CN104300595A - 电池过度充电的监控系统和方法 - Google Patents

电池过度充电的监控系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN104300595A
CN104300595A CN201410344961.4A CN201410344961A CN104300595A CN 104300595 A CN104300595 A CN 104300595A CN 201410344961 A CN201410344961 A CN 201410344961A CN 104300595 A CN104300595 A CN 104300595A
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battery
charge
charging
expection
actual
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CN104300595B (zh
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保罗·希欧多尔·莫姆西拉维奇
艾伦·罗伊·盖尔
布鲁斯·卡维尔·布莱克莫尔
迈克尔·W·德格尼尔
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • B60L3/0046—Detecting, eliminating, remedying or compensating for drive train abnormalities, e.g. failures within the drive train relating to electric energy storage systems, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)

Abstract

一种示例性电池充电监控方法，包括至少使用电池的容量和充电速率来计算用于电池的预期充电数据，以及将实际充电数据与预期充电数据相比较以识别实际充电数据与预期充电数据之间的差异等等。

Description

电池过度充电的监控系统和方法
技术领域
本公开总体上涉及给电池充电，更具体地涉及阻止电池过度充电。
背景技术
电动车辆以及许多其它装置可以依靠电池存储电能。
通常，电动车辆与传统的机动车辆不同，因为电动车辆使用一个或多个电池供电的电机有选择地驱动车辆。相比之下，传统的机动车辆完全依靠内燃机。电动车辆可以使用电机代替内燃机，或除了内燃机之外还使用电机。电动车辆示例包括混合动力车辆(HEV)、插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV)和纯电动车辆(BEV)。
电动车辆可以配备有配置成存储用于驱动电机的电能的电池。电池在使用之前充电，并且当电池中的电能变得耗尽时再充电。
电池充电器通常用于给电池充电。在一些电动车辆中，电机可以用作发电机，其由内燃机驱动以便生成给电池充电的电能。充电使电力添加到电池中。在充电期间，很难确定何时适当量的电力已经添加回到电池中。添加太多的电力可以引起电池变得过度充电。
发明内容
根据本公开的示例性方面的一种电池充电监控方法，包括至少使用电池的容量和充电速率计算用于电池的预期充电数据、并且将实际充电数据与预期充电数据相比较以识别实际充电数据与预期充电数据之间的差异等等。
在前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，方法包括响应于比较而结束充电。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据包含预期充电时间并且实际充电数据包含实际充电时间。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，方法包括响应于预期充电时间超过实际充电时间结束充电。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含电荷数据，并且电池的充电响应于实际电荷量超过预期电荷量而终止。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含电压数据，并且电池的充电响应于实际电压超过电压的预期量而终止。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含能量数据，并且电池的充电响应于给电池充电的实际能量超过给电池充电需要的能量的预期量而终止。