CN104374894A - Fine simulation test method for water-erosion process of small-basin different-landform unit - Google Patents
Fine simulation test method for water-erosion process of small-basin different-landform unit Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a basin-scale water-erosion fine simulation simulation test method which is used to systematically research soil erosion process and mechanism of a small-basin different-landform unit. According to the method, especially, different landforms can be constructed according to test requirements, soil with different particle sizes is used to fill the landforms, the soil bulk density of different-landform positions of the basin is artificially controlled, water-soil conservation measures are laid on different-landform positions (the upper part of a slope surface, the lower part of a slope surface, ditches and the like) of the basin, different rainfall intensity and rainfall processes are controlled, the hydrodynamics characteristics of a water flow at different-landform positions are observed, so that precise simulation of a water and soil loss process of the basin under different site conditions and different rainfall conditions is realized, and influence and response mechanism of various factors on the soil water-erosion process under different underlying surface conditions are researched.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of Watershed Scale water erosion fine analog test method of systematic study Soil Erosion in Small Watershed process and mechanism, especially different landform shapes can be filled according to testing requirements, the soil of filling different-grain diameter composition, the soil weight of manual control basin Different geomorphological positions, lay Different geomorphological positions (domatic top, basin, lower slope, raceway groove) etc. soil and water conservation measure, control rainfall intensity and process, observation Different geomorphological positions current hydrodynamics characteristic, thus can different condition area be realized, soil erosion accurate analog in basin under different rainfall, under research different underlying surface, each factor is on the impact of soil water erosion process and Response Mechanism.
Background technology
Small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process alignment of basic pattern monitoring test method selects complete catchment area in the wild, set up domatic top, bottom, full the geomorphic unit runoff experimental plot such as domatic according to natural feature, set up discharge site at the exit or entrance of a clitch of Zhigou and tap drain and carry out dynamic monitoring.Select more consistent domatic of comparatively homogeneous, the gradient of soil property, the rectangle community measuring different length of grade, different gradient and different in width is needed according to test, the materials such as asbestos tile are used to be separated with surrounding is domatic by selected areas, slope runoff experimental plot is laid according to natural feature, in community, the selected vegetation of plantation or maintenance nature are coated to, lay catchment port, runoff pond and diversion box at the runoff plots end on domatic top, the runoff plots of lower slope and complete domatic community end lay catchment port, triangular groove.To comprise before the runoff yield of one rainfall event, sediment yield, rain soil moisture content after rain in slope runoff district observation, Zhigou and tap drain hydrometric station observation project have water level, discharge process, water cut process, sand grains gradation.Research sediment bypassing characteristic.
But, field land surface condition is comparatively complicated, the factor such as soil property, the gradient, mima type microrelief, ant cave, surface crust all watershed water erosion process and result can produce considerable influence, the quantitative effect of single Factors on Soil Erosion dynamic process is difficult to peel off, and greatly constrains the further investigation of soil erosion process and mechanism; For the domatic community of field prototype, only observation is to exit, runoff experimental plot runoff, sediment flow behavior total amount, lack the measurement of Slope-Runoff, Sediment Transport Process, lack the measurement to slope runoff Hydrodynamic Process, for raceway groove, only runoff, the Sediment Transport Process of observation basin Outlet Section, the Hydrodynamic Parameters for raceway groove different section is difficult to obtain, therefore, be difficult to disclose watershed sediment from the domatic water erosion dynamic process exported to basin; And prototype observation test need carry out under outdoor natural rainfall condition, be subject to the very big restriction of weather conditions, be difficult to the impact comprehensively studying the condition watershed soil erosion processes such as different rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, rainfall, rainfall pattern, and field condition is unfavorable for accurate measurement and the collection of test parameters.
