CN104292155A - 放射性标记的试剂和方法 - Google Patents

放射性标记的试剂和方法 Download PDF

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CN104292155A
CN104292155A CN201410441411.4A CN201410441411A CN104292155A CN 104292155 A CN104292155 A CN 104292155A CN 201410441411 A CN201410441411 A CN 201410441411A CN 104292155 A CN104292155 A CN 104292155A
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D.E.奥尔伯格
J.M.阿鲁克维
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于生物分子、特别是肽的[18F]-氟化的试剂和方法。得到的18F-标记化合物可用作放射性药物,具体地说用于正电子发射断层摄影(PET)中。

Description

放射性标记的试剂和方法
本申请是以下申请的分案申请:申请日:2010年3月22日;申请号:201080013540.3(PCT/US2010/028078);发明名称:“放射性标记的试剂和方法”。
本发明涉及用于生物分子、特别是肽的[18F]-氟化的试剂和方法。得到的18F-标记化合物可用作放射性药物,具体地说用于正电子发射断层摄影(PET)中。
放射性标记生物活性肽用于诊断成像的应用在核医学领域中日益受到重视。与特定细胞类型选择性地相互作用的生物活性分子可用于向靶组织递送放射性。例如,放射性标记肽具有向肿瘤、梗塞和感染组织递送放射性核素的用于诊断成像和放射疗法的重大潜力。半衰期为约110分钟的18F为选择用于许多受体成像研究的正电子发射核素。因此,18F-标记生物活性肽因其在PET中的效用而在定量检测和表征多种疾病中具有巨大的临床潜力。
制备18F-标记肽的一个困难是现有的18F-标记试剂的制备很耗时。用18F对肽和蛋白质的有效标记只有通过使用合适的辅基才能完成。在文献中提供了多种这样的辅基,包括4-[18F]氟苯甲酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯、间马来酰亚氨基-N-(对-[18F]氟苄基)-苯甲酰胺、N-(对-[18F]氟苯基)马来酰亚胺和4-[18F]氟苯甲酰甲基溴。现在用18F标记肽和蛋白质的普遍使用的几乎所有方法都利用活性酯。最常用的18F-标记试剂为4-[18F]氟苯甲酸N-琥珀酰亚氨基酯(SFB)。SFB受如下缺点所困:其需要3个合成步骤来制备(氟化、水解和产生活性酯),接着是耗时的HPLC纯化步骤,因此SFB的制备难以自动化。此外,在标记试剂中苯环的存在增加了18F-标记产物的显著疏水性,这可不利地影响其生物分布特性。因此,仍然需要允许在温和条件下将18F迅速地化学选择性地引入特别是肽中以得到18F-标记产物的供选的18F-标记试剂和方法。另外,还存在对能够在临床条件下自动操作以便利放射性药物制备的这类方法的需求。
根据本发明的第一方面,提供式(I)化合物:
一方面,18F标记物连接到吡啶基氮的邻位,使得式(I)化合物具有式(Ia):
式(I)和(Ia)的化合物将增加对于18F-标记生物分子的显著优势。式(I)和(Ia)的化合物可在一个步骤中进行18F-标记,标记是在接近室温下快速进行,纯化可用基于柱的系统(例如Oasis MCX管柱)进行,这使得更易于自动化。并且,已知吡啶系统的亲水性比苄基类似物高,因此预期增加了对18F-产物的生物分布特性的积极影响。如下文说明,已经发现在18F-标记期间四氟苯酯比其他活性酯稳定。
式(I)和(Ia)的化合物可由相应的式(II)化合物或其盐制备,
其中L为选自氯、溴、碘、硝基和三(C1-6烷基)铵(合适地为三甲基铵)的离去基团。这类式(II)化合物为新化合物,因此形成本发明的另一方面。
