CN102288741A - Method for rapidly measuring rill erodibility of soil - Google Patents
Method for rapidly measuring rill erodibility of soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN102288741A CN102288741A CN2011102063285A CN201110206328A CN102288741A CN 102288741 A CN102288741 A CN 102288741A CN 2011102063285 A CN2011102063285 A CN 2011102063285A CN 201110206328 A CN201110206328 A CN 201110206328A CN 102288741 A CN102288741 A CN 102288741A
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for rapidly measuring the rill erodibility of soil. The method comprises the following steps of: selecting a sloping surface serving as a test area; excavating rills of the same specification; performing runoff scouring on the rills respectively; measuring and calculating the flow, erosion rate, flow speed and runoff shearing force of the rills; drawing a scatter diagram by taking the erosion rate of the rills as a value Y and taking the runoff shearing force as a value X; and performing linear fitting, wherein the gradient of a fitting straight line is the erodibility value of the rills. The method is suitable for various different sloping surface conditions, and has low requirement on the test environment; the occupied test area is small; test arranged is simple, and mainly depends on a water supply device; the measurement is simple and rapid, and one measurement can be finished outdoors within several hours; and a measurement result is reliable.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the conservation technology field, be specifically related to a kind of rapid assay methods of soil rill erosion property.
Background technology
Soil erosion is global ecological environment problem.A large amount of fertile soils are not only taken away in soil erosion, cause land deterioration, and bring silt, polluter into river, lake and Tang Ku, cause a series of problems such as big flood, water environment pollution.
The erosion caused by sloping surfaces, particularly rill erosion are the major reasons of soil erosion.Rill erosion property is used for representing the ability that soil opposing rill flow washes away, and is the key parameter of quantitative Analysis the erosion caused by sloping surfaces, and existing assay method mainly is applicable to indoor conditions, can not satisfy the needs of fast measuring rill erosion property on natural slope.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of easy and simple to handlely and quick, and testing equipment and condition do not had too high requirement, be applicable to the rill erosion property rapid assay methods of soil under the open-air various complex environment.
Technical scheme of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of rill erosion property rapid assay methods comprises the steps:
Choose one domatic as the test site, the test site is along being not less than 3m along sloping direction length, the wide 1.5m that is not less than, the gradient is at 5 °-10 °.Remove face of land weeds in the test site, the face of land is exposed, and turned in the face of land, rake, the degree of depth of turning over is 10cm at least below the face of land.
Determining of step 2, rill specification:
According to along 5 of sloping direction excavation rills, the rill length L is 2m in the test site, and the rill transversal section is the U type, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and depth D is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, between adjacent rill apart from 10cm;
Moisture control is the key of measuring.Because rill is to germinate under the state that soil moisture content reaches capacity, so need before measuring to guarantee that by various measures soil moisture is saturated: 1) sprayed water in the test site, make table soil moistening as far as possible; 2) above the test site, excavate the puddle, and continue to inject clear water, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated, ooze to reduce test site table soil the following of moisture; 3) is communicated with at the left and right sides, test site excavation curb, and with the puddle, top, it is mobile to keep runoff to continue in curb, saturated with warranty test district soil from the side.
Above the upward slope direction of rill the water source is arranged, the water source supplies water to rill by water supply line, the flow size of valve control runoff is arranged on the water supply line and closes, and places the double-layer plastic gauze pad at rill upward slope direction ditch head; In the outlet of rill direction of fall the afflux groove is installed, and is connected plastic flexible pipe, be used for runoff and sediment is derived collection.
Adopt the clear water runoff of 5 different flows respectively 5 rills to be washed away by the double-layer plastic gauze pad, Control Flow respectively 2,4,6,8, about 10L/min.
Every 2min with graduated cylinder by plastic flexible pipe get the collection stay samples whole in the groove once, the record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1Unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1Calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
Changing the whole samples in each graduated cylinder over to sylphon weight is W
1The aluminium box in, insert baking oven and under 105 ℃ of temperature, dried 24 hours, weigh then, to do husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
Calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2S);
The employing methylene blue solution is a coloring agent, treat that rill flow is stable after, splash into coloring agent at the rill inlet, the record coloring agent arrives the time T of rill outlet with runoff
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2Calculate the flow velocity v of rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is a rill length, and unit is m, T
2Be Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats 3 times and averages;
Utilize formula
Calculate runoff shearing force τ, in the formula, γ is that the water capacity is heavy, value 9800N/m
3S is a hydraulic gradient, and s=sin (α), α are surface slope, and unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is a flow, and unit is L/s; D is the rill width, and unit is cm; V is the rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shearing force τ unit conversion that finally calculates is N/m
2
As the Y value, is X value with the runoff shearing force with the erosion ratio of rill, draws scatter diagram, carries out linearity then and fits, and the slope that fits straight line is rill erosion property value, and the unit of rill erosion property value is kg/ (m
2SPa).