In simulation laboratory test, at present, domestic and international soil erosion solid model belongs to small-sized domatic soil box mostly, shop experiment simulated object spininess to the domatic top in field, bottom and entirely domatic and the erosion caused by sloping surfaces runoff plots that is that build, and by also fewer for the Watershed Scale simulation test research of the erosion caused by sloping surfaces and groove channel erosion integrally process.Existing Watershed Scale simulation test only observes the husky process of the water of basin Zhigou, tap drain, but, Erosion and Sediment Production in Watershed is a complete Hydrology mechanical system be made up of the erosion Sediment Transport Process occurred on domatic, raceway groove, only carry out the modeling effort of the erosion caused by sloping surfaces, or using the erosion caused by sloping surfaces and groove channel erosion as two isolated processes in addition experimental study be all inadequate.Therefore, modeling effort is carried out to the water erosion process in the complete basin including domatic and raceway groove composition, just necessary.
Summary of the invention
Difficulty is controlled for making up and overcoming the field soil corrosive effect factor, ocean weather station observation lasts length, difficulty is large, data accumulation is slow, accurately can not control each land surface condition, the eroding water dynamic process of watershed Different geomorphological positions cannot carry out quantitative observation, be difficult to comprehensively research husky process influence of watershed water under different measure combination and space distribution, different rainfall condition, not easily improve the measuring accuracy etc. in the soil water erosion test of basin, the invention provides a kind of basin water erosion fine simulation method for systematic study basin water erosion process and mechanism.The method can not only observe the hydrodynamic condition change procedure of basin Different geomorphological positions runoff and Sediment Transport Process, measurement Different geomorphological positions, and comparatively accurately can control the Different geomorphological positions water-and-soil conservation measures such as domatic, raceway groove, reduce enchancement factor to a certain extent to the impact of process of the test, improve basin water erosion process erosion amount and space distribution, erosion landform metamorphosis measurement accuracy.
Small watershed water erosion process fine analog experimental technique of the present invention, its step is as follows:
1) form the watershed model meeting water erosion process fine analog that system similarity requires and test between prototype basin, and arrange test unit; First fetch earth from field according to testing requirements, fill native 1m and do not sieve, be placed in soil bin and smash filling, compacting control soil dry bulk density at 1.42-1.59g/cm
3;
2) then, fill model veneer of soil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, compacting control the soil weight;
3) secondly, choosing comparatively complete domatic, becoming the wide slope runoff community of 1m with tinned sheet iron lattice, the survey bridge of the other erection in runoff plots for observing slope water erosion process;
4) again, following spray rain controller is installed above model, to simulate the rainfall of different duration, varying strength, different rainfall; Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner, in order to Watershed Topography change before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event, calculates one rainfall event Erosion amount and space distribution thereof;
5) last, different parts erection angle iron support above basin tap drain, Zhigou, high-speed camera installed by support, and high-speed camera is connected with computing machine by netting twine, by computer management software, gathers raceway groove flow rate of water flow field; Flow monitoring sensor is installed at the tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch, basin, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch respectively, automatic monitoring Zhigou flow sediment concentration, the data acquisition unit supporting with this instrument system and computer management software can realize the real-time monitored of discharge process, complete the layout of test unit to this;
6) sprinkle water at the forward direction watershed model of artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement, make topsoil be tending towards saturated; Open and be suspended on three-dimensional laser scanner on rain controller, the initial landform before scanning rainfall; Test site is hidden and with the setting raininess being fixed on the other rainfall bucket calibration following spray rain controller in test site, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket, record is carried out to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall amount and rainfall;
7) rain controller is opened, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes for the time interval, use coloring agent to measure overland flow flow velocity at domatic measuring frequency section place, the stream of slope runoff is wide, flow depth and raceway groove developmental state to use steel ruler to measure; Adopt rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method.
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch adopts flow monitoring sensor, automatic collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow, silt content adopt flow monitoring sensor on the one hand, automatic collection, on the other hand hand sampling observation is carried out to flow, silt content, got the sample of 10s long duration at interval of 3 minutes.
