CN104412055B - 控制温度以液化气体的方法及使用该方法的制备设备 - Google Patents

控制温度以液化气体的方法及使用该方法的制备设备 Download PDF

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CN104412055B
CN104412055B CN201380015588.1A CN201380015588A CN104412055B CN 104412055 B CN104412055 B CN 104412055B CN 201380015588 A CN201380015588 A CN 201380015588A CN 104412055 B CN104412055 B CN 104412055B
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M·米利亚尔
J·洛伦索
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Abstract

液化气体的方法，其包括在预处理器内预处理气流以除去杂质，然后使所述气流穿过第一热交换器的第一流动路径，以降低所述气流的温度。然后使所述气流穿过气体膨胀涡轮机，以降低所述气流的压力，并进一步降低所述气流的温度。然后使所述气流穿过主分离器，以将所述气流分成液体流和冷气流。收集所述液体流。使选定量的所述冷气流穿过所述第一热交换器的第二流动路径，从而发生热交换来冷却流过所述第一流动路径的气流，以将进入所述气体膨胀涡轮机的气流的温度保持在促进液体生产的温度。

Description

控制温度以液化气体的方法及使用该方法的制备设备
发明领域
本发明涉及从输气管道液化天然气的方法。开发所述方法以高效地生产液体天然气(LNG)。
发明背景
LNG是冷却到低温状态以冷凝甲烷(天然气的主要成分)的天然气。在标准大气压力下，需要约-161C的温度的生产天然气并将天然气保持在液体状态。液化将其体积减少600倍，从而使之与传统管道相比，对于远距离运输更加经济。目前，LNG主要跨洲运输，从而使其供给世界各地。小规模液化设备也生产LNG，以满足调峰需求，并且为需要天然气但经济或技术上无法建设管道的地区供应天然气。
选择大或小LNG设备的区别在于：对于大型设备来说，主要标准是尽量减少投资成本，降低能源消耗则被视为次要目标。这两个目标也可以并肩完成；因此设备效率的优化可能降低对设备的投资。另一方面，较高效率可以增加LNG产量，所以效率因素对设备的经济性有着显著的影响。在中小型LNG设备中，当选择液化技术时，与效率相比，其他因素例如简单化、模块化、易于维护性、操作及安装等因素的标准更高。这些不同选择标准的直接影响是，用于中小规模应用的液化技术与大型LNG设备中所采用的液化技术不同。
液化技术的两个主要类别是混合制冷剂技术和基于膨胀的技术。混合制冷剂技术是“冷凝式”工艺，其中用于液化的制冷剂利用其蒸发潜热来冷却天然气。在基于膨胀的技术的工艺中，制冷剂总是处于气相态，并仅利用其显热来冷却天然气。
以下的混合制冷剂技术是行业内最有代表性的工艺：PRICO(多制冷剂集成循环操作(poly Refrigerant Integrated Cycle Operations))，由Black and Veatch许可，其由一个循环的混合制冷剂(甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、氮气及任选存在的异戊烷的混合物)组成，许可方宣称的优点是操作灵活、模块化设计，和减少制冷剂库存。AP-M(Air Products)由APCI许可，是在两个不同压力水平下蒸发的单个混合制冷剂。双压力循环比单压循环效率更高，使用较小的热交换器和压缩机。LiMuM(林德多级混合制冷剂)由Linde许可，由螺旋卷绕热交换器和用于预冷、液化和过冷天然气的一个3级单混合制冷再循环组成。这个工艺允许高产能作业。PCMR(预冷却混合制冷剂((Pre-cooled Mixed Refrigerant))由Kryopak许可，由预冷阶段(氨或丙烷循环)与随后的单混合制冷剂循环组成，其中所述混合制冷剂由氮、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷的混合物组成，该工艺主要用于小型设备中。OSMR(优化单混合制冷剂)由LNG Limited许可，该工艺是单混合制冷剂工艺，辅以标准的封装氨水吸收工艺。氨工艺的利用提高了工艺效率并相比传统的单混合制冷剂工艺来说增加了LNG产量。在所有的上述混合制冷剂技术中，它们之间的主要区别是混合制冷剂的组成(虽然制冷剂是相同的，即氮、甲烷、乙烷等)、热交换器的冶金、设备的定向以及操作设定点。在所有的混合制冷剂工艺中，创新的目的是提高效率、减少投资和操作成本。
