CN104302790A - 用于氢技术的对氢造成的脆化具有高抵抗性的成本降低的钢 - Google Patents

用于氢技术的对氢造成的脆化具有高抵抗性的成本降低的钢 Download PDF

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CN104302790A
CN104302790A CN201380025169.6A CN201380025169A CN104302790A CN 104302790 A CN104302790 A CN 104302790A CN 201380025169 A CN201380025169 A CN 201380025169A CN 104302790 A CN104302790 A CN 104302790A
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W·莱斯特纳
T·米切尔
W·舍森
M·S·马丁
S·韦伯
S·雷德纳
J·瑙曼
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Abstract

用于氢技术的奥氏体钢,所述奥氏体钢具有以下组成:0.01–0.4质量%的碳,≤5质量%的硅,0.3–30质量%的锰,10.5–30质量%的铬,4–12.5质量%的镍,≤3质量%的钼,≤0.2质量%的氮,≤5质量%的铝,≤5质量%的铜,≤5质量%的钨,≤0.1质量%的硼,≤3质量%的钴,≤0.5质量%的钽,≤2质量%的至少一种以下元素:铌、钛、钒、铪和锆,≤0.3质量%的至少一种以下元素:钇、钪、镧、铈和钕,剩余为铁和由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素。

Description

用于氢技术的对氢造成的脆化具有高抵抗性的成本降低的钢
本发明涉及奥氏体耐腐蚀钢,所述奥氏体耐腐蚀钢在整个温度区域(-253-至少+100℃)中,特别是在-100℃和室温(+25℃)之间对氢造成的脆化具有高抵抗性。所提出的钢适合于所有与氢接触的金属构件,例如氢气罐、阀、管道、接头、轴套、内衬、弹簧、换热器或风箱。
在较长时间内在氢气氛下经受到械应力的钢经受氢脆化。具有高的镍含量的奥氏体不锈钢(例如材料1.4435,X2CrNiMo18-14-3)是一个例外。在该奥氏体钢的情况下,至少12.5质量%的镍含量被认为是必要的,用以在-253-至少+100℃的整个温度范围内和0.1至100MPa的压力范围内实现足够的对氢脆化的抵抗性。然而镍(以及钼)是非常昂贵的合金元素,使得特别是为了例如机动车领域中的罐组件的批量生产缺少廉价的耐氢钢。
因此,本发明的目的在于,提供廉价的钢,所述钢在整个温度范围内,特别是在室温和-100℃之间的最大氢脆化范围内抵抗氢引发的脆化,具有耐腐蚀性并且可以良好地热成形和冷成形以及焊接。
根据本发明,使用具有以下组成的奥氏体钢实现本发明的目的:
0.01-0.4质量%,特别是至少0.05质量%的碳,
≤5质量%,特别是0.5-3.5质量%的硅,
0.3-30质量%,优选4-20质量%,特别是6-15质量%的锰,
10.5-30质量%,优选10.5-22质量%,特别最高20质量%的铬,
4-12.5质量%,优选5-10质量%,特别最高9质量%的镍,
≤3质量%,特别是最高2.5质量%的钼,
≤0.2质量%,特别是≤0.08质量%的氮,
≤5质量%,优选≤1.0质量%,特别是最多0.5质量%的铝,
≤5质量%,特别是最小1质量%的铜,
≤4质量%,优选最高3质量%,特别是0.5至2.5质量%的钨,
≤0.1质量%,优选最多0.05质量%的硼,
≤3质量%,特别是≤2.0质量%的钴,
≤0.5质量%,特别是≤0.3质量%的钽,
≤2.0质量%,优选≤1.5质量%的至少一种以下元素:铌、钛、钒、铪和锆,
≤0.3质量%,优选0.01-0.2质量%的至少一种以下元素:钇、钪、镧、铈和钕,
剩余为铁和由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素。
根据本发明的钢可以在添加或不添加钼的情况下制得。在添加钼的情况下,钢的钼含量可以为例如0.5至3质量%。钢还可以在不添加铝的情况下制得。即,钢可以包含至多0.3质量%的铝作为由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素。同样的情况也适用于氮。钢中也可以仅包含钼作为钢伴生元素。
由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素包括其它常见由生产造成的元素(例如硫和磷)以及其它非针对性地用于合金的元素。在此优选地,磷含量≤0.05质量%,硫含量≤0.4质量%,特别是≤0.04质量%。所有其它由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素的含量为每种元素最多0.3质量%。
在微合金元素中,特别相关的是(a)钇、钪、镧和(b)锆和铪。
根据本发明的合金可以具有0.01至0.2,特别是至多0.10质量%的钇含量,其中钇可以完全或部分地被元素钪、镧或铈的一者替代。铪含量和锆含量分别为优选0.01至0.2,特别是至多0.10质量%,其中铪或锆可以完全或部分地被0.01至0.2,特别是至多0.10质量%的钛替代。
通过将镍含量降低至4至12.5,特别是最高9质量%以及低的钼含量或完全没有钼含量,根据本发明的合金的成本可以降低。
尽管镍含量的降低和低的钼含量或完全没有钼含量(即不添加钼),根据本发明的钢在氢气氛中在-253至至少+100℃的整个温度范围和0.1至100MPa的压力范围内仍然具有极好的机械性能。
例如,钢在溶液退火状态(AT)下在-50℃的测试温度和40MPa的氢气压力下在伸长速率为5x 10-5 1/s的拉伸试验中具有至少90%的“面积相对减小”(RAA)或相对断面收缩率(=在空气或氦气中的断面收缩率Z/在氢气中的断面收缩率Z x 100%)。相应的相对抗拉强度R_Rm、相对屈服极限R_Rp 0.2和相对断裂伸长R_A5同样为至少90%。此外,钢的300至400MPa的高屈服极限具有重要意义。
根据本发明的钢可以溶液退火(AT)。其也可以冷成形,特别是冷拉或冷轧地使用。
钢具有极好的可焊接性和良好的耐腐蚀性。
根据本发明的钢在-253℃至至少+100℃的整个温度范围和0.1至100MPa的压力范围内具有对氢脆化的高抵抗性。
因此,根据本发明的钢是用于氢技术的廉价的耐氢材料。即,钢可以用于用来生产、储存、分配和使用氢的系统的装置和构件,特别是当装置或构件与氢接触时。其特别适用于管道、调节设备、阀和其它截断设备、容器、接头、轴套和内衬、换热器、压力传感器等,包括这些部件的设备,例如弹簧和风箱。
本发明特别涉及用于机动车中的氢技术的钢。在此,为了储存氢,可以使用由根据本发明的钢制得的(高)压容器、低温(高)压容器或液氢容器。
此外所述钢还适合于机动车技术以外的需要出色的奥氏体稳定性(特别是在冷成形之后)的应用。
具有以下组成(以质量%表示)的以下根据本发明的钢具有稳定的奥氏体结构:
1号钢:
0.01–0.12%的C
0.05–0.5%的Si
9-13%的Mn
16-20%的Cr
6-9%的Ni
1-4%的Cu
0.01–0.5%的Al
0–0.04%的B
剩余为铁和由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素
2号钢:
0.10–0.20%的C
0.5–3.5%的Si
8-12%的Mn
11-15%的Cr
6-9%的Ni
1-4%的Cu
0.5–2.5%的W
0.01–0.5%的Al
剩余为铁和由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素
在此,钢的δ-铁素体含量小于5体积%,优选甚至不存在δ-铁素体。在溶液退火状态(AT)下,在-50℃和40MPa的氢气氛下以伸长速率为5x 10-5 1/s的拉伸测试中,1号钢的屈服极限Rp0.2为200至300MPa,2号钢的屈服极限Rp0.2为300至400MPa。两种钢的相对断面收缩率(=在氦气中的断面收缩率Z/在氢气中的断面收缩率Zx 100%)均大于85%。
由于最多9质量%的相对低的镍含量和不具有钼,因此两种钢均非常廉价。
如在1号钢的情况下表明,根据本发明的钢也可以不含钨。
因此,根据本发明的具有稳定的奥氏体结构的钢是用于氢技术的廉价的耐氢材料。
根据本发明的钢的以下实施例用于进一步解释本发明。