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据包含实质单调增加的电压，因此充电期间的电压变化实质上是非负的，并且如果电压中的变化是负的，则终止充电。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，预期充电数据包含实质单调减少的电池电流，因此充电期间电池电流的变化小于或等于零，并且如果电流的变化大于零，则终止充电。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，电池的容量包含电池的电芯的最大电压。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，电池的容量包含电池的电芯的最大电压的百分比。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，电池的容量包含电池的电芯的安培小时容量。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，方法包括使用用于计算和比较的电池充电控制器。
在任何前述电池充电监控方法的进一步非限制性实施例中，电池是车辆蓄电池。
根据本公开的示例性方面的一种电池充电系统，包括给电池充电的电池充电器；以及配置成响应于预期充电量与实际充电量的比较有选择地结束电池的充电的控制器，至少使用电池的容量和充电速率计算预期充电量。
在前述电池充电系统的进一步非限制性实施例中，实际充电量包含用电池充电器给电池充电所花费的时间的测量值。
在任何前述电池充电系统的进一步非限制性实施例中，控制器响应于预期充电量超过实际充电量有选择地结束充电。
在任何前述电池充电系统的进一步非限制性实施例中，电池是电动车辆蓄电池。
附图说明
根据具体实施方式，所公开的实例的各种特征和优势对本领域技术人员来说，将变得显而易见。伴随具体实施方式的附图可以简略地描述如下：
图1示意性地说明具有电池的电动车辆的动力传动系统。
图2示意性地说明用于使图1的电池充电的示例电池充电系统。
图3说明示例性电池充电监控方法。
图4说明另一示例性电池充电监控方法。
图5说明又一示例性电池充电监控方法。
具体实施方式
图1示意性地说明用于电动车辆12的动力传动系统10。虽然描绘为混合动力车辆(HEV)，应该理解的是这里描述的构思并不限于HEV并且能够延伸至包括但不限于插电式混合动力车辆(PHEV)和纯电动车辆(BEV)的其它电动车辆。
在一个实施例中，动力传动系统10是使用第一驱动系统和第二驱动系统的动力分配式动力传动系统。第一驱动系统包括发动机14和发电机18(即，第一电机)的组合。第二驱动系统至少包括马达22(即，第二电机)、发电机18和电池24。在这个示例中，第二驱动系统被认为是动力传动系统10的电动驱动系统28。第一和第二驱动系统生成扭矩以驱动电动车辆12的一组或多组车辆驱动轮32。
在这个示例中是内燃机的发动机14与发电机18可以通过比如行星齿轮组这样的动力传递单元36连接。当然，包括其它齿轮组和变速器的其它类型的动力传递单元，可以用于将发动机14连接至发电机18。在一个非限制性实施例中，动力传递单元36是包括环形齿轮40、太阳齿轮44和支架总成48的行星齿轮组。
发电机18可以由发动机14通过动力传递单元36驱动以使动能转换为电能。发电机18可以可选地起马达的作用以使电能转换为动能，从而输出扭矩至连接到动力传递单元36的轴52。由于发电机18可操作地连接至发动机14，发动机14的速度可以通过发电机18控制。
动力传递单元36的环形齿轮40可以连接至轴56，轴56通过第二动力传递单元60连接至车辆驱动轮32。第二动力传递单元60可以包括具有多个齿轮64的齿轮组。其它动力传递单元也可能是合适的。齿轮64传递来自发动机14的扭矩至差速器68，以最终向车辆驱动轮32提供牵引力。差速器68可以包括多个实现扭矩至车辆驱动轮32的传递的齿轮。第二动力传递单元60通过差速器68机械地耦接至轮轴72以使扭矩分配到车辆驱动轮32。
马达22(即，第二电机)还可以用于通过输出扭矩至轴78来驱动车辆驱动轮32，轴78也连接至第二动力传递单元60。在一个实施例中，马达22和发电机18配合作为再生制动系统的一部分，马达22和发电机18两者在再生制动系统中可以用作马达以输出扭矩。例如，马达22和发电机18可以各自输出电能至高电压总线82和电池24。电池24可以是能够输出电能以操作马达22和发电机18的高电压电池。其它类型的能量存储装置和/或输出装置也可以与电动车辆12一起使用。