基于膨胀的技术具有多种工艺，基于使用氮气作为制冷剂来液化天然气、N2膨胀循环。其中的一些工艺使用单循环，其他的使用双膨胀再循环，并在其他情况中加入预冷循环，以提高效率。一些许可方，例如APCI、Hamworthy、BHP Petroleum Pty、MustangEngineering与Kanfa Oregon提供N2膨胀循环工艺，它们之间的主要在于专有的工艺布置。在所有这些工艺中，通过外部制冷设备使用N2膨胀器来提供冷却。Niche LNG工艺由CB&ILummus许可，由两个循环组成：一个循环使用甲烷作为制冷剂，另一个循环使用氮气。甲烷在适中和温暖的温度水平下制冷，而氮循环在最低温度水平下制冷。OCX工艺由MustangEngineering许可，基于在具有涡轮膨胀器的开放制冷剂循环内使用进气作为制冷剂，也存在变化方案，例如OCX-R，其对OCX工艺和结合LPG开采的与OCX-Angle工艺添加了闭环丙烷制冷剂。
如上所述，目前有许多液化LNG的方案和工艺。所有这些工艺都基于低沸点流体的膨胀，无论是通过膨胀器或JT阀，无论是封闭或开放循环，它们之间的区别在于工艺效率，其使得相对于生产的每单位LNG，投资和运行成本降低。
所需要的是液化气体例如LNG的可选方法。
发明内容
根据一个方面，提供一种液化气体的方法，其中使气流穿过气体膨胀涡轮机。该方法涉及在预处理器内预处理所述气流以除去杂质，然后使所述气流穿过第一热交换器的第一流动路径，以降低所述气流的温度。然后使所述气流穿过所述气体膨胀涡轮机，以降低所述气流的压力，并进一步降低所述气流的温度。然后使所述气流穿过主分离器，以将所述气流分成液体流和冷气流。收集所述液体流。使选定量的所述冷气流穿过所述第一热交换器的第二流动路径，从而发生热交换来冷却流过所述第一流动路径的气流，以将进入所述气体膨胀涡轮机的气流的温度保持在促进液体生产的温度。
该方法以下用于天然气。被去除的杂质是二氧化碳和水。收集到的液体是天然气液体。
虽然通过使用上述方法可以获得有利结果，但通过使用再循环流可以实现更高的效率。再循环流已去除杂质。这包括以下步骤：在所述冷气流穿过所述第一热交换器后在压缩机中压缩所述冷气流，以产生再循环气流，并将所述再循环气流引入所述预处理器下游和所述第一热交换器上游的气流中。
使所述再循环气流穿过压缩机不可避免地会提高再循环气流的温度。因此，优选包括以下步骤：在将所述再循环气流引入所述气流之前，使所述再循环气流穿过所述压缩机下游的第二热交换器的第一流动路径，以降低所述再循环气流的温度。
按照该方法的教导，达到稳定状态，其中进入所述气流的再循环气流的比率保持恒定。
在该方法的变化方案中，其中希望收集的液体是液体天然气(LNG)时，进一步包括以下步骤：通过位于所述第一热交换器下游和所述气体膨胀涡轮机上游的混合器，将从所述主分离器抽吸的液体天然气(LNG)的滑流混合入所述气流中。
在该方法的另一个变化方案中，可以增加以下步骤：使所述气流穿过位于所述混合器下游和所述气体膨胀涡轮机上游的初步分离器，以将天然气液体(NGL)与所述气流分离，收集所述NGL并引导所述气流至气体膨胀涡轮机。
上述方法的一个优点是，它可以在没有外部电源输入情况下进行操作，从而大大节省了资金和运营成本。开发上述方法是为了收集天然气液体并液化天然气以形成液体天然气(LNG)。
附图说明
本发明的这些和其他特征将通过下面的描述变得更加明显，其中参考附图，附图仅用于说明目的，并且不用于以任何方式限制本发明的具体实施方式或实施方案，其中：
图1是配备气体预处理、热交换器、膨胀器和压缩机以生产LNG的设备示意图。
图2是配备备用冷却介质的用于压缩回收的蒸汽部分的设备的示意图。
图3是配备有回收天然气液体(NGL)能力的设备的示意图。
具体实施方式
现在参考图1描述所述方法。
如上所述，开发该方法是为了液化天然气以形成液体天然气(LNG)。因此，考虑将该方法用于LNG作为实例。
参照图1，加压管道天然气流1通过管线29、阀30至流量分布37为用户提供天然气。天然气流2通过流量控制阀3。受控的流体通过管线4进入气体预处理单元5。预处理去除污染物，如果使用的气体质量达标可以不用预处理。经过预处理的气体通过管线6输出，并通过阀26与再循环气流25混合，混合气流7进入热交换器8并预冷。加压预冷气流9进入膨胀器10，在此压力下降导致温度大幅下降。几乎等熵的膨胀产生转矩，并由此形成轴功率，其通过发电机11转换成电能。膨胀气体流12进入LNG接收器13，在此液体和蒸气馏分分离。蒸气流17通过热交换器8连接至预冷进气流7。现在温热气流18通过管线19进入压缩机20，用于再压缩。压缩机20的轴功率由气体发动机22提供，气体发动机22接收来自气体管线21的燃料。压缩再循环气流23在热交换器24中冷却，然后通过管线25将其与输入原料气流6混合。为了防止氮在再循环气流25中的积聚，使流出的气流27通过阀28到达气体传输线29。压缩再循环气流23的冷却由从气体传输线29一次通过热交换而完成。使所需气体冷却剂通过阀31和管线32进入热交换器24，使一次通过的流体通过管线34和阀33返回气体传输线29。LNG接收器13积存所产生的LNG。LNG通过流14排出接收器13，并供应LNG产品泵15，在此将其通过管线16泵送至储存。
