CN104374894B - Small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process fine analog test method - Google Patents
Small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process fine analog test method Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the Watershed Scale water erosion fine analog test method of a kind of systematic study small watershed different geomorphologic units soil erosion process and mechanism, especially can fill different landform shapes according to test requirements document, the soil of filling different-grain diameter composition, the soil weight of Artificial Control basin different geomorphological positions, lay different geomorphological positions (domatic top, basin, lower slope, raceway groove etc.) soil and water conservation measure, control different rainfall intensities and rainfall, observation different geomorphological positions current hydrodynamic character, it is thus possible to realize different condition area, under different condition of raining, basin soil erosion process is accurately simulated, under the conditions of research different underlying surface, each factor is on the impact of soil water erosion process and Response Mechanism.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the Watershed Scale water erosion fine analog of a kind of systematic study Soil Erosion in Small Watershed process and mechanism
Test method, especially can fill different landform shapes according to test requirements document, the soil that filling different-grain diameter forms, manually
The soil weight of control catchment different geomorphological positions, lays basin different geomorphological positions (domatic top, lower slope, raceway groove)
Deng soil and water conservation measure, control rainfall intensity and process, observe different geomorphological positions current hydrodynamics characteristic, it is thus possible to
Enough realize basin soil erosion under different condition area, different rainfall accurately to simulate, each factor pair under research different underlying surface
The impact of soil water erosion process and Response Mechanism.
Background technology
Small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process alignment of basic pattern monitoring test method is to select complete catchmenting in the wild
Region, sets up domatic top, bottom, the geomorphic unit runoff experimental plot such as the most domatic according to natural feature, at Zhigou and tap drain
The exit or entrance of a clitch set up discharge site and carry out dynamic monitoring.Select that soil property is the most homogeneous, that the gradient is more consistent is domatic, according to test need
Measure different length of grade, different gradient and the rectangle community of different in width, use the materials such as asbestos shingle by selected areas with surrounding slope
Face separates, and lays slope runoff experimental plot according to natural feature, and in community, the selected vegetation of plantation or holding nature are coated to,
The runoff plots end on domatic top lays catchment port, runoff pond and diversion box, the runoff plots of lower slope and complete domatic community
End lays catchment port, triangular groove.Include before the runoff yield of one rainfall event, sediment yield, rain after rain in slope runoff district observation
Soil moisture content, Zhigou and tap drain hydrometric station observation project have water level, discharge process, water content process, sand grains gradation.
Research sediment bypassing characteristic.
But, field land surface condition is complex, soil property, the gradient, mima type microrelief, ant cave, surface crust etc. because of
Element all watershed water erosion process and result can produce considerable influence, and the quantitative effect of single Factors on Soil Erosion dynamic process is difficult
To peel off, greatly constrain the further investigation of soil erosion process and mechanism；Community domatic for field prototype, only observes diameter
Stream exit, experimental plot runoff, sediment flow behavior total amount, lack Slope-Runoff, the measurement of Sediment Transport Process, lack slope runoff
The measurement of Hydrodynamic Process, for raceway groove, the only runoff of observation basin Outlet Section, Sediment Transport Process, for raceway groove different section
Hydrodynamic Parameters be difficult to obtain, therefore, it is difficult to disclose watershed sediment from the domatic water erosion dynamic process exported to basin；And
And prototype observation test need to be carried out under the conditions of outdoor natural rainfall, by the very big restriction of weather conditions, it is difficult to research is not comprehensively
The impact of the condition watershed soil erosion processes such as same rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall, rainfall pattern, and field condition is unfavorable
Accurate measurement and collection in test parameters.
In terms of simulation laboratory test, at present, domestic and international Soil erosion physical model belongs to small-sized domatic soil box mostly,
The many domatic top for field of laboratory test simulated object, bottom and the erosion caused by sloping surfaces runoff plots that is the most domatic and that build, and
Using the most fewer as the Watershed Scale simulation test research of an overall process to the erosion caused by sloping surfaces and groove channel erosion.Existing Watershed Scale
Simulation test only observes the water sand process of basin Zhigou, tap drain, but, Erosion and Sediment Production in Watershed be one by occur at domatic, ditch
The complete Hydrology mechanical system that erosion Sediment Transport Process on road is constituted, only carries out the simulation study of the erosion caused by sloping surfaces, or by slope
Face is corroded and groove channel erosion is all inadequate as the in addition experimental study of two isolated processes.Therefore, to including domatic and ditch
The water erosion process in the complete basin of road composition is simulated research, the most necessary.