现在参考图2并继续参考图1，当电池24中的电荷由于操作车辆12已经耗尽时，电池充电系统100用于再充电电池24。在电池24使用之前或在电池24安装在车辆12内部之前，电池充电系统100还可以用于初始地给电池24充电。电池24在充电期间可以留在车辆12中或可以从车辆移除。
电池充电系统100包括电池充电器104，电池充电器104有选择地将电池24耦接至电源108以使电池24充电至所需水平。电池充电器104包括处理器112，处理器112配置成控制选择性耦合。电池充电系统100进一步地包括控制器116，控制器116配置成控制选择性耦合以阻止使电池24过度充电。在这个实例中，处理器112是电池充电器104的一部分。控制器116与电池充电器104结构分离并且与电池充电器104不同。
当电池充电器104耦接至电池24时，电池充电器104传递来自电源108的电荷至电池24，以给电池24以及具体地给电池24的电芯120充电。使电池充电器104从电池24去耦会结束充电。
电池充电器104监控电池24以确定何时停止给电池24充电。具体地，当处理器112确定电池已经接纳充足的安培小时(A-hr)(库仑电荷)与或千瓦小时(kW-hr)，处理器112停止充电。处理器112有选择地将电池充电器104耦接至电池24以控制电池24的充电。充电的持续时间基于所需的电荷的量、电池24的容量、充电的速率等改变。在一些示例中，处理器112可能错误地确定何时停止充电，这可以导致不合需要地给电池24充电超过所需的水平。
在这个示例中，控制器116用于禁止给电池24充电超过所需的水平。控制器116监控电池24的充电并且将预期充电数据与实际充电数据相比较。控制器116响应于比较，可以停止充电或采取一些其它行动。例如，如果充电持续的时间比预期的时间长，控制器116可以停止充电。例如，预期充电数据和实际充电数据之间的差异可以表明电池24需要修复或更换。
值得注意的是，在示例系统100中，控制器116和电池充电器104(通过处理器112)两者都计算电池24的充电状态。在一些示例中，控制器116阻止电池24变得过度充电。
示例控制器116显示为与电池24和电池充电器104分离。控制器116可以放置在系统内部的其他位置，比如连接至电池24或在电池充电器104内。处理器112还能够放置在电池充电器104外面。
现在参考图3并参考图2，示例电池充电监控方法200识别实际充电数据和预期充电数据之间的差异。方法200由控制器116使用，以确定何时充电电池24以及何时不充电电池24。
预期充电数据可以包括完成充电的预期时间、完成充电之后电池24承载的预期安培小时数等。示例差异可以是实际充电时间比预期充电时间持续的长。
在方法200中，步骤204利用电池容量和充电速率来确定用于电池24的预期充电数据。
在这个示例中，电池容量是电池24能够存储的能量最大总量、安培小时数或两者。电池容量可以以车辆12(图1)的设计规范为基础。在另一示例中，电池24的容量可以是电池24能够存储的电池容量的最大总量的所需百分比。例如，给电池24充电至它的电池总容量的百分之九十是可取的。在这个示例中，用于方法200的电池容量将是电池24的总容量的百分之九十。
充电速率是从电池充电器104确定并且可以使用来自电池24的信息。充电速率表示电池充电器104使来自电源108的安培(A)或千瓦特(kW)传递至电池24的速率。
在步骤204计算预期充电数据之后，方法200在步骤208开始监控电池充电。这个步骤监控从电池充电器104至电池24的安培小时和/或千瓦小时充电速率。在其它实例中，监控可以在计算步骤204之前或与计算步骤204同时开始。
在步骤212中，控制器116将实际充电数据与来自步骤204的预期充电数据相比较。如果实际充电数据与预期充电数据不同，控制器116在步骤216中比如通过竖起警告标志作出反应。在步骤216中，控制器116还可以使电池充电器104从电池24去耦。
在又一个具体示例中，控制器116将实际充电时间与预期充电时间相比较。如果实际充电时间超过预期充电时间，控制器116启动通知技术员的标志。这种差异可以表明在系统100或车辆12内部的故障。示例故障可以包括电池24的衰减。严重的衰减可能需要更换电池。
现在参考图4，另一种示例电池充电监控方法300识别用于给电池24充电至所需电压的实际安培小时和预期安培小时之间的差异。方法300还识别用于给电池24充电至所需电压的实际时间和预期时间之间的差异。
在方法300中，当给电池24充电至所需水平时，在步骤304中的计算利用电池24的容量和与电池充电器104有关的充电速率来确定电池的预期容量。在步骤308中，方法300计算给电池24充电至所需电压需要的预期时间。