一方面,式(II)化合物中的L为三(C1-6烷基)铵(合适地为三甲基铵),其中合适的反荷离子选自来源于以下物质的离子:无机酸,例如盐酸、氢溴酸、磷酸、偏磷酸、高氯酸、硝酸和硫酸;有机酸,例如酒石酸、三氟乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、乳酸、富马酸、苯甲酸、乙醇酸、葡糖酸、琥珀酸、甲烷磺酸、三氟甲烷磺酸和对甲苯磺酸;合适地选自氯离子、溴离子、高氯酸根离子、磺酸根离子、硝酸根离子、磷酸根离子和三氟甲烷磺酸根离子,更合适地为三氟甲烷磺酸根反荷离子。
一方面,式(II)化合物为:
其中X-为如上定义的反荷离子,且优选为三氟甲烷磺酸根离子。
由相应的式(II)化合物或其盐制备式(I)化合物可通过标准18F标记方法进行。[18F]氟化物方便地使用(p,n)-核反应由富18O水制备(Guillaume等,Appl.Radiat.Isot.42(1991)749-762)且通常作为诸如Na18F、K18F、Cs18F、[18F]氟化四烷基铵或[18F]氟化四烷基鏻的盐而分离。为了增加[18F]氟化物的反应性,可加入诸如氨基聚醚或例如4,7,13,16,21,24-六氧杂-1,10-二氮杂双环[8,8,8]二十六烷(Kryptofix2.2.2)的冠醚的相转移催化剂且在合适溶剂中进行反应。这些条件给出反应性氟离子。任选可使用自由基捕集剂以提高氟化产率,这点在WO 2005/061415中有述。术语“自由基捕集剂”定义为与自由基相互作用且使其钝化的任何试剂。用于该目的的合适自由基捕集剂可选自2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-N-氧化物(TEMPO)、1,2-二苯基乙烯(DPE)、抗坏血酸、对氨基苯甲酸(PABA)、α-生育酚、氢醌、二-叔丁基苯酚、β-胡萝卜素和龙胆酸。
用[18F]氟化物对式(II)化合物的处理可在诸如乙腈、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲亚砜、二甲基乙酰胺、四氢呋喃、二烷、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、环丁砜、N-甲基吡咯烷酮的合适有机溶剂存在下或在诸如咪唑衍生物(例如,六氟磷酸1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑)、比啶衍生物(例如,四氟硼酸1-丁基-4-甲基吡啶)、化合物或四烷基铵化合物的离子液体中在例如15℃-50℃的非极端温度下、优选在诸如15℃-30℃、例如18℃-25℃的周围温度左右下进行
式(II)化合物和其盐可由诸如6-氯-烟酸的市售原料制备。整个工艺的产率良好(>50%)。步骤包括用例如通过二环己基碳化二亚胺(DCC)活化的四氟苯酚酯化、通过用三甲胺在四氢呋喃(THF)中的饱和溶液处理活性6-氯烟酸-酯产生三甲基铵盐和用三氟甲磺酸银产生三氟甲烷磺酸盐。
在制备式(I)化合物之后,其可以通过标准方法纯化,通常使用例如用Oasis MCXTM管柱的固相提取,式(I)化合物可使用合适的有机溶剂/水混合物以良好的纯度从Oasis MCXTM管柱中洗脱。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供用于18F-氟化的方法,其包括使式(I)化合物与式(III)化合物反应:
以得到式(IV)的18F-产物:
式(I)化合物与式(III)化合物的反应可在合适溶剂中、例如在水性缓冲液中在2-11、合适地3-11的pH范围下且在5-70℃的非极端温度下、优选在周围温度下进行。
在式(III)和(IV)中,用于标记的合适生物分子为肽,其可包括促生长素抑制素类似物,诸如抑生长肽、铃蟾肽、血管活性肠肽、趋化肽类似物、α-促黑激素、神经降压肽、Arg-Gly-Asp肽及其类似物、人胰岛素原连接肽、内皮缩血管肽、血管紧张肽和甲酰基-正亮氨酰基-亮氨酰基-苯丙氨酰基-正亮氨酰基-酪氨酰基-赖氨酸。用于标记的优选肽为Arg-Gly-Asp肽及其类似物,诸如WO 01/77415和WO03/006491中描述的肽。优选的肽包含以下片段:
