CN104684419A - 用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流的方法和由此获得的组合物 - Google Patents
用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流的方法和由此获得的组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104684419A CN104684419A CN201380043804.3A CN201380043804A CN104684419A CN 104684419 A CN104684419 A CN 104684419A CN 201380043804 A CN201380043804 A CN 201380043804A CN 104684419 A CN104684419 A CN 104684419A
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Abstract
本发明提供用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流如含脂肪的级分、含蛋白质的含水级分和含固体的级分的方法。所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)压碎昆虫或蠕虫从而获得浆,(b)使浆经历酶水解从而获得经水解的混合物,(c)加热经水解的混合物至70-100℃的温度,和(d)使混合物经历物理分离步骤,优选倾析和/或离心。所述含脂肪的级分包含至少80wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪,其中至少30wt.%为饱和脂肪。可将所述含水的蛋白质级分干燥以获得干燥的蛋白质材料,其含有基于干重至少45 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物和至多25 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪,并具有至少50%的胃蛋白酶消化性。所得到的营养流可用于食品、饲料和制药产业。
Description
本发明涉及从昆虫或蠕虫获得营养素、饲料和食物的领域。具体而言,本发明提出了用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流的方法,所述营养流包括含脂肪的级分、含蛋白质的含水级分和/或含固体的级分。
在过去的数十年中,特别是考虑到全球人口的增长和在发展中国家中的营养不良,对使用昆虫和蠕虫作为食物来源的关注日益增加。因为昆虫和蠕虫富含蛋白质并且有时富含脂肪,它们代表相当高的热值。尽管在一些人群中,例如在非洲、亚洲、澳洲的一些人群中,食用昆虫和蠕虫很正常,但这些通常不管是整个还是部分均原样食用,或用于制备菜肴。
然而,需要的是能够按工业规模加工昆虫和蠕虫以生产营养素,所述营养素随后可用于食品或饲料制品的制备。
依据若干出版物,从昆虫获得某些具体营养素如蛋白质或脂肪是已知的。
JP2009254348A涉及从蜜蜂幼虫中获得蛋白质。将干燥的幼虫悬浮于水中,向其中加入脂肪分解酶(lypolytic enzyme)以分解脂质。之后,将蛋白水解酶加入以水解蛋白质,将产生的混合物过滤,并收集蛋白质。RU 2345139C2描述了从培养的幼虫中回收壳多糖。WO 2008/091137涉及家蝇幼虫的乙醇提取物,其通过干燥幼虫,将这些干燥幼虫溶解于有机溶剂以去除脂肪并将残余物与乙醇混合以获得提取物而获得。WO 2011/006276描述从昆虫幼虫获得脂肪酸,其中所述脂肪酸用有机溶剂来提取。
然而,未知道的是:充分利用昆虫或蠕虫并将这些转化为一些营养流如蛋白衍生物、脂肪和壳多糖,从所述流可最好地且容易地回收营养素。
因此,本发明的一个目的在于提供将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流、优选转化为3种营养流的方法,所述3种营养流为含脂肪的流、含蛋白衍生物的含水流和含有诸如壳多糖等固体的又另一个流。
本发明的另一目的在于提供对昆虫或蠕虫加工的方法,所述方法产生没有被有毒物质污染的并且安全用于制备多种食品或饲料制品以及药品的营养素。
本发明的又另一目的在于提供简单的,不需要昂贵的仪器或试剂并且可容易地在大型生产设备中放大的方法。
因此,在第一方面中,本发明提供用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a) 压碎昆虫或蠕虫从而获得浆,
(b) 使浆经历酶水解从而获得经水解的混合物,
(c) 加热经水解的混合物至70-100℃的温度,和
(d) 使混合物经历物理分离步骤从而获得脂肪级分、含水的蛋白质级分和含固体的级分。