Summary of the invention
For making up and overcoming the field soil corrosive effect factor to control difficulty, ocean weather station observation last long, difficulty big, number
Slow according to accumulation, it is impossible to accurately to control each land surface condition, cannot the eroding water dynamic process of watershed different geomorphological positions carry out
Quantitative observation, it is difficult to research watershed water sand process under the conditions of different measure combination and spatial distribution, different rainfall comprehensively
Impact, is difficult to improve the certainty of measurement etc. in the soil water erosion test of basin, the invention provides a kind of for systematic study basin water
Erosion process and the basin water erosion fine simulation method of mechanism.The method can not only observe basin different geomorphological positions runoff and sediment transport
Process, measure the hydrodynamic condition change procedure of different geomorphological positions, and can more accurately control domatic, raceway groove etc. no
With landform position water-and-soil conservation measures, reduce the random factor impact on process of the test to a certain extent, improve basin water erosion process
Erosion amount and spatial distribution, erosion landform metamorphosis accuracy in measurement.
Small watershed water erosion process fine analog experimental technique of the present invention, its step is as follows:
1) watershed model of the water erosion process fine analog test meeting system similarity requirement between prototype basin, and cloth are formed
Put assay device；Being first according to test requirements document fetch earth from field, dress soil 1m does not sieves, and smashes filling, pressure in being placed in soil bin
Reality also controls soil dry bulk density at 1.42-1.59g/cm3；
2) then, fill model topsoil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, be compacted and control the soil weight；
3) secondly, choosing the most complete domatic, become 1m width slope runoff community with galvanized iron sheet lattice, the other erection in runoff plots is used
Survey bridge in observation slope water erosion process；
4) again, at the following spray rain controller installed above of model, with the different duration of simulation, varying strength, different rainfall
Rainfall；Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner, changes in order to Watershed Topography before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event,
Calculate one rainfall event Erosion amount and spatial distribution thereof；
5) last, above basin tap drain, Zhigou, different parts sets up angle iron support, and support is installed high-speed camera, high
Speed video camera is connected with computer by netting twine, by computer management software, gathers raceway groove flow rate of water flow field；Basin tap drain ditch
Mouth, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch are respectively mounted flow monitoring sensor, automatically monitoring Zhigou flow sediment concentration, pass with aforementioned flow monitoring
Data acquisition unit that sensor is supporting and computer management software can realize the real-time monitored of discharge process, complete assay device to this
Layout；
6) the forward direction watershed model in artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement is sprinkled water, and makes topsoil tend to saturated；Open and be suspended on rain controller
Upper three-dimensional laser scanner, the initial landform before scanning rainfall；Trial zone is hidden and uses and be fixed on the rainfall bucket rate that trial zone is other
Determine the setting raininess of following spray rain controller, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall and fall
Rain process carries out record；
7) opening rain controller, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, starts timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes as time
Between be spaced, at domatic measuring frequency section use stain measure overland flow flow velocity, use steel ruler measure the stream width of slope runoff, stream
Deep and raceway groove developmental state；Use rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method.
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow,
On the one hand silt content uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically gathers, and on the other hand flow, silt content is carried out manual sampling observation,
At interval of the sample taking 10s long duration for 3 minutes.
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when with domatic measurement of rate of flow
Between when synchronizing, every 3 minutes, according to raininess and the relation of trace particle size of prior calibration, select to set the spike of raininess
Particle, sheds raceway groove measuring frequency section by trace particle by pipe, clicks on and start in acquisition system, gathers raceway groove current stream
Speed field.
10) after rainfall terminates, being again turned on spatial digitizer, the landform after scanning rainfall, by topography variation number before and after rainfall
According to relative analysis, determine under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and space.
