described oyster shell reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
7. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 6 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, long 8 meters of described single reefs, wide 1 meter, high 0.4 meter, reefs area is 8 square metres.
8. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 1 builds the implementation method of engineering, it is characterized in that, manually putting and build basic reefs type described in described step (c) is cylinder culvert reefs: wherein single reefs is formed by 10 × 2 arrangements by 20 culverts, two adjacent culvert interval 5cm, described cylinder culvert reefs major axis moves towards parallel with natural reefs.
9. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 8 builds the implementation method of engineering, and it is characterized in that, the long 4.45m of described single reefs, wide 0.85m, high 0.5m, reefs area is 3.8m2.
10. a kind of artificial reef body for repairing oyster bioherm according to claim 1 builds the implementation method of engineering, and it is characterized in that, described artificial reef body construction material is hollow brick, oyster shell reef bag or cylinder culvert.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510081874.9A CN104686418B (en) | 2015-02-15 | 2015-02-15 | A kind of implementation for the artificial reef body structure engineering for being used to repair oyster bioherm |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510081874.9A CN104686418B (en) | 2015-02-15 | 2015-02-15 | A kind of implementation for the artificial reef body structure engineering for being used to repair oyster bioherm |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104686418A true CN104686418A (en) | 2015-06-10 |
| CN104686418B CN104686418B (en) | 2017-09-15 |
Family
ID=53334318
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201510081874.9A Expired - Fee Related CN104686418B (en) | 2015-02-15 | 2015-02-15 | A kind of implementation for the artificial reef body structure engineering for being used to repair oyster bioherm |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN104686418B (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105379648A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-03-09 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Artificial combined reef body establishment method assisting in damaged oyster reef restoration |
| CN106234266A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-12-21 | 青岛金沙海洋科技有限公司 | A kind of method of the oyster bioherm district alive ecological aquaculture of algae shellfish ginseng |
| CN110167342A (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2019-08-23 | 安托法加斯塔大学 | For limiting the device of the young and/or aquatile, being kept in aquatic environment and cultivating their system, method |
| CN112674008A (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2021-04-20 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Preparation method of intertidal zone ecological oyster reef system |
| CN113940299A (en) * | 2021-10-08 | 2022-01-18 | 中山大学 | Method for restoring estuary sea area fishery resources |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5269254A (en) * | 1992-07-06 | 1993-12-14 | Gagliano Sherwood M | Method and apparatus for growing oyster reef |
| CN1208552A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1999-02-24 | 吴奕助 | Artificial ocean seaweed cultivation and sea-livings breeding fishery |
| CN101366365A (en) * | 2008-10-15 | 2009-02-18 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Construction method for oyster reef at Yangtze River estuary |
| CN102177841A (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2011-09-14 | 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 | Method for improving attaching effect of algas on surface of artificial reef |
| CN203563532U (en) * | 2013-11-01 | 2014-04-30 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Pyramid-shaped oyster reef suitable for growth of oysters |
| WO2014210100A1 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | Barber James Patrick | Apparatus and method for stream and oyster reef restoration |
-
2015
- 2015-02-15 CN CN201510081874.9A patent/CN104686418B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5269254A (en) * | 1992-07-06 | 1993-12-14 | Gagliano Sherwood M | Method and apparatus for growing oyster reef |
| CN1208552A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1999-02-24 | 吴奕助 | Artificial ocean seaweed cultivation and sea-livings breeding fishery |
| CN101366365A (en) * | 2008-10-15 | 2009-02-18 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Construction method for oyster reef at Yangtze River estuary |
| CN102177841A (en) * | 2011-05-09 | 2011-09-14 | 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 | Method for improving attaching effect of algas on surface of artificial reef |
