CN100554837C - 提供冷却以用于气体液化的方法 - Google Patents

提供冷却以用于气体液化的方法 Download PDF

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CN100554837C
CN100554837C CNB2005800351257A CN200580035125A CN100554837C CN 100554837 C CN100554837 C CN 100554837C CN B2005800351257 A CNB2005800351257 A CN B2005800351257A CN 200580035125 A CN200580035125 A CN 200580035125A CN 100554837 C CN100554837 C CN 100554837C
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H·E·霍沃德
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Abstract

用于为冷却产品气体生成制冷的方法，其中第一气体或工作气体经历分级膨胀到第一温度，且在加热后经历随后的涡轮膨胀到第二更高的温度，且已膨胀的气体和已涡轮膨胀的气体提供对于产品气体的冷却。

Description

提供冷却以用于气体液化的方法
技术领域
本发明一般地涉及对气体提供冷却用于其液化，且更特定地可应用于对天然气提供冷却用于随后生产液化天然气。
背景技术
制冷生成用于冷却气体用于随后的液化是昂贵的和能量密集的。在一些情况中，例如天然气在输送线中的通过，可利用压力能用来生成用于气体冷却的制冷。希望的是具有有效的方法来利用压力能以生成用于冷却气体流的制冷而用于随后的液化。
因此，本发明的目的是提供用于利用压力能来为冷却气体流生成制冷的改进的方法，以用于随后的液化。
发明内容
本领域技术人员在阅读本披露时，以上的和其他的目的将变得明显且它们通过本发明获得，本发明为：
用于冷却气体以用于液化的方法，方法包括：
(A)冷却工作气体且将已冷却的工作气体膨胀以提供处于第一温度的已膨胀的气体；
(B)加热已膨胀的气体以提供对产品气体的冷却；
(C)对已加热的已膨胀气体的至少部分涡轮膨胀以提供处于高于第一温度的第二温度的已涡轮膨胀的气体；和
(D)加热已涡轮膨胀的气体以提供对工作气体和对产品气体的冷却。
如在此所使用，术语“Joule-Thomson膨胀”意味着使用等焓压降设备的膨胀，该设备典型地可以是节流阀、孔或毛细管。
如在此所使用，术语“涡轮膨胀”意味着使用产生轴功的膨胀设备的膨胀。这样的轴功由轴的旋转产生，轴的旋转由通过一个或多个连接到轴的流体管道，例如涡轮机的轮的流体的降压导致。
如在此所使用，术语“间接换热”意味着将两个流体置于换热关系中但无任何流体的相互混合。
附图说明
唯一的图是本发明的气体冷却方法的一个优选实施例的简化的示意表示。
具体实施方式
一般地，本发明致力于用于为冷却气体而生成制冷的方法，其中制冷通过工作气体的限定的相继膨胀和随后的涡轮膨胀生成。通过使用限定的分级膨胀，压力降低的制冷效果在比常规实践的更宽的温度范围上分布，从而导致改进的冷却效果。优选地，用于分级膨胀的工作气体和要被冷却的气体具有相同的组成。最优选的是，用于分级膨胀的工作气体和要被冷却的气体二者包括天然气。
将参考附图更详细地描述本发明。现在参考附图，优选地包括天然气的第一气体流或工作气体流100由通过热交换器140因与将在下文中更完全地描述的已涡轮膨胀的气体的间接的换热而被冷却。典型的工作气体流100处于700至1500磅/平方英寸范围内的绝对压力(psia)下。已冷却的气体流101然后进一步地由通过热交换器150因与如在下文中更完全地描述的已膨胀的气体的间接的换热而被冷却，以产生已冷却的工作气体流102。已冷却的工作气体流的温度优选地在此气体流的气体的临界温度以下，或当气体为混合物时在气体的主要成分的临界温度以下。例如，当已冷却的工作气体流是天然气时，已冷却的气体流102的温度优选地低于-116.5华氏度，这是甲烷的临界温度。
已冷却的气体流102以第一膨胀膨胀，例如由通过Joule-Thomson阀155膨胀，以产生处于第一温度的已膨胀的气体流103，在其中工作气体流包括天然气的情况中，该第一温度典型地在-120至-200华氏度的范围内。第一膨胀可以产生或不产生轴功。在图中图示的本发明的实施例中，第一膨胀是Joule-Thomson膨胀，它导致两相流103，两相流103通过到相分离器156，其中为分配的目的，将两相流103分离为蒸汽流104和液体流105，进入热交换器150的共用路径内且随后到热交换机140内。选择地，流104和105可以在热交换器150和140的每个的分开的通道内被加热。虽然在图中图示为分开的元件，但本领域技术人员将认识到热交换器150和140可以组合到单一的芯内。
已膨胀的气体流由通过热交换器150被加热以提供对产品气体的冷却，如将在下文中更完全地描述。作为结果的已膨胀的气体流106在热交换器140内被进一步加热以通过间接换热为产品气体提供冷却且也提供对气体流100的冷却。
流106的部分107，典型地为流106的30％至60％在部分地横向通过热交换器140后被收回且通过到涡轮膨胀器170，其中它涡轮膨胀以提供已涡轮膨胀的气体流108，气体流108具有超过第一温度的第二温度。一般地，已涡轮膨胀的气体流108的温度将比已膨胀的气体流103的温度至少高30华氏度。当工作气体包括天然气时，已涡轮膨胀的气体流108的温度典型地在-30至-100华氏度的范围内。