Adopt method of the present invention to measure soil rill erosion property, have following advantage:
1) is applicable to various domatic condition, less demanding to experimental enviroment; 2) occupy less test area; 3) test is arranged simply, mainly relies on water supply installation; 4) mensuration is easy fast, and finishing in the open air once to measure only needs a few hours; 5) measurement result is reliable.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is synoptic diagram in the test site of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the sectional view of rill of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is the scatter diagram of the specific embodiment of the invention one.
Embodiment
The present invention is further elaborated below in conjunction with instantiation, to help the understanding of the present invention.Measuring equipments such as water system of the present invention all can be bought on market or simple processing obtains.
Embodiment one
Test site: ecologic environment testing station, ten thousand states, mountain region, Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu, particular location is in Wanzhou District Chang Ling, Chongqing City town.
Concrete steps are as follows:
The confirmed test district is that 10 ° milpa pulls out whole corns with a slice gradient, and connects root and remove clean.Mark the test site along being 3m along sloping direction length, width is 1.5m.Weeds in the test site are removed totally, the face of land 10cm soil of turning over, and rake.
Determining of step 2, rill specification
Shown in accompanying drawing 1,2, according to along 5 of the rills of sloping direction excavation same size, the rill length L is 2m in the test site, and the rill transversal section is the U type, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and the degree of depth is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, between adjacent rill apart from 10cm at least;
Puddle 6, top, excavation test site and both sides curb 7, and puddle and curb are communicated with, puddle, top, test site and both sides curb are full of runoff, make the test site fully saturated;
Keep soil moisture saturated by following three kinds of modes, the one, sprayed water in the test site, make the native water saturation of table; The 2nd, continue to inject clear water in the puddle 6 of above the test site, excavating, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated; The 3rd, keep runoff to continue in curb 7, to flow, warranty test district soil moisture is saturated from the side.
On the upward slope direction of rill, water source 8 is arranged, water source 8 supplies water for rill 1 by water supply line 10, and a valve 9 is arranged on the water supply line 10.In use, by valve controlling flow amount size, water is carried out runoff to 5 rills respectively by double-layer plastic gauze pad 2 to be washed away, the afflux groove of installing in the outlet of rill direction of fall 3 is used to collect the water and soil earth under washing away, and collect in the graduated cylinder 5 by the plastic flexible pipe 4 that connects, carry out next step mensuration.
Runoff volume and design discharge by the analytical unit time compare, regulate the water system runoff rate, when measuring flow above design discharge, water supply flow is reduced, be lower than water supply flow when measuring flow, water supply flow is increased, regulate repeatedly water supply valve until the error of measuring flow and water supply flow less than 5%;
Runoff after regulating is imported rill by the plastics gauze pad;
Every 2min with graduated cylinder by plastic flexible pipe get the collection stay samples whole in the groove once, the record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1Unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1Calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
The employing methylene blue solution is a coloring agent, treat that rill flow is stable after, splash into coloring agent at the rill inlet, the record coloring agent arrives the time T of rill outlet with runoff
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2Calculate the flow velocity v of rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is a rill length, and unit is m, T
2Be Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats 3 times and averages;
Flow, flow velocity such as the following table measured
| Flow (L/s) | Rill flow velocity (m/s) |
| 0.034 | 0.23 |
| 0.065 | 0.30 |
| 0.104 | 0.41 |
| 0.132 | 0.41 |
| 0.168 | 0.38 |
Changing the whole samples in each graduated cylinder over to sylphon weight is W
1The aluminium box in, insert baking oven and under 105 ℃ of temperature, dried 24 hours, weigh then, to do husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
Calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2S); Rill erosion rate such as following table;
| Flow (L/s) | Silt content (g/L) | Rill erosion rate kg/ (m 2·s) |
| 0.034 | 4.6 | 0.002 |
| 0.065 | 10.7 | 0.007 |
| 0.104 | 8.4 | 0.008 |
| 0.132 | 11.2 | 0.015 |
| 0.168 | 11.5 | 0.019 |
Pass through formula
Calculate runoff shearing force τ, in the formula, γ is that the water capacity is heavy, value 9800N/m
3S is a hydraulic gradient, and s=sin (α), α are surface slope, and unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is a flow, and unit is L/s; D is the rill width, and unit is cm; V is the rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shearing force τ unit conversion that finally calculates is N/m
2
The rill erosion rate and the runoff shearing force that calculate are drawn scatter diagram (seeing accompanying drawing 3) as ordinate and horizontal ordinate respectively, and the slope that fits straight line is 0.0018, and promptly rill erosion property is 0.0018kg/ (m
2SPa).