该发明的主要特征是工艺的简单性，不需要使用外部制冷系统。本发明的另一个特征是其工艺的灵活性，由于LNG的生产与产生和再循环的冷蒸汽流的比率为正比，可以满足各种操作条件。本发明还提供了与其他工艺相比显著的能源节约，因为它使用了回收蒸气流作为冷却剂介质，该工艺能够自己供应制冷流。本发明可以在任何LNG生产设备规模中使用。
参照图2，与图1的主要区别是冷却再循环流23的热交换器。在图2中，热交换器50是空气冷却热交换器，其中使用周围空气冷却流23。这种工艺设置提供了一种生产LNG的可选方法，尽管效率与使用图1所示的热交换器24的情况相比较低。加压管道天然气流1通过管线29、阀30至流量分布37为用户提供天然气。天然气流2通过流量控制阀3，并且通过管线4进入气体预处理单元5。预处理过的气体由管线6排出，并通过阀26与再循环气流25混合，混合气流7进入热交换器8并进行预冷。加压预冷的气流9进入膨胀器10，在此其压力下降导致大幅度的温度降低。几乎等熵的膨胀产生扭矩，并因此形成轴功率，其通过发电机11转换成电能。膨胀气流12进入LNG接收器13，在此液体和蒸气馏分分离。蒸气流17通过热交换器8连接至预冷进气流7。现在温热气流18通过管线19进入压缩机20，用于再压缩。压缩机20的轴功率由气体发动机22提供，它的燃料来自于气体管线21。压缩再循环气流23在热交换器51内冷却，然后通过管线25将其与输入原料气流6混合。为了防止氮在再循环气流25中的积聚，使流出的气流27通过阀28到达气体传输线29。压缩再循环气流23的冷却由空气冷却热交换器51提供。LNG接收器13积存所产生的LNG。LNG通过流14排出接收器13，并供应LNG产品泵15，在此通过管线16泵送至存储。
参照图3，与图1和图2的主要区别是在膨胀前回收天然气液体。这是通过以下操作实现的：使一部分所产生的液体天然气(LNG)、气流42再循环，并与预冷却的气流51在43中混合，以满足对存在于天然气流中的重质馏分进行冷凝所需的温度，例如丁烷、丙烷和乙烷。这种工艺设置提供了同时生产LNG和NGL的可选方法。加压管道天然气流1通过管线29、阀30至流量分布37为用户提供天然气。天然气流2通过流量控制阀3，并通过管线4进入气体预处理单元5。预处理的气体由管线6排出，并通过阀26与再循环气流25混合，混合气流7进入热交换器8，并预冷。加压预冷气流43进入混合器44，还向混合器44中加入LNG流42。向混合器44中添加LNG流通过温度控制阀41控制。混合流45进入分离器46，在此分离并聚集NGL。NGL通过管线47离开分离器46，流至NGL泵49并通过管线50泵送至存储。加压、预冷并去液化后的气流9进入膨胀器10，在此其压力下降导致大幅度的温度降低。几乎等熵的膨胀产生转矩，并由此形成轴功率，其通过发电机11转换成电能。膨胀气流12进入LNG接收器13，在此液体和蒸气馏分分离。蒸气流17通过热交换器8连接至预冷进气流7。现在温热气流18通过管线19进入压缩机20，用于再压缩。压缩机20的轴功率由气体发动机22提供，它的燃料来自于气体管线21。压缩再循环气体流23在热交换器24内冷却，然后通过管线25和阀26将其与输入原料气流6混合。为了防止氮在再循环气流25中的积聚，使流出的气流27通过阀28到达气体传输线29。压缩再循环气流23的冷却通过气体传输线29一次通过热交换完成。所需的气体冷却剂通过阀31和管线32进入热交换器24，所述一次通过流通过管线34和阀33返回气体传输线29。
LNG接收器13积聚所产生的LNG。LNG通过流14排出接收器13，并供应LNG产品泵15，在此通过管线16泵送至存储。一部分所生产的LNG由管线38输入高压LNG泵39。加压的LNG液体流由温度阀41通过温度传感器器47控制到预先设定的温度。受控的LNG流42进入混合器44以冷却并冷凝所需的天然气液体。本发明用于大型和小型设备，其中工艺简单性和操作简便性是主要特征。本发明不需要冷冻循环设备，不使用专有混合制冷剂。通过简化工艺，减少了投资、维护和运营成本。在优选方法中，天然气首先由产生的冷蒸气预冷，然后通过气体膨胀器膨胀。气体膨胀器产生电。膨胀气体产生蒸气和液体流。蒸气流通过首先预冷进入膨胀器气体的原料气，然后再压缩、冷却并回收来再循环。一部分生产的LNG提供作为再循环流所需的冷能量，以冷却并液化预处理的天然气流以回收所需的天然气液体。本发明不需要操作和使用混合制冷剂循环，使投资和操作成本降低。该工艺适用于任何规模的LNG设备。
变化方案：
应当注意，压缩机的动力可以由电动马达提供，取代所提到的燃气发动机。此外，压缩蒸气流可以排入气体传输线29，而不是所提到的那样再循环。
在本专利文件中，“包括”一词用于非限制性意义，表示包括该词后面的项目，但并不被排除没有具体提到的项目。元件前的不定冠词“一/一个”不排除存在一个以上的元件的可能性，除非上下文明确表明有且仅有一个元件。
权利要求的范围不应由所阐述的实施例中的优选实施方案限定，而应基于说明书整体以宽泛的意义解释。