在图中图示的本发明的实施例中，已涡轮膨胀的流108通过到相分离器175，且蒸汽和液体部分以各自的流109和110通过到热交换器140的共用路径。在热交换器140内，已涡轮膨胀的气体流通过间接换热被加热，以为工作气体流100提供冷却且也为产品气体流提供冷却。作为结果的已加热的已涡轮膨胀的气体流111从热交换器140中收回且可以回收。
不通过到涡轮膨胀器的已膨胀的气体流106的部分112通过到压缩机160，压缩机160优选地由从涡轮膨胀器170获得的膨胀的轴功驱动，且图中轴功以代表形式162图示。在压缩后，在流113中的气体可以在热交换器161中被冷却且在流114中被回收。
在流200中的产品气体通过热交换器140，其中它通过间接换热由加热已Joule-Thomson膨胀的气体和也加热已涡轮膨胀的气体冷却。产品气体200可以具有与工作气体100相同的组成，或可以具有与工作气体不同的组成。在本发明的特别的优选的实施例中，工作气体100和产品气体200二者都包括天然气，且二者都从高压天然气输送管线或天然气井中获取。替代地，产品气体200可以来自另外的天然气源或可以是不同的气体，例如氮气。
作为结果的已冷却的产品气体201在图中图示的实施例中是两相流，它通过到相分离器145。如果流100的供给组分在流103的温度下可能冻结，则可以使用与容器145类似的容器以从流101中去除碳氢化合物。液体从相分离器145内以流202收回，它通过阀146且在图中图示的实施例中在流203中通过用于与流108组合，且进一步的处理如在以上描述。蒸汽从相分离器145内以流204收回且进一步由通过热交换器150通过间接换热由加热已Joule-Thomson膨胀的第一气体冷却。作为结果的已冷却的产品气体流205然后被回收，优选地在经历液化后被回收。产品气体流205可以降压为液化天然气或可以被进一步制冷。
在涡轮机170上的入口温度控制对于运行是重要的。这样的控制可以通过构造为绕热交换器140的旁通线影响。作为例子，来自热交换器140的入口的已膨胀的冷气体可以与侧流(如示出)结合以降低涡轮机的入口温度。这样的选择对于控制在容器145内更重的碳氢化合物从液化供给中分离的温度可能是重要的。对于运行，类似地重要的选择涉及压缩机160上的入口温度控制。可以旁通抽自热交换器140的更冷的侧的部分到压缩机160的入口内。如此，跨过压缩机的压力增加可被增加。这可以便于将压缩机的排放与入口供给气体100的随后的组合或返回到高压源。为此目的也可以使用外部驱动的压缩机。
图描绘了高沸点组分从冷却/液化流200通过相分离器145的分离。可冷凝的化合物可以如所示出引导到涡轮机排气，或可以作为分离的产品获得。替代地，更重的碳氢化合物可以引导到部分冷凝和/或蒸馏的数个级以用于产品的生产。在天然气的情况中，这样的产品可以包括LPG、丙烷或丁烷产品流。另外，从容器175获得的液体部分也可以引导到这样的回收装置(而非如示出蒸发)。如果需要，在工作气体流上可以使用相分离器且它可用于以与示出的用于产品气体流的方式可比较的方式来抽出更重的碳氢化合物。在一些情况中，流100可以在使得当阀155处的压力降低时两相不形成的压力下是可利用的。在此情形中，相分离容器156可能是不必需的。
在图中，流100和200示出为分开的过程流。此特征阐明了这样的流可以从不同的源获得或实际上可以是不同的气体的事实。在一些情况中，气体可能是相对纯的成分。在此情况中，相分离装置175和145可能是不需要的，且可以从过程中排除而不损失效率。在其中流100和200从相同的源(例如高压天然气管线)获得的情况中，单一的整体式或分级的过程可以用于预处理的目的。作为例子，单一的供给流可以供给到脱水系统。脱水可以通过物理装置(冷却/冷凝)和随后的吸附，例如变温吸附进行。已组合流然后可以分离为流100和200。液化流200可以被处理以在分开的过程中去除CO2。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于冷却气体以用于液化的方法，其包括：
(A)冷却工作气体且将已冷却的工作气体膨胀以提供处于第一温度的已膨胀的气体；
(B)加热已膨胀的气体以提供对产品气体的冷却；
(C)将已加热的已膨胀气体的至少部分涡轮膨胀以提供处于高于第一温度的第二温度的已涡轮膨胀的气体；和
(D)加热已涡轮膨胀的气体以提供对工作气体和对产品气体的冷却。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中工作气体包括天然气。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中产品气体包括天然气。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中第二温度超过第一温度至少30华氏度。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中第一温度在从-120至-200华氏度的范围内，且第二温度在从-30至-100华氏度的范围内。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中已冷却的工作气体以Joule-Thomson膨胀的方式被膨胀。
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