在另一方面中,本发明提供含脂肪的组合物,其包含基于干重至少80 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪,所述昆虫或蠕虫脂肪中至少30 wt.%为饱和脂肪,所述脂肪包括至少7 wt.%月桂酸C12:0、10-30 wt.%棕榈酸C16:0和15-40 wt.%油酸C18:1。
在又另一方面中,本发明提供这样的组合物,其包含基于干重至多25 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪和至少45 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物,所述昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物具有至少50%的胃蛋白酶消化性,所述胃蛋白酶消化性通过下文详细阐述的胃蛋白酶-HCl方法而测得。
本发明的方法将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流。术语“昆虫”是指处于任何发育阶段的昆虫,例如昆虫成虫、昆虫幼虫和昆虫蛹。优选地,使用昆虫幼虫或蠕虫。可使用多种昆虫和蠕虫。优选地,使用可食用昆虫或可食用蠕虫。更优选地,所述昆虫为蝇、臭虫、蚊、蝴蝶、蛾、蝉、白蚁、蜜蜂、蚂蚁、黄蜂、甲虫、蝗虫或蟋蟀。更优选地,所述昆虫属于以下种类:黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)、家蝇(Musca domestica)、超级麦皮虫(morio worm, Zophobas Morio)、粉虫(黄粉虫甲(Tenebrio Molitor))或蟋蟀(Gryllida)。在优选实施方案中,昆虫属于黑水虻种。昆虫和蠕虫优选为培养的,例如在昆虫农场中培养的。培养允许相对于在大自然中获得的昆虫,控制并降低与昆虫疾病以及昆虫衍生食物的毒性(例如因存在杀虫剂所致的毒性)相关的风险。昆虫或蠕虫至营养流的转化可在反应容器中适当地实施。
在步骤(a)中将昆虫或蠕虫压碎以获得浆。优选地,昆虫或蠕虫由此缩减大小。这得到粘性稠度的均一的起始材料。压碎和缩减大小可在微型切碎机中方便地完成,虽然也可使用其它合适的技术。在此步骤中,留在浆中的昆虫或蠕虫的粒度优选低于1 mm (使用显微镜确定的最大大小),更有选低于0.5 mm。粒度可通过选择具体的刀与盘的组合以及旋转速度来控制;例如可使用单刀或双刀而且旋转速度可在1000与3000 rpm之间变化。技术人员可找出合适的条件以便达到所需粒度。小的粒度为有益的,因为它有助于在下一步骤中的酶水解。
在步骤(b)中使浆经历酶水解。水解优选在35-65℃的温度下实施。根据所使用的酶,可能有必要调节浆的pH。优选地,酶水解使用蛋白酶来实施。蛋白酶可为酸性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶或碱性蛋白酶。如果使用酸性蛋白酶,可将浆的pH调节至酸性值,优选至3-6的pH。这可用任何合适的酸来完成,优选使用柠檬酸。优选的酸性蛋白酶为例如胃蛋白酶。如果使用中性蛋白酶,pH优选为6-8。酶水解也可用碱性蛋白酶如木瓜蛋白酶来完成。
酶水解优选在反应容器中通过连续不断地搅拌来实施。期望实现对存在于昆虫或蠕虫中的蛋白质的完全水解。通常,水解花费1-6小时,优选3-5小时。
在水解步骤结束时,将经水解的混合物加热至在60-100℃范围内的温度,优选在80-95℃范围内的温度。此加热步骤可有利地用于终止酶反应。此加热也确保将大多数脂肪液化以便为以下分离步骤预备经水解的混合物。
在步骤(d)中,使经水解的混合物经受物理分离步骤以获得营养流。优选地,所述营养流为含脂肪的级分、含蛋白质物质的含水级分和含固体的级分。物理分离优选包括倾析、离心或这两种方法的组合。
在优选实施方案中,首先通过倾析分离脂肪级分,而剩余的混合物进一步分离成含蛋白质的含水级分和含固体的级分。然而,含脂肪、蛋白质和固体的级分也可按不同的次序获得或同时获得,例如通过使用3-相倾析器同时获得。在优选实施方案中,物理分离通过使用3-相倾析器来实施。
本发明的方法产生脂肪级分、含水的蛋白质级分和含固体的级分。按此方式,该方法产生若干营养流。本说明书中的营养流理解为包含营养素如脂肪、蛋白质材料、碳水化合物、矿物和/或壳多糖的流。对于本发明的目的,也将壳多糖看作营养素。
含脂肪的级分主要含有昆虫或蠕虫脂肪。“主要含有”如脂肪理解为基于干重,与任何其它组分相比流含有更多脂肪(基于重量),或换句话说,脂肪组成基于干重的所有成分的主要部分。通常,“主要含有”意指至少40 wt.%干物质含量,更优选至少50 wt.%干物质含量。含水的蛋白质级分主要含蛋白质。
