CN104638034B - 一种柔性薄膜太阳能电池 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种柔性薄膜太阳能电池,由上至下依次包括上基底、石墨烯正电极层、光伏材料层、石墨烯负电极层和下基底,所述伏材料层由CdTe纳米颗粒制得,其中上基底和/或下基底为PI薄膜层,光伏材料层厚度为200‑400nm,石墨烯正电极为p型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.3‑3nm,石墨烯负电极为n型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.3‑3nm。本发明柔性薄膜太阳能电池,具有高度的柔性,且耐久、耐腐蚀、耐辐射性能优异,受外界环境影响极小,全面克服了传统ITO电极存在的问题。本发明光伏材料由CdTe纳米颗粒制成,可以大幅提高可见光的吸收率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于半导体器件领域,涉及一种用作光电转换的电气元件,特别
背景技术
柔性薄膜太阳能电池是世界太阳能产业的新兴技术产品,它是由树脂包封的吸光层作为光电元件平铺在柔性材料制成的底板上制成的太阳能电池,由于其具有可弯曲折叠,便于携带的显著优点,因此其用途广泛。然而传统柔性薄膜太阳能电池的制备过程中,对设备要求高,工艺过程受衬底耐温性差(特别是聚合物衬底,如PI、PET、PEN等)的限制;使得柔性薄膜电池的制备成本高,电池效率较低,这大大限制了柔性薄膜电池特别是透明衬底柔性薄膜电池产业的发展。
由于In2O3:SnO2(ITO)具有高可见光透光率、低电阻的特点,目前的光电子器件中多采用ITO作为电极,但其存在以下缺点:1、ITO中的铟有剧毒,在制备和应用中对人体有害;2、ITO中的In2O3价格昂贵,成本较高;3、ITO薄膜易受到氢等离子体的还原作用,功效降低,这种现象在低温、低等离子体密度下也会发生;4、在柔性衬底上的ITO薄膜会因为柔性衬底的弯曲而出现电导率下降的现象。
石墨烯是近年来发现的二维碳原子晶体,是一种单层的石墨材料,它是目前碳质材料的研究重点。石墨烯是一种没有能隙的物质,它具有很高的载流子迁移率。在石墨烯中,电子的运动速度达到了光速的1/300,远远超过了电子在一般导体中的运动速度,因此,石墨烯具有非常好的导电性。同时,石墨烯几乎是完全透明的,只吸收2.3%的光。因此,石墨烯是一种透明、良好的导体,是ITO的良好的代替品。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于提供一种以石墨烯薄膜作为电极的柔性薄膜太阳能电池。
为达到上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种柔性薄膜太阳能电池,由上至下依次包括石墨烯正电极层、光伏材料层和石墨烯负电极层,所述伏材料层由CdTe纳米颗粒制得。
特别的,所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池还包括设置在石墨烯正电极上部的上基底和设置在石墨烯负电极下部的下基底。
特别的,所述上基底和/或下基底为PI薄膜层。
特别的,光伏材料层厚度为200-400nm。
特别的,石墨烯正电极为p型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.3-3nm。
特别的,石墨烯负电极为n型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.3-3nm。
特别的,所述石墨烯正负电极层的透光率≥85%,常温电子迁移率≥15000cm2/V·S。
进一步,所述光伏材料层由以下方法制得:
1)、制备Cd前驱体:取氧化镉、油酸和十八烯并混合加热至255-265℃得Cd前驱体;
2)、制备Te前驱体:首先取单质Te并加入三辛基膦加热溶解,然后向溶液中加入十八烯并混合均与得Te前驱体;
3)、混合离心:首先将Te前驱体快速加入Cd前驱体中,然后迅速升温至255-265℃进行反应,接着向反应所得混合溶液中加入乙醇甲苯混合溶液,最后离心分离前述混合溶体得到CdTe晶体;
4)、分散过滤:将步骤3)所得晶体加入吡啶溶剂,然后向吡啶溶剂中加入正己烷,接着利用0.2μm过滤器过滤得到纳米晶吡啶溶液;
5)、旋涂干燥:将步骤4)所得纳米晶吡啶溶液旋涂与石墨烯电极表面、干燥得到CdTe薄膜。
进一步,步骤1)氧化镉、油酸和十八烯的质量比为1:8.833:125,步骤2)Te、三辛基膦和十八烯的质量比为1:18.35:20.83。
进一步,步骤4)将晶体加入吡啶溶剂后于110-120℃保温10-13h后在加入正己烷,步骤5)旋涂的吡啶溶液浓度为85-120mg/mL,干燥时退火温度为180-220℃,时间为2-5min。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明采用石墨烯作为电极,具有高度的柔性,电极在高度变形的条件下导电率几乎不发生变换,而且该电极的耐久性、耐腐蚀、耐辐射性能优异,受外界环境影响极小,另外,石墨烯电极还具有电子传输率高、环境友好、透光率高等优点,全面克服了传统ITO电极存在的问题。本发明光伏材料由CdTe纳米颗粒制成,对全波段可见光吸收率高,可以大幅提高可见光的吸收率。本发明的柔性薄膜太阳能制备方法简单,具有潜在开发利用价值。
附图说明
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和有益效果更加清楚,本发明提供如下附图进行说明:
图1为实施例1中基于石墨烯的柔性薄膜太阳能电池的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合附图,对本发明的优选实施例进行详细的描述。
实施例1:
本实施例的柔性薄膜太阳能电池结构如图1所示:
从上至下依次包括:
上基底1、石墨烯正电极2、光伏材料层3、石墨烯负电极4和下基底5;
本实施例中:
上基底1和下基底5为PI薄膜(也可是其他透光薄膜),其厚度为100微米;