| WO2014210100A1 (en) * | 2013-06-28 | 2014-12-31 | Barber James Patrick | Apparatus and method for stream and oyster reef restoration |
| CN203563532U (en) * | 2013-11-01 | 2014-04-30 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Pyramid-shaped oyster reef suitable for growth of oysters |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| BRUMBAUGH R D ET AL: "Contemporary approaches for small-scale oyster reef restoration to address substrate versus recruitment", 《JOURNAL OR SHELLFISH RESEARCH》 * |
| 全为民等: "河口地区牡蛎礁的生态功能及恢复措施", 《生态学杂志》 * |
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105379648A (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2016-03-09 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | Artificial combined reef body establishment method assisting in damaged oyster reef restoration |
| CN105379648B (en) * | 2015-11-12 | 2018-05-11 | 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所 | The artificial combination reefs construction method that the impaired oyster bioherm of auxiliary recovers |
| CN106234266A (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2016-12-21 | 青岛金沙海洋科技有限公司 | A kind of method of the oyster bioherm district alive ecological aquaculture of algae shellfish ginseng |
| CN106234266B (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2019-04-19 | 青岛金沙海洋科技有限公司 | A kind of method of oyster bioherm area algae-shellfish-ginseng ecology aquaculture living |
| CN110167342A (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2019-08-23 | 安托法加斯塔大学 | For limiting the device of the young and/or aquatile, being kept in aquatic environment and cultivating their system, method |
| CN112674008A (en) * | 2020-12-07 | 2021-04-20 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Preparation method of intertidal zone ecological oyster reef system |
| CN113940299A (en) * | 2021-10-08 | 2022-01-18 | 中山大学 | Method for restoring estuary sea area fishery resources |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104686418B (en) | 2017-09-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Bishop et al. | Effects of ocean sprawl on ecological connectivity: impacts and solutions | |
| Firth et al. | Ocean sprawl: challenges and opportunities for biodiversity management in a changing world | |
| CN102783404B (en) | Gulfweed proliferation and transplanting method | |
| CN203968948U (en) | Seabed drift sand environment coral is transplanted reef base | |
| CN104686418B (en) | A kind of implementation for the artificial reef body structure engineering for being used to repair oyster bioherm | |
| Yu et al. | Establishment of intertidal seaweed beds of Sargassum thunbergii through habitat creation and germling seeding | |
| CN102405825B (en) | Ecological recovering method of sublittoral zone Zosteraceae sea grass bed | |
| Mainwaring et al. | Assessing the sensitivity of blue mussel beds to pressures associated with human activities. | |
| Perricone et al. | Nature-based and bioinspired solutions for coastal protection: an overview among key ecosystems and a promising pathway for new functional and sustainable designs | |
| CN204560514U (en) | A kind of submarine multi-functional unit cultivation platform | |
| CN105379648B (en) | The artificial combination reefs construction method that the impaired oyster bioherm of auxiliary recovers | |
| CN205071877U (en) | Artificial ecology coral reef | |
| Baptist et al. | A nature-based future for the Netherlands in 2120 | |
| CN103081794A (en) | Artificial algal reef for algae adhesion and seaweed transplantation | |
| Tagliapietra et al. | Protecting and restoring the salt marshes and seagrasses in the lagoon of Venice | |
| CN110663597B (en) | Site selection and construction method for muddy artificial spawning site of schizothorax prenanti in plateau river | |
| CN104179149A (en) | Wave dissipating method for improving basic environment of large shallow lake | |
| CN202907629U (en) | Multifunctional nature-imitated ecological breeding submerging and floating disc in sea farming | |
| CN113216073B (en) | Coastal wetland construction and reclamation method for ecological reclamation of enclosed sea | |
| CN209797592U (en) | Composite fish reef system for recovering aquatic plants in algae-type lake | |
| CN115067248B (en) | Method for restoring yellow river mouth intertidal zone shoal fishery habitat | |
| Chen et al. | Ecosystem of the Yangtze River basin | |
| CN218527276U (en) | Huang Hekou intertidal zone shoal fishery habitat restoration device | |
| CN215948060U (en) | Coastal erosion prevention and control system | |
| CN113498751B (en) | Device and method for constructing offshore multi-level ecological fishery mode |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| C06 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee | ||
| CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20170915 Termination date: 20190215 |