由本发明的方法可获得的含脂肪的级分优选包含基于脂肪级分的干重至少80 wt.%,更优选85-95 wt.%的昆虫或蠕虫脂肪。在脂肪级分中的昆虫或蠕虫脂肪包含基于脂肪的总重量至少30 wt.%并优选40-70 wt.%饱和脂肪。不饱和脂肪的量为基于脂肪的总重量的70 wt.%或更少,优选少于60 wt.%并更优选25-55 wt.%。单不饱和脂肪酸(顺式)的量优选20-45 wt.%,而多不饱和脂肪酸的量优选5-20 wt.%。在优选实施方案中,昆虫或蠕虫脂肪含有至少7 wt.%,优选8-40 wt.%的月桂酸C12:0。更优选地,脂肪含有20-40 wt.%的月桂酸。昆虫或蠕虫脂肪优选含有10-30 wt.%棕榈酸C16:0。此外,昆虫或蠕虫脂肪可进一步含有ω-9脂肪酸,优选以10-45 wt.%的量含有。ω-9脂肪酸理解为以下酸的集合:油酸C18:1、二十碳烯酸C20:1、二十碳三烯酸(mead acid) C20:3、芥酸C22:1、神经酸C24:1。具体而言,昆虫或蠕虫脂肪优选含有15-40 wt.%油酸C18:1,更优选15-35 wt.%油酸C18:1。ω-6脂肪酸优选以2-20 wt.%的量存在。ω-6脂肪酸理解为以下酸的集合:亚油酸C18:2、γ-亚麻酸C18:3、二十碳二烯酸C20:2、二高-γ-亚麻酸C20:3、花生四烯酸C20:4、二十二碳二烯酸C22:2、肾上腺酸C22:4、二十二碳五烯酸C22:5、二十四碳四烯酸C24:4、二十四碳五烯酸C24:5。例如,亚油酸C18:2优选以5-15 wt.%的量存在。反式脂肪酸的量低于0.5 wt.%,优选低于0.2 wt.%。反式脂肪酸意指带有至少一个反式构型的碳碳双键的不饱和脂肪酸,例如反油酸C18:1。所述脂肪酸的量基于昆虫或蠕虫脂肪的重量,所述昆虫或蠕虫脂肪为含脂肪的级分的脂肪组分。所述脂肪酸的组成通过标准方法NEN-EN-ISO 5508+5509, BF3来确定。
在分离步骤中获得的另一级分为含蛋白质的含水级分。“蛋白质的”理解为包含蛋白质、水解蛋白、肽、氨基酸和/或通过酶水解蛋白质可获得的其他蛋白衍生化合物。可进一步将含水的蛋白质级分干燥以获得干燥的蛋白质材料。此干燥的材料自身可用作食物或饲料成分,或可将它进一步加工,例如以分离氨基酸。含水级分优选通过喷雾干燥来干燥。
干燥的蛋白质材料含有基于干重至少45 wt.%,优选至少50 wt.%,更优选55-85 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物和至多25 wt.%,优选3-20 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪。所述材料可另外包含残留水分、矿物和/或碳水化合物。“昆虫或蠕虫蛋白”和“昆虫或蠕虫脂肪”分别意指源自昆虫或蠕虫的蛋白和脂肪。术语“蛋白衍生物”看作为蛋白质材料的同义词。昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物可由此包括蛋白质、水解蛋白、肽、氨基酸。在上面的组合物中的昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物优选具有至少50%的胃蛋白酶消化性,所述消化性通过标准“胃蛋白酶-HCl”实验室测试,例如按照在1972年4月27日的Third Commission Directive 72/199/EEC中的指南而确定。在优选实施方案中,蛋白质材料含有至少50 wt.%的昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物并具有至少85%的蛋白质消化性,优选具有90-95%的蛋白质消化性。优选地,蛋白质材料进一步含有氨基酸,特别是精氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸、色氨酸中的一种或更多种。在优选实施方案中,蛋白质材料含有基于蛋白质材料干重的3-7 wt.%赖氨酸。在另一优选实施方案中,蛋白质材料另外含有矿物例如钙或磷。优选地,蛋白质材料的钙含量为基于蛋白质材料干重的至少4,500,更优选10,000-30,000 mg/kg。蛋白质材料的磷含量优选为基于干重的至少5000 mg/kg。钙和磷的含量通过OCP-OES方法来确定。
蛋白质材料的脂肪级分优选含有基于脂肪级分的重量至少40 wt.%,更优选45-70 wt.%饱和脂肪和至多60 wt.%,优选25-55 wt.%不饱和脂肪。单不饱和脂肪酸(顺式)优选以20-45 wt.%的量存在,而多不饱和脂肪酸优选以5-20 wt.%的量存在。脂肪级分优选包含至少7 wt.%,更优选20-45 wt.%的月桂酸C12:0。脂肪级分也优选包含10-30 wt.%棕榈酸C16:0。此外,蛋白质材料的脂肪级分优选包含10-40 wt.%的量的一种或更多种ω-9脂肪酸。在优选实施方案中,它包含15-35 wt.%油酸C18:1。所述脂肪级分也优选包含5-15 wt.%的量的一种或更多种ω-6脂肪酸。反式脂肪酸的量优选低于0.5 wt.%。所述脂肪酸的量基于蛋白质材料的脂肪级分的重量。可将蛋白质材料的脂肪级分分离出来用于其它用途。