Claims (3)
1. a soil rill erosion property rapid assay methods is characterized in that comprising the steps:
Step 1, soil surface treatment
Choose one domatic as the test site, the test site is along being not less than 3m along sloping direction length, the wide 1.5m that is not less than removes vegetation in the test site, the face of land is exposed, and turned in the face of land, and rake;
Determining of step 2, rill specification
According to along 5 of the rills of sloping direction excavation same size, the rill length L is 2m in the test site, and the rill transversal section is the U type, and transversal section width d is 5cm, and the degree of depth is 5cm, and bottom of trench is with domatic parallel, between adjacent rill apart from 10cm at least;
Step 3, moisture control
Soil moisture is saturated in the maintenance test site;
Step 4, testing apparatus are arranged
Above the upward slope direction of rill, the water source is arranged.The water source supplies water to rill by water supply line, the flow size of valve control runoff is arranged on the water supply line and closes, and places the double-layer plastic gauze pad at rill upward slope direction ditch head; In the outlet of rill direction of fall the afflux groove is installed, and is connected plastic flexible pipe;
Step 5, flow control
Adopt the clear water runoff of 5 different flows respectively 5 rills to be washed away by the double-layer plastic gauze pad, Control Flow is respectively 2,4,6,8,10L/min;
Step 6, rill flow and erosion ratio are measured
The letter of every 2min consumption by plastic flexible pipe get the collection stay samples whole in the groove once, the record sample volume V and sample time T
1, sample volume V unit is L, sample time T
1Unit is s, utilizes formula R=V/T
1Calculate the actual flow R in each rill, flux unit is L/s;
Changing the whole samples in each graduated cylinder over to sylphon weight is W
1The aluminium box in, insert baking oven and under 105 ℃ of temperature, dried 24 hours, weigh then, to do husky and aluminium box general assembly (TW) W
2, utilize formula
Calculate rill erosion rate E, the unit conversion of rill erosion rate E becomes kg/ (m
2S);
Step 7, rill measurement of rate of flow
The employing methylene blue solution is a coloring agent, treat that rill flow is stable after, splash into coloring agent at the rill inlet, the record coloring agent arrives the time T of rill outlet with runoff
2, utilize formula v=L/T
2Calculate the flow velocity v of rill flow, wherein flow velocity v unit is m/s, and L is a rill length, and unit is m, T
2Be Measuring Time, unit is s, repeats 3 times and averages;
Step 8, runoff shearing force are calculated
Utilize formula
Calculate runoff shearing force τ, in the formula, γ is that the water capacity is heavy, value 9800N/m
3S is a hydraulic gradient, and s=sin (α), α are surface slope, and unit is °; H is the depth of water, and unit is m; Q is a flow, and unit is L/s; D is the rill width, and unit is cm; V is the rill flow velocity, and unit is m/s; The runoff shearing force τ unit conversion that finally calculates is N/m
2
Step 9, the calculating of rill erosion property
As the Y value, is X value with the runoff shearing force with the erosion ratio of rill, draws scatter diagram, carries out linearity then and fits, and the slope that fits straight line is rill erosion property value, and the unit of rill erosion property value is kg/ (m
2SPa).
2. according to the described soil rill of claim 1 erosion property rapid assay methods, it is characterized in that in the described step 1, the degree of depth of turning over is the following 10cm in the face of land.
3. according to the described soil rill of claim 1 erosion property rapid assay methods, it is characterized in that in the described step 3, soil moisture is saturated in the maintenance test site keeps in the following way: the one, sprayed water in the test site, make the native water saturation of table; The 2nd, above the test site, excavate the puddle, and continue to inject clear water, by under blend side and ooze, make soil bottom, test site saturated; The 3rd, excavate curb in the left and right sides, test site, and be communicated with the puddle, top, keep runoff to continue in curb, to flow, warranty test district soil moisture is saturated from the side.
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Cited By (5)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103487566A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2014-01-01 | 大连理工大学 | Observational method used for trench slope gravitational erosion field test |
| CN104374894A (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2015-02-25 | 黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院 | Fine simulation test method for water-erosion process of small-basin different-landform unit |
| CN108267344A (en) * | 2018-01-26 | 2018-07-10 | 甘肃省林业科学研究院 | A kind of sloping surface runoff field runoff sampler |
| CN111796075A (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2020-10-20 | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 | Terrace-structured device for simulating slope surface water and soil loss and non-point source pollution |
| CN117571505A (en) * | 2024-01-12 | 2024-02-20 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Device and method for measuring critical shear force of fine groove erosion |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103487566A (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2014-01-01 | 大连理工大学 | Observational method used for trench slope gravitational erosion field test |
| CN104374894A (en) * | 2014-06-13 | 2015-02-25 | 黄河水利委员会黄河水利科学研究院 | Fine simulation test method for water-erosion process of small-basin different-landform unit |
| CN108267344A (en) * | 2018-01-26 | 2018-07-10 | 甘肃省林业科学研究院 | A kind of sloping surface runoff field runoff sampler |
| CN108267344B (en) * | 2018-01-26 | 2019-08-23 | 甘肃省林业科学研究院 | A kind of sloping surface runoff field runoff sampler |
| CN111796075A (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2020-10-20 | 中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所 | Terrace-structured device for simulating slope surface water and soil loss and non-point source pollution |
| CN117571505A (en) * | 2024-01-12 | 2024-02-20 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Device and method for measuring critical shear force of fine groove erosion |
| CN117571505B (en) * | 2024-01-12 | 2024-03-22 | 水利部交通运输部国家能源局南京水利科学研究院 | Device and method for measuring critical shear force of fine groove erosion |
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