在示例方法300中，电池24的容量是电池24能够存储的最大总容量。该容量可以以车辆12(图1)的设计规范为基础。在另一示例中，电池的容量可以是电池24能够存储的最大总容量的所需百分比。例如，给电池充电至它的最大总容量的百分之六十是可取的。在这个示例中，用于方法300的电池容量将是电池24的最大总容量的百分之六十。
然后，在步骤312中，方法300识别电池24可能已经具有部分电荷，然后计算给电池24充电至它的容量之后电池将容纳的预期总容量。方法300认识到在充电期间可能有一些能量损失、传感器性能中有局限性等，并且添加增量容量到预期的充电容量中。方法300在步骤316开始给电池充电。
方法300在步骤324中计算Pdt(kW-hr)和Idt(A-hrs)的积分。在这个示例中，这些计算是在充电期间实时更新的运行计算(runningcalculation)。电池24的电芯120上的电压升高(或开路电压)是Pdt和Idt的积分的函数。方法300，在步骤326中判定电压是否大于或等于所需电压。如果电压大于或等于所需电压，方法在步骤328中结束充电。
在步骤330中，来自步骤324的实际千瓦小时和实际安培小时实时地与来自步骤312和316的预期的充电速率值相比较。如果实际值中的一个大于预期值，方法300在步骤332中竖起警告标志。如果没有一个实际值大于预期值，方法300不采取行动并且电池充电器104继续监控电池24的充电。
在步骤338中的警告标志可以采取许多形式。例如，警告标志可能是通知技术员预期Pdt和Idt与实际Pdt和Idt之间的差异的内部警报。
在连续充电期间，如果方法300持续竖起警告标志，方法可以启动比如驾驶员可看见的视觉警告这样的另一类型的警告。例如，如果给电池充电十次并且那些充电中的每次都导致警告标志，方法300可以启动视觉警告。
现在参考图5，另一示例电池充电监控方法400用于给电池(或电池的电芯)充电。根据在监控期间发现的信息，方法400在结束充电时可以通知使用者与电池有关的故障状况。可选地，方法400可以仅仅结束充电(没有识别任何故障状况)。
在这个示例中，方法400在步骤410中计算需要给电池充电的预期安培小时(I-hr最大值)和能量(按照kW-hrs)。可能用于计算这些预期值的因素包括电池的充电状态、容量、温度、寿命、最大电压、电阻等。另一因素可能是用于电池的特定充电策略。
电池(以及电池的电芯)通常具有已知的输入电阻R。如果输入电阻不是已知的，本领域技术人员和本公开的受益人员将能够确定电阻R。
在步骤410中计算预期值之后，方法400向下继续第一路径420或第二路径430。第一路径420利用恒功率充电(Pk)给电池充电。可选的第二路径430利用恒电流充电(Ik)给电池充电。步骤414描绘了这个选择。在一些实例中，使用者可以在步骤414中作出选择。
参考第一路径420，充电在步骤440中开始。在充电期间，然后在步骤444中监控实际电池电压(Vb)和实际电池电流(Ib)。利用这些实际值，方法400在步骤448中计算实际功率(P)、实际能量(int(Pdt))、安培小时(int(Idt))、增量V和增量I。可以领会的是，能量(kW-hr)可以表示为int(V*Idt)，并且安培小时表示为int(Idt)。
在这个示例中，电池的渐增的电荷引起它的电压单调地增加，因此增量V是非负的。由于使用相对的恒功率充电，并且由于P＝V*I，电压单调地增加表明电流在充电期间单调地减少，因此增量I小于或等于零。
然后在步骤452中检测到来自电压的实质单调增加、电流的实质单调减少或两者的波动。在充电期间，如果实际电压减少或实际电流增加，则假定有与电池有关的错误。然后在步骤456中停止充电并且通知操作者故障状况。
如果没有这样的波动，方法400继续至步骤460。在步骤460中，如果实际电池电压大于或等于预期电压的最大值，在步骤466中停止充电。同样，在步骤460中，如果实际安培小时大于与图4的步骤316中相同的安培小时最大值，在步骤466中停止充电。此外，在步骤460中，如果至电池的能量(kW-hr-I2R损耗)大于估计的电池需要的能量值，方法400在步骤466中停止充电。
参考以电流控制充电为基础的第二路径430，充电在步骤470中开始。然后在步骤474中监控实际电池电压。由于第二路径430表示电流控制的充电，Ib是已知的。利用来自步骤474的监控值，方法400在步骤478中计算功率(P)、能量(int(Pdt))、安培小时(int(Idt))和增量V。
由于在相对的恒定电流下给示例电池充电，电压应该一直增加。如果在步骤482中检测到增量V小于零，方法400假定有一些与电池有关的错误。然后在步骤456中停止充电并且通知操作者故障状况。