在分离步骤(d)(所述步骤包括例如倾析或离心)中获得的剩余的含固体的级分呈湿浆或悬浮液。此湿浆可容易地与含水的蛋白质级分区分开。湿浆含有诸如壳多糖和壳多糖衍生物等固体。湿浆进一步优选含有蛋白质物质。此蛋白质物质具有如上文对含水的蛋白质级分所述的组成,并且具有在50-80%范围内的蛋白衍生物的胃蛋白酶消化性,所述胃蛋白酶消化性可通过标准“胃蛋白酶-HCl”实验室测试;并尤其通过按照在1972年4月27日的Third Commission Directive 72/199/EEC中的指南而确定。
可将含固体的级分进一步干燥以获得固体材料。优选地,使用空气干燥。也可将含固体的级分进一步加工以分离壳多糖或蛋白质材料。壳多糖为可用于多种应用的多糖。在食品产业中,可将壳多糖用作添加剂以增稠并稳定食品和药品。它也可在动物饲料中作为营养源使用。
分离的营养流可进一步用于食品或饲料的制备,或食品或饲料添加物的制备,或用于制药产业中。例如,蛋白质材料和脂肪级分可分别在动物饲料中作为粗制蛋白和粗制脂肪源使用。也可将所得流进一步加工,例如以分离诸如水解蛋白、氨基酸或特定脂肪酸等具体成分。
现在在以下非限制性实施例中阐明本发明。
实施例
将1000 kg新鲜黑水虻幼虫压碎以获得平均粒度小于0.5 mm的昆虫浆。将浆引入反应器并加热至50℃的温度,向其中加入1.1 l的蛋白水解酶胃蛋白酶。通过添加柠檬酸将pH降低至4。将混合物保持于50℃达大约4小时以允许水解反应发生。随后,将反应混合物加热至90℃达1小时并随后引入至3-相倾析器。从倾析器中获得了3种级分,其为脂肪级分、“幼虫水”和固体级分。“幼虫水”含有昆虫蛋白衍生物并被喷雾干燥以获得昆虫蛋白质材料。
表格1中给出了脂肪级分(在进一步分离步骤之前)的组成。表2中给出了粗制脂肪的脂肪酸的组成,其中的百分比基于粗制脂肪的重量。脂肪酸的组成通过NEN-EN-ISO 5508+5509, BF3方法而确定。将脂肪酸称作Cn:m,其中n为碳原子的数量而n为不饱和碳碳键的数量。
表1
表2
表3中给出了喷雾干燥的蛋白质材料的组成。表4中给出了蛋白质材料的粗制脂肪级分的脂肪组成,其中百分比是指基于粗制脂肪级分的总重量的重量百分比。表5中给出了氨基酸组成,其中百分比是指基于干燥蛋白质材料的总重量的重量百分比。
表3
表4
表5
表6中给出了空气干燥的固体级分的组成。表7中给出了粗制脂肪级分的脂肪组成,其中百分比是指基于粗制脂肪级分的总重量的重量百分比。表8中给出了氨基酸组成,其中百分比是指基于干燥固体级分的总重量的重量百分比。壳多糖和壳多糖衍生物包含于表6中的粗制纤维中。
表6
表7
表8
Claims (23)
1. 用来将昆虫或蠕虫转化为营养流的方法,其包括以下步骤:
(a) 压碎昆虫或蠕虫从而获得浆,
(b) 使浆经历酶水解从而获得经水解的混合物,
(c) 加热经水解的混合物至70-100℃的温度,和
(d) 使混合物经历物理分离步骤从而获得脂肪级分、含水的蛋白质级分和含固体的级分。
2. 权利要求1的方法,其中所述昆虫为昆虫成虫、昆虫幼虫或昆虫蛹。
3. 权利要求1或2的方法,其中所述昆虫属于家蝇、黑水虻、超级麦皮虫、粉虫或蟋蟀物种。
4. 前述权利要求的任一项的方法,其中将所述浆使用蛋白酶在35-65℃的温度下水解。
5. 权利要求4的方法,其中所述蛋白酶为酸性蛋白酶并将所述浆酸化至3-6的pH。
6. 权利要求4的方法,其中将所述蛋白酶在pH 6-8下使用。
7. 前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中所述物理分离包括倾析和/或离心。
8. 前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中将所述含水的蛋白质级分和/或所述含固体的级分进一步干燥。
9. 权利要求8的方法,其中将所述含水的蛋白质级分喷雾干燥。
10. 前述权利要求任一项的方法,其中留在浆中的昆虫或蠕虫的粒度小于1 mm。
11. 一种含脂肪的组合物,其包括基于干重至少80 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪,所述昆虫或蠕虫脂肪中至少30 wt.%为饱和脂肪,所述脂肪包括至少7 wt.%月桂酸C12:0, 10-30 wt.%棕榈酸C16:0和15-40 wt.%油酸C18:1。
12. 权利要求11的组合物,其包括基于干重85-95 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪。
13. 权利要求11或12的组合物,其中所述昆虫或蠕虫脂肪包括40-70 wt.%饱和脂肪。
14. 权利要求11-13任一项的组合物,其中所述脂肪包含8-40 wt.%月桂酸C12:0。
15. 权利要求11-14任一项的组合物,其中所述脂肪包含5-15 wt.%亚油酸C18:2。
16. 一种包括基于干重至少45 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物和至多25 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫脂肪的组合物,所述昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物具有至少50%的胃蛋白酶消化性,所述胃蛋白酶消化性通过胃蛋白酶-HCl方法而测得。