在一个特别的方面,式(III)或(IV)中的生物分子为式(A)的肽:
其中X7为-NH2
其中a为1-10的整数,优选a为1。
技术人员将了解,本发明的方法也可用于诸如蛋白、激素、低聚核苷酸和抗体片段的其他生物分子以及小型药物样分子的18F-氟化以提供多种PET示踪剂。
式(III)化合物可通过肽合成、例如固相肽合成的标准方法(例如,如Atherton E.和Sheppard,R.C.;“Solid Phase Synthesis(固相合成)”;IRL Press:Oxford,1989中所述)来制备。在式(III)化合物中引入伯氨基团可通过肽的N或C-末端或利用肽序列内所含的一些其他官能团的反应完成,其修饰不影响载体的结合特性。伯氨基团优选通过形成由肽的胺官能团与活化酸的反应形成的稳定酰胺键引入且在肽合成期间或在肽合成之后引入。在前体为酸时,伯胺可使用诸如六氟磷酸2-(1H-苯并三唑-1-基)-1,1,3,3-四甲基脲(HBTU)或六氟磷酸N-[(二甲基氨基)-1H-1,2,3-三唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-1-基亚甲基]-N-甲基甲铵N-氧化物(HATU)的原位活化剂引入。
现在将仅举例说明本发明。
实施例
实施例1.合成6-氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯
2-三甲基铵基烟酸的2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚(Tfp)活性酯从6-氯烟酸(Sigma-Aldrich)开始分三个步骤合成。6-氯烟酸(3g,19mmol)用被在50mL二烷中的二环己基碳化二亚胺(DCC)(3,96,19mmol)活化的2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚(3,25mg,19mmol)酯化,随后从己烷中结晶,得到6-氯烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚酯,产率为73%。通过在三甲胺的四氢呋喃(THF)(15mL)饱和溶液中处理(连续鼓泡2小时)活性6-氯烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酚酯(1g,3,27mmol)产生三甲基铵盐,反荷离子为氯离子,产率为45%。可过滤去掉未反应的物质,因为盐从四氢呋喃溶液中沉淀出来。三氟甲磺酸酯盐的产生可以两种方法完成:相应氯化物盐用在乙腈中的1.2摩尔过量的三氟甲磺酸银处理或者用三氟甲烷磺酸三甲基甲硅烷酯处理。后者是优选的选择,因为处理更简单且不需要制备型色谱。两种方法都几乎是定量的。
合成的前体(9.2mg)最初通过在乙腈(0.7ml)中的K222(10mg)和KF(1.1mg)用19F标记。19F与Tfp酯的反应使用1H-NMR在乙腈-d6中在27℃下研究来分析反应动力学和所形成的杂质。
比较实施例
2-三甲基铵基烟酸的N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)酯由6-氯烟酸合成且通过与上述方法类似的方法用19F标记。
结果:
两种酯都以良好产率合成(>30%,原料为6-氯烟酸)且在室温下在乙腈中与氟化物容易地反应。NHS-酯比Tpf-酯更倾向于水解,因此不进一步评价。通过1H-NMR经30分钟对反应Tfp-酯的研究显示,在室温下迅速结合氟化物,2.5分钟之后,32%的原料转化为所要的氟化产物。在一组实验中,70%的氟化产物在小于20分钟内得到。两种烟酸衍生物被确定为伴随所要产物的副产物。
实施例2:6-氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯与官能化RGD肽的反应