The present invention has a following positive effect: it is domatic to simulate complete basin, different stage raceway groove system
System (Zhigou, tap drain) runoff process and Sediment Transport Process, and can more accurately control each land surface condition, on-demand regulation
Test rainfall, rainfall intensity, rainfall, can observe along domatic, the hydrodynamic condition change procedure of raceway groove current simultaneously,
Reduce the random factor impact on process of the test to a certain extent, improve the erosion amount certainty of measurement of basin water erosion, accurately measure mud
Husky spatial distribution, analyzes sediment yield in river basin source.Meanwhile, this basin water erosion process fine analog test method has testing equipment knot
The features such as structure is simple, and operation is simple, the correction each other of manual measurement and automatic measurement.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is watershed generalization model top view；
Fig. 2 is the sectional drawing of A-A in Fig. 1；
In figure: 1: work platforms；2, service bridge；3, high-speed camera；4, support；5, flow monitoring sensing
Device；6, following spray rain controller；7, three-dimensional laser scanner.
Detailed description of the invention
The present invention is further illustrated below in conjunction with embodiment and accompanying drawing for the present invention.
As shown in Figure 1-2, the present invention to be embodied as step as follows:
Embodiment 1
1) watershed model of the water erosion process fine analog test meeting system similarity requirement between prototype basin, and cloth are formed
Put assay device；Being first according to test requirements document fetch earth from field, dress soil 1m does not sieves, and smashes filling, pressure in being placed in soil bin
Reality also controls soil dry bulk density at 1.42/cm3；
2) then, fill model topsoil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, be compacted and control the soil weight；
3) secondly, choosing the most complete domatic, become 1m width slope runoff community with galvanized iron sheet lattice, the other erection in runoff plots is used
Survey bridge in observation slope water erosion process；
4) again, at the following spray rain controller installed above (Nanjing Tu Sheng data engineering Co., Ltd TSJY-1) of model, with
The different duration of simulation, varying strength, the rainfall of different rainfall；Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner (FARO
FOCUS 3D), change in order to Watershed Topography before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event, calculate one rainfall event Erosion amount and
Spatial distribution；
5) last, above basin tap drain, Zhigou, different parts sets up angle iron support, and support is installed high-speed camera
(MVC3000SAC-GE12), high-speed camera is connected with computer by netting twine, by computer management software, gathers raceway groove water
Stream velocity field；The tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch, basin, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch are respectively mounted flow monitoring sensor (LTW-1), and monitoring Zhigou flow contains automatically
Husky amount process, the data acquisition unit supporting with aforementioned flow monitoring sensor and computer management software can realize discharge process
Real-time monitored, completes the layout of assay device to this；
6) the forward direction watershed model in artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement is sprinkled water, and makes topsoil tend to saturated；Open and be suspended on rain controller
Upper three-dimensional laser scanner, the initial landform before scanning rainfall；Trial zone is hidden and uses and be fixed on the rainfall bucket rate that trial zone is other
Determine the setting raininess of following spray rain controller, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall and fall
Rain process carries out record；
7) opening rain controller, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, starts timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes as time
Between be spaced, at domatic measuring frequency section use stain measure overland flow flow velocity, use steel ruler measure the stream width of slope runoff, stream
Deep and raceway groove developmental state；Use rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method.
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow,
On the one hand silt content uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically gathers, and on the other hand flow, silt content is carried out manual sampling observation,
At interval of the sample taking 10s long duration for 3 minutes.
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when with domatic measurement of rate of flow
Between when synchronizing, every 3 minutes, according to raininess and the relation of trace particle size of prior calibration, select to set the spike of raininess
Particle, sheds raceway groove measuring frequency section by trace particle by pipe, clicks on and start in acquisition system, gathers raceway groove current stream
Speed field.
10) after rainfall terminates, being again turned on spatial digitizer, the landform after scanning rainfall, by topography variation before and after rainfall
The relative analysis of data, determines under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and space.
Embodiment 2
1) watershed model of the water erosion process fine analog test meeting system similarity requirement between prototype basin, and cloth are formed
Put assay device；Being first according to test requirements document fetch earth from field, dress soil 1m does not sieves, and smashes filling, pressure in being placed in soil bin
Reality also controls soil dry bulk density at 1.59g/cm3。
Following steps are with embodiment 1.