Claims (13)

1.用于氢技术的奥氏体钢,所述奥氏体钢具有以下组成:
0.01–0.4质量%的碳,
≤5质量%的硅,
0.3–30质量%的锰,
10.5–30质量%的铬,
4–12.5质量%的镍,
≤2质量%的钼,
≤0.2质量%的氮,
≤5质量%的铝,
≤5质量%的铜,
≤4质量%的钨,
≤0.1质量%的硼,
≤5质量%的钴,
≤0.5质量%的钽,
≤2质量%的至少一种以下元素:铌、钛、钒、铪和锆,
≤0.3质量%的至少一种以下元素:钇、钪、镧、铈和钕,
剩余为铁和由熔炼造成的钢伴生元素。
2.根据权利要求1所述的钢,其特征在于,镍含量为最高9质量%。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的钢,其特征在于,铝含量为最多0.5质量%。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢,其特征在于,钼含量为≤0.40质量%。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢,其特征在于,锰含量为4-20质量%。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的合金,其特征在于,其包含1.0-4.0质量%的铜。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的合金,其特征在于,其包含至多3.5质量%的钨。
8.根据前述权利要求之一所述的合金,其特征在于,其包含至多0.04质量%的硼。
9.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢,其特征在于,其包含0.01–0.2质量%的钇,其中钇可以完全或部分被0.01至0.2质量%的钪和/或镧和/或铈替代。
10.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢,其特征在于,其包含0.01–0.2质量%的铪和/或锆,其中铪或锆可以完全或部分被0.01–0.2质量%的钛替代。
11.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢,其特征在于,其包含至多0.3质量%的钽。
12.根据前述权利要求之一所述的合金,其特征在于,其包含至多3.0质量%的钴。
13.根据前述权利要求之一所述的钢在机动车中的氢技术中的用途。
CN201380025169.6A 2012-05-16 2013-05-15 用于氢技术的对氢造成的脆化具有高抵抗性的成本降低的钢 Pending CN104302790A (zh)

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