实施例1的氟化产物(1mg)与适当官能化的RGD肽(5mg,如WO01/77415和WO 03/006491中所述制备)在乙腈∶磷酸钠0.1M,pH 9的1∶1溶液(总计3mL)中的反应得到如由LC-MS所分析的所要产物。LC-MS条件:Phenomenex Luna C18(2)3μ2x50mm,流动相A:水/0.1%三氟乙酸(TFA),流动相B:乙腈/0.1%TFA,流速:0,6mL/min,10-30%B,5分钟。保留时间(Rt)=3.42min,M+H+(预期值:1381.5,实验值:1381.6)。
实施例3:6-[ 18 F]氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯的放射合成
将含水[18F]氟化物(至多150MBq)在15mg Krytptofix 222和3mg碳酸氢钾(KHCO3)存在下在N2下加热到100℃来共沸干燥9分钟。在此期间,加入2x1mL乙腈并使其蒸发。在冷却到40℃之后,加入甲烷磺酸三甲基-[5-(2,3,5,6-四氟苯氧基羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-铵(7mg,在1mL乙腈中)。将反应容器加热到40℃保持10分钟以进行标记。在与冷的参考标准物共注入(co-injection)的情况下,使粗反应混合物进行放射-HPLC(高效液相色谱)和放射-TLC(薄层色谱),以证实产生了目标18F-化合物。如通过放射-TLC(n=3)分析,结合产率通常为50-80%。
放射-TLC:预涂的硅胶板60F254(Merck),梯度正己烷/乙酸乙酯50∶50。使用瞬时成像器(Packard BioScience)来测量TLC-板上的放射性分布。Rf:0,65。
放射-HPLC:分析型放射-HPLC在具有与γ-检测器(Bioscanflow-count)串联装备的UV检测的Agilent系统(1100系列)上进行。Phenomenex Luna C18(2)管柱(150x4.6mm,5μm),流速:1.0mL/min,梯度:20-80%B,20min。(将在214nm和254nm下的UV检测与γ-检测器组合)。Rt:14,4min。
纯化
将在2mL乙腈中的含有[18F]氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯的粗反应混合物用蒸馏水稀释到30%乙腈。使水溶液通过Oasis MCX plus柱(根据制造商的介绍调节)。随后用5mL蒸馏水漂洗柱。随后用100%乙腈使纯化的产物从管柱中洗脱,放射化学纯度大于90%。所有剩下的未反应的前体甲烷磺酸三甲基-[5-(2,3,5,6-四氟苯氧基羰基)-吡啶-2-基]-铵保留在柱上。
实施例4:6-[ 18 F]氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯与具有游离氨基官能 团的环状RGD-肽的缀合
向纯化的6-[18F]氟-烟酸2,3,5,6-四氟苯酯在1.5mL乙腈/水的1∶1溶液中的溶液中加入溶解于1mL的乙腈和0.1M NaHPO4的1∶1溶液中的3mg适当官能化的RGD肽(Mw:1258.47)。将pH为9的所得混合物加热到40℃。30分钟之后,将混合物的小等分试样用放射-HPLC分析。放射性色谱图显示以超过65%的产率转化为所要产物。产物与其19F-参考标准物共洗脱。
放射-HPLC:分析型放射-HPLC在具有与γ-检测器(Bioscanflow-count)串联装备的UV检测的Agilent系统(1100系列)上进行。Phenomenex Luna C18(2)管柱(150x4.6mm,5μm),流速:1.0mL/min,梯度:0-40%B,20min。(将在214nm和254nm下的UV检测与γ-检测器组合)。Rt:10.0min。

Claims (4)

1.式(II)化合物或其盐:
其中L为选自氯、溴、碘、硝基和三(C1-6烷基)铵的离去基团。
2. 权利要求1的式(II)化合物或其盐,其中所述三(C1-6烷基)铵为三甲基铵。
3.权利要求1的式(II)化合物或其盐,其中L为三(C1-6烷基)铵。
4. 权利要求3的式(II)化合物或其盐,其中L为三甲基铵。
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