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when synchronous with domatic flow velocity minute, every 3 minutes, according to the raininess of prior calibration and the relation of trace particle size, select the trace particle of setting raininess, trace particle is shed raceway groove measuring frequency section by pipe, acquisition system is clicked and starts, gather raceway groove flow rate of water flow field.
10) after rainfall terminates, again open spatial digitizer, the landform after scanning rainfall, by the comparative analysis to topography variation data before and after rainfall, determines under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and space.
The present invention has following positive effect: it is domatic to simulate complete basin, different stage channel system (Zhigou, tap drain) runoff process and Sediment Transport Process, and can comparatively accurately control each land surface condition, regulate test rainfall amount, rainfall intensity, rainfall as required, can observe along hydrodynamic condition change procedure that is domatic, raceway groove current simultaneously, reduce enchancement factor to a certain extent to the impact of process of the test, improve the erosion amount measuring accuracy of basin water erosion, accurate measurement silt space distribution, analyzes sediment yield in river basin source.Meanwhile, it is simple that this basin water erosion process fine analog test method has testing equipment structure, operates simple and easy, and manual measurement and automatic measurement such as to correct each other at the feature.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is watershed generalization model vertical view;
Fig. 2 is the sectional drawing of A-A in Fig. 1;
In figure: 1: workbench; 2, service bridge; 3, high-speed camera; 4, support; 5, flow monitoring sensor; 6, following spray rain controller; 7, three-dimensional laser scanner.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing, the present invention is further illustrated in the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1-2, specific embodiment of the invention step is as follows:
Embodiment 1
1) form the watershed model meeting water erosion process fine analog that system similarity requires and test between prototype basin, and arrange test unit; First fetch earth from field according to testing requirements, fill native 1m and do not sieve, be placed in soil bin and smash filling, compacting control soil dry bulk density at 1.42/cm
3;
2) then, fill model veneer of soil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, compacting control the soil weight;
3) secondly, choosing comparatively complete domatic, becoming the wide slope runoff community of 1m with tinned sheet iron lattice, the survey bridge of the other erection in runoff plots for observing slope water erosion process;
4) again, following spray rain controller (Nanjing Tu Sheng data engineering Ltd TSJY-1) is installed above model, to simulate the rainfall of different duration, varying strength, different rainfall; Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner (FAROFOCUS3D), in order to Watershed Topography change before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event, calculates one rainfall event Erosion amount and space distribution thereof;
5) last, different parts erection angle iron support above basin tap drain, Zhigou, support is installed high-speed camera (MVC3000SAC-GE12), high-speed camera is connected with computing machine by netting twine, by computer management software, gather raceway groove flow rate of water flow field; Flow monitoring sensor (LTW-1) is installed at the tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch, basin, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch respectively, automatic monitoring Zhigou flow sediment concentration, the data acquisition unit supporting with this instrument system and computer management software can realize the real-time monitored of discharge process, complete the layout of test unit to this;
6) sprinkle water at the forward direction watershed model of artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement, make topsoil be tending towards saturated; Open and be suspended on three-dimensional laser scanner on rain controller, the initial landform before scanning rainfall; Test site is hidden and with the setting raininess being fixed on the other rainfall bucket calibration following spray rain controller in test site, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket, record is carried out to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall amount and rainfall;
7) rain controller is opened, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes for the time interval, use coloring agent to measure overland flow flow velocity at domatic measuring frequency section place, the stream of slope runoff is wide, flow depth and raceway groove developmental state to use steel ruler to measure; Adopt rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method.
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch adopts flow monitoring sensor, automatic collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow, silt content adopt flow monitoring sensor on the one hand, automatic collection, on the other hand hand sampling observation is carried out to flow, silt content, got the sample of 10s long duration at interval of 3 minutes.
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when synchronous with domatic flow velocity minute, every 3 minutes, according to the raininess of prior calibration and the relation of trace particle size, select the trace particle of setting raininess, trace particle is shed raceway groove measuring frequency section by pipe, acquisition system is clicked and starts, gather raceway groove flow rate of water flow field.