如果增量V大于或等于零，方法400继续至步骤486。在步骤486中，方法400判定用于充电的电压是否大于或等于预期电压的最大值。如果用于充电的电压大于或等于预期电压的最大值，在步骤466中结束充电。同样，在步骤486中，如果实际安培小时大于预期安培小时或如果至电池的能量(kW-hr-I2R损耗)大于电池需要的估计的能量值，方法400在步骤466中结束充电。
在本公开的一些实例中，响应于实际测量数据与预期(或计算的)数据之间的比较，充电可以自动地终止。在一个更具体的示例中，充电需要的实际安培小时超过充电需要的计算的安培小时，自动地终止充电。在另一示例中，传递至电芯的实际能量超过计算的需要能量，自动地终止充电。在其它示例中，对于功率控制或电流控制的充电，如果电池的增量V小于零，终止充电。在又一示例中，对于功率控制的充电，如果电池的增量I是正的，终止充电。如果电池的电压大于用于电池的计算的最大电压，也可以终止充电。
本公开的特征是实时监控电池故障，加上可能基于最大电压、安培小时最大值和千瓦小时最大值来确定充电的自然结束。
尽管不同的非限制性实施例已经描述为具有具体的组件或步骤，本公开的实施例不局限于那些特定的组合。使用来自任何非限制性实施例的组件或特征与来自任何其它非限制性实施例的特征或组件的结合，是可能的。此外，除非另有说明，步骤可以以任何顺序执行。
前述描述本质上是示例性的而不是限制性的。对公开的实例的未必背离本公开的本质的变化和修改，对于本领域技术人员来说将变得显而易见。因此，给予本公开的法律保护范围仅能通过研究下面的权利要求来确定。

Claims (14)

1.一种电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，包含：
至少使用电池的容量和充电速率来计算用于电池的预期充电数据；以及
将实际充电数据与预期充电数据相比较，以识别实际充电数据和预期充电数据之间的差异。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，包括响应于比较而结束充电。
3.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据包含预期充电时间，并且实际充电数据包含实际充电时间。
4.根据权利要求3所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，包括响应于预期充电时间超过实际充电时间结束充电。
5.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含电荷数据，并且电池的充电响应于实际电荷量超过预期电荷量而终止。
6.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含电压数据，并且电池的充电响应于实际电压超过电压的预期量而终止。
7.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据和实际充电数据包含能量数据，并且电池的充电响应于给电池充电的实际能量超过给电池充电需要的能量的预期量而终止。
8.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据包含实质单调增加的电压，因此充电期间的电压变化实质上是非负的，并且如果电压变化是负的，则终止充电。
9.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，预期充电数据包含实质上单调减少的电池电流，因此充电期间的电池电流的变化小于或等于零，并且如果电流的变化大于零，则终止充电。
10.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，电池的容量包含电池的电芯的最大电压。
11.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，电池的容量包含用于电池的电芯的最大电压的百分比。
12.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，电池的容量包含用于电池电芯的安培小时容量。
13.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，包括使用用于计算和比较的电池充电控制器。
14.根据权利要求1所述的电池充电监控方法，其特征在于，电池是车辆蓄电池。
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