光伏材料层由CdTe纳米颗粒制得,其厚度为200-400nm;
石墨烯正电极为p型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.5nm,具体掺杂方法为:将石墨烯电极置于浓度为0.01-0.1mg/mL的AuCl3溶液中10-30分钟。
石墨烯负电极为p型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为0.5nm。
具体掺杂方法为:将石墨烯电极置于浓度为0.1-10mg/mL的2-(2-甲氧苯基)-1,3-二甲基-2,3-双氢-1H-苯并咪唑溶液(简称o-MeO-DMBI溶液)中10-30分钟。
其中,石墨烯正负电极层的透光率≥85%,常温电子迁移率≥15000cm2/V·S。
本实施例的柔性薄膜太阳能电池采用如下方法制得:
一、利用化学气相沉积、物理转移的方法将大片石墨烯转移到PI基底上,形成基板,包括正极基板和负极基板,负极基板在下(有石墨烯的一面朝上)作太阳能电池的负极,正极基板在上(有石墨烯的一面朝下)作太阳能电池的正极。
二、制备CdTe纳米晶:
1、制备Cd前驱体:将480mg氧化镉(CdO)、4.24g油酸(OA)、60g十八烯(ODE)加入到200mL的三口烧瓶中,在真空下加热至80℃并保持该温度5分钟,然后在氮气气氛下搅拌加热至260℃直至溶液澄清透明,得到Cd前驱体。
2、制备Te前驱体:将240mg Te加入到5.3mL三辛基膦(TOP)中加热搅拌至其完全溶解为澄清透明溶液,然后加入5g ODE混合均匀,得到Te前驱体(TOP-Te);
3、混合离心:首先将Te前驱体快速加入Cd前驱体中,溶液温度立即降为250℃、溶液颜色立刻变为黑色,调整加热炉使其温度迅速保持在260℃,接着向反应所得混合溶液中加入体积比为5:1的乙醇甲苯混合溶液洗涤纳米晶体,最后4000rpm转速下离心分离前述混合溶体得到CdTe晶体,重复洗涤4次,留存备用;
4、分散过滤:将步骤3)所得晶体加入吡啶溶剂,在115℃搅拌回流12h直至吡啶充分置换纳米晶表面的三辛基氧化膦(TOPO)分子,然后向吡啶溶剂中加入正己烷,接着离心分离并将所得CdTe晶体再次分散在吡啶溶剂,最后利用0.2μm过滤器过滤得到100mg/mL的纳米晶吡啶溶液;
5、旋涂干燥:将步骤4)所得纳米晶吡啶溶液以800rpm的速度旋涂于石墨烯电极表面、200℃退火3min得到CdTe薄膜。
四、将含有石墨烯的透明上基板转移到CdTe薄膜上,完成电池的组装。
本发明的太阳能电池具有高度的柔性,电极在高度变形的条件下导电率几乎不发生变换,且耐久、耐腐蚀、耐辐射性能优异,受外界环境影响极小,全面克服了传统ITO电极存在的问题。本发明光伏材料由CdTe纳米颗粒制成,对全波段可见光吸收率高,可以大幅提高可见光的吸收率。
最后说明的是,以上优选实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管通过上述优选实施例已经对本发明进行了详细的描述,但本领域技术人员应当理解,可以在形式上和细节上对其作出各种各样的改变,而不偏离本发明权利要求书所限定的范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :由上至下依次包括石墨烯正电极层、光伏材料层和石墨烯负电极层,所述光伏材料层由 CdTe 纳米颗粒制得;石墨烯正电极为 p 型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为 0.3-3nm;石墨烯负电极为 n 型掺杂石墨烯,其厚度为 0.3-3nm。
2.根据权利要求 1 所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :还包括设置在石墨烯正电极上部的上基底和设置在石墨烯负电极下部的下基底。
3.根据权利要求 2 所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :所述上基底和 / 或下基底为 PI 薄膜层。
4.根据权利要求 1 所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :光伏材料层厚度为200-400nm。
5.根据权利要求 1所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :所述石墨烯正负电极层的透光率≥ 85%,常温电子迁移率≥ 15000cm2/V·S。
6.根据权利要求 1-5任意一项所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :所述光伏材料层由以下方法制得:
1)、制备 Cd 前驱体 :取氧化镉、油酸和十八烯并混合加热至 255-265℃得 Cd 前驱体 ;
2)、制备 Te 前驱体 :首先取单质 Te 并加入三辛基膦加热溶解,然后向溶液中加入十八烯并混合均与得 Te 前驱体 ;
3)、混合离心 :首先将 Te 前驱体快速加入 Cd 前驱体中,然后迅速升温至 255-265℃进行反应,接着向反应所得混合溶液中加入乙醇甲苯混合溶液,最后离心分离前述混合溶体得到 CdTe 晶体 ;
4)、分散过滤 :将步骤 3) 所得晶体加入吡啶溶剂,然后向吡啶溶剂中加入正己烷,接着利用 0.2μm 过滤器过滤得到纳米晶吡啶溶液 ;
5)、旋涂干燥 :将步骤 4) 所得纳米晶吡啶溶液旋涂与石墨烯电极表面、干燥得到CdTe薄膜。
7.根据权利要求6 所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :步骤 1) 氧化镉、油酸和十八烯的质量比为 1 :8.833 :125,步骤 2)Te、三辛基膦和十八烯的质量比为 1 :18.35:20.83。
8.根据权利要求 6 所述柔性薄膜太阳能电池,其特征在于 :步骤 4) 将晶体加入吡啶溶剂后于110-120℃保温 10-13h 后再加入正己烷,步骤 5) 旋涂的吡啶溶液浓度为85-120mg/mL,干燥时退火温度为 180-220℃,时间为 2-5min。
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