Claims (7)

1.液化气体的方法，其中使气流穿过气体膨胀涡轮机，该方法包括：
在预处理器内预处理所述气流以除去杂质；
使所述气流穿过第一热交换器的第一流动路径，以降低所述气流的温度；
使所述气流穿过所述气体膨胀涡轮机，以降低所述气流的压力，并进一步降低所述气流的温度；
使所述气流进入主分离器，以将所述气流分成液体天然气LNG流和冷气流；
收集所述LNG流；
通过位于所述第一热交换器下游和所述气体膨胀涡轮机上游的混合器，将从所述主分离器抽吸的LNG的滑流混合入所述气流中；并
使选定量的所述冷气流穿过所述第一热交换器的第二流动路径，从而发生热交换来冷却流过所述第一流动路径的气流，以将进入所述气体膨胀涡轮机的气流的温度保持在促进液体生产的温度。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中所述杂质是二氧化碳与水。
3.权利要求1的方法，其中所述液体包括天然气液体NGL，在位于所述膨胀涡轮机下游和所述主分离器上游的初步分离器中，将所述NGL与所述气流分离。
4.权利要求1的方法，其包括以下步骤：在所述冷气流穿过所述第一热交换器后在压缩机中压缩所述冷气流，以产生再循环气流，并将所述再循环气流引入所述预处理器下游和所述第一热交换器上游的气流中。
5.权利要求4的方法，其包括以下步骤：在将所述再循环气流引入所述气流之前，使所述再循环气流穿过所述压缩机下游的第二热交换器的第一流动路径，以降低所述再循环气流的温度。
6.权利要求4的方法，其中达到稳定状态，其中进入所述气流的再循环气流的比率保持恒定。
7.权利要求6的方法，其包括以下步骤：使所述气流穿过位于所述混合器下游和所述气体膨胀涡轮机上游的初步分离器，以将天然气液体NGL与所述气流分离，收集所述NGL并引导所述气流至气体膨胀涡轮机。
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