17. 权利要求16的组合物,其包括至少50 wt.%的具有至少85%,优选90-95%的胃蛋白酶消化性的昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物,所述胃蛋白酶消化性通过胃蛋白酶-HCl方法测得。
18. 权利要求16的组合物,其中所述组合物进一步包括壳多糖并且其中所述蛋白衍生物具有50-80%的胃蛋白酶消化性,所述胃蛋白酶消化性通过胃蛋白酶-HCl方法而测得。
19. 权利要求16-18任一项的组合物,其中所述昆虫或蠕虫脂肪包含基于脂肪级分的重量至少40 wt.%,优选45-70 wt.%饱和脂肪。
20. 权利要求16-19任一项的组合物,其进一步包含基于干重至少4,500 mg/kg Ca。
21. 权利要求16-20任一项的组合物,其包括55-85 wt.%昆虫或蠕虫蛋白衍生物。
22. 权利要求16-21任一项的组合物,其进一步包括选自以下的一种或更多种氨基酸:精氨酸、赖氨酸、异亮氨酸、甲硫氨酸和色氨酸。
23. 权利要求22的组合物,其包括基于组合物的干重3-7 wt.%赖氨酸。
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- 2013-06-20 EP EP18174952.4A patent/EP3398444B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2013-06-20 CN CN201380043804.3A patent/CN104684419A/zh active Pending
- 2013-06-20 ES ES13737445.0T patent/ES2694760T3/es active Active
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Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108471777A (zh) * | 2015-10-23 | 2018-08-31 | C-Fu食品公司 | 可食用的昆虫衍生产品及其生产方法和用途 |
CN110099573A (zh) * | 2016-12-28 | 2019-08-06 | 昆虫公司 | 包括将昆虫的角质层与软质部分分离然后将软质部分分为三个部分的用于处理昆虫的方法 |
CN106819402A (zh) * | 2017-01-20 | 2017-06-13 | 重庆科技学院 | 饲料用昆虫蛋白粉生产工艺 |
CN112839524A (zh) * | 2018-09-28 | 2021-05-25 | 嘉吉公司 | 昆虫饲料 |
CN112194520A (zh) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-01-08 | 海口海森元生物科技有限公司 | 一种黑水虻复合氨基酸肥料及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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ES2872074T3 (es) | 2021-11-02 |
ZA201500034B (en) | 2016-03-30 |
US20150223508A1 (en) | 2015-08-13 |
EP2863762B1 (en) | 2018-08-08 |
EP3398444B1 (en) | 2021-03-03 |
EP3398444A1 (en) | 2018-11-07 |
CA2877112A1 (en) | 2013-12-27 |
DK2863762T3 (en) | 2018-11-26 |
CL2014003470A1 (es) | 2015-07-31 |
CN110089613A (zh) | 2019-08-06 |
PL2863762T3 (pl) | 2019-07-31 |
CA2877112C (en) | 2023-07-18 |
EP2863762A1 (en) | 2015-04-29 |
WO2013191548A1 (en) | 2013-12-27 |
NL2009044C2 (en) | 2013-12-24 |
CR20150021A (es) | 2015-04-28 |
PL3398444T3 (pl) | 2021-09-13 |
PT2863762T (pt) | 2018-11-20 |
ES2694760T3 (es) | 2018-12-27 |
TR201816527T4 (tr) | 2018-11-21 |
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