Embodiment 3
1) watershed model of the water erosion process fine analog test meeting system similarity requirement between prototype basin, and cloth are formed
Put assay device；Being first according to test requirements document fetch earth from field, dress soil 1m does not sieves, and smashes filling, pressure in being placed in soil bin
Reality also controls soil dry bulk density at 1.50g/cm3.
Following steps are with embodiment 1.
Although the detailed description of the invention to the present invention gives detailed description and illustrates above, but it should be noted that
We can carry out various equivalence according to the conception of the present invention to above-mentioned embodiment and change and amendment, function produced by it
Still without departing from description and accompanying drawing contained spiritual time, all should be within protection scope of the present invention.
The content not being described in detail in this specification belongs to prior art known to professional and technical personnel in the field.
Claims (1)
1. a small watershed different geomorphologic units water erosion process fine analog test method, it is characterised in that its test method walks
Rapid as follows:
1) watershed model of the water erosion process fine analog test meeting system similarity requirement between prototype basin, and cloth are formed
Put assay device；Being first according to test requirements document fetch earth from field, dress soil 1m does not sieves, and smashes filling, pressure in being placed in soil bin
Reality also controls soil dry bulk density at 1.42-1.59g/cm3；
2) then, fill model topsoil, the soil fetched is sieved, slicing and filling, be compacted and control the soil weight；
3) secondly, choosing the most complete domatic, become 1m width slope runoff community with galvanized iron sheet lattice, the other erection in runoff plots is used
Survey bridge in observation slope water erosion process；
4) again, at the following spray rain controller installed above of model, with the different duration of simulation, varying strength, different rainfall
Rainfall；Rain controller hangs three-dimensional laser scanner, changes in order to Watershed Topography before and after quantitative observation one rainfall event,
Calculate one rainfall event Erosion amount and spatial distribution thereof；
5) last, above basin tap drain, Zhigou, different parts sets up angle iron support, and support is installed high-speed camera, high
Speed video camera is connected with computer by netting twine, by computer management software, gathers raceway groove flow rate of water flow field；Basin tap drain ditch
Mouth, the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch are respectively mounted flow monitoring sensor, automatically monitoring Zhigou flow sediment concentration, pass with aforementioned flow monitoring
Data acquisition unit that sensor is supporting and computer management software can realize the real-time monitored of discharge process, complete assay device to this
Layout；
6) the forward direction watershed model in artificially-simulated rainfall enforcement is sprinkled water, and makes topsoil tend to saturated；Open and be suspended on rain controller
Upper three-dimensional laser scanner, the initial landform before scanning rainfall；Trial zone is hidden and uses and be fixed on the rainfall bucket rate that trial zone is other
Determine the setting raininess of following spray rain controller, with rain recorder and rain gage bucket to the rainfall intensity in rainfall, rainfall and fall
Rain process carries out record；
7) opening rain controller, rain controller carries out continuous rainfall with calibration raininess, starts timing from Slope-Runoff, with 3 minutes as time
Between be spaced, at domatic measuring frequency section use stain measure overland flow flow velocity, use steel ruler measure the stream width of slope runoff, stream
Deep and raceway groove developmental state；Use rubber pipette bulb method to gather slope runoff, calculated the silt content of corresponding period by oven drying method；
8) flow velocity silt content in the Zhigou exit or entrance of a clitch uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically collection flow sediment concentration, tap drain exit or entrance of a clitch flow,
On the one hand silt content uses flow monitoring sensor, automatically gathers, and on the other hand flow, silt content is carried out manual sampling observation,
At interval of the sample taking 10s long duration for 3 minutes；
9) raceway groove current high-speed camera setting measurement interval is similarly 3 minutes, after raceway groove runoff yield, when with domatic measurement of rate of flow
Between when synchronizing, every 3 minutes, according to raininess and the relation of trace particle size of prior calibration, select to set the spike of raininess
Particle, sheds raceway groove measuring frequency section by trace particle by pipe, clicks on and start in acquisition system, gathers raceway groove current stream
Speed field；
10) after rainfall terminates, being again turned on three-dimensional laser scanner, the landform after scanning rainfall, by landform before and after rainfall
The relative analysis of delta data, determines under condition of raining, the erosion of silt, carrying and deposition conditions and spatial variations situation.
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