10) after rainfall terminates, again open spatial digitizer, the landform after scanning rainfall, by the comparative analysis to topography variation data before and after rainfall, determines under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and space.
Embodiment 2
1) form the watershed model meeting water erosion process fine analog that system similarity requires and test between prototype basin, and arrange test unit; First fetch earth from field according to testing requirements, fill native 1m and do not sieve, be placed in soil bin and smash filling, compacting control soil dry bulk density at 1.59g/cm
3.
Following steps are with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
1) form the watershed model meeting water erosion process fine analog that system similarity requires and test between prototype basin, and arrange test unit; First fetch earth from field according to testing requirements, fill native 1m and do not sieve, be placed in soil bin and smash filling, compacting control soil dry bulk density at 1.50g/cm
3.
Following steps are with embodiment 1.
Although give detailed description and explanation to the specific embodiment of the present invention above; but what should indicate is; we can carry out various equivalence according to conception of the present invention to above-mentioned embodiment and change and amendment; its function produced do not exceed that instructions and accompanying drawing contain yet spiritual time, all should within protection scope of the present invention.
The content be not described in detail in this instructions belongs to the known prior art of professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (1)
1. a small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process fine analog test method, is characterized in that, its test method step is as follows:
1) form the watershed model meeting water erosion process fine analog that system similarity requires and test between prototype basin, and arrange test unit; First fetch earth from field according to testing requirements, fill native 1m and do not sieve, be placed in soil bin and smash filling, compacting control soil dry bulk density at 1.42-1.59g/cm
3;
2) then, fill model veneer of soil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, compacting control the soil weight;
3) secondly, choosing comparatively complete domatic, becoming the wide slope runoff community of 1m with tinned sheet iron lattice, the survey bridge of the other erection in runoff plots for observing slope water erosion process;
4) again, following spray rain controller is installed above model, to simulate the rainfall of different duration, varying strength, different rainfall; Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner, in order to Watershed Topography change before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event, calculates one rainfall event Erosion amount and space distribution thereof;
5) last, different parts erection angle iron support above basin tap drain, Zhigou, high-speed camera installed by support, and high-speed camera is connected with computing machine by netting twine, by computer management software, gathers raceway groove flow rate of water flow field; Flow monitoring sensor is installed at the tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch, basin, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch respectively, automatic monitoring Zhigou flow sediment concentration, the data acquisition unit supporting with this instrument system and computer management software can realize the real-time monitored of discharge process, complete the layout of test unit to this;
6) sprinkle water at the forward direction watershed model of artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement, make topsoil be tending towards saturated; Open and be suspended on three-dimensional laser scanner on rain controller, the initial landform before scanning rainfall; Test site is hidden and with the setting raininess being fixed on the other rainfall bucket calibration following spray rain controller in test site, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket, record is carried out to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall amount and rainfall;
7) rain controller is opened, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes for the time interval, use coloring agent to measure overland flow flow velocity at domatic measuring frequency section place, the stream of slope runoff is wide, flow depth and raceway groove developmental state to use steel ruler to measure; Adopt rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method.
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch adopts flow monitoring sensor, automatic collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow, silt content adopt flow monitoring sensor on the one hand, automatic collection, on the other hand hand sampling observation is carried out to flow, silt content, got the sample of 10s long duration at interval of 3 minutes.
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when synchronous with domatic flow velocity minute, every 3 minutes, according to the raininess of prior calibration and the relation of trace particle size, select the trace particle of setting raininess, trace particle is shed raceway groove measuring frequency section by pipe, acquisition system is clicked and starts, gather raceway groove flow rate of water flow field.
10) after rainfall terminates, again open spatial digitizer, the landform after scanning rainfall, by the comparative analysis to topography variation data before and after rainfall, determines under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and space.
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