CN104271710B - 一种从炼厂燃料气流回收低压气和冷凝物的方法 - Google Patents

一种从炼厂燃料气流回收低压气和冷凝物的方法 Download PDF

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CN104271710B
CN104271710B CN201380024717.3A CN201380024717A CN104271710B CN 104271710 B CN104271710 B CN 104271710B CN 201380024717 A CN201380024717 A CN 201380024717A CN 104271710 B CN104271710 B CN 104271710B
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CN104271710A (zh
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J·洛伦索
M·米利亚尔
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1304342 Alberta Ltd
1304338 Alberta Ltd
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Abstract

一种从炼厂气流回收烯烃和C2 +组分的方法。炼厂采用的传统回收方法为使用由外部制冷系统辅助的压缩和膨胀的用溶剂和低温技术的吸收。与已知方法不同的是，首先在将进气流输入在线混合器的进料管线上提供一个预冷的换热器，其次在分馏器上游注入并混合LNG流来冷凝C2 +组分。进入分馏器的气流的温度在在线混合器下游被监测。LNG流得到温度控制以穿过注入口与进料气混合，温度的控制允许其进入分馏器前对C2 +实施冷凝。通过控制LNG流来保持分馏器顶部的温度。分馏底部温度由循环再沸器流控制。

Description

一种从炼厂燃料气流回收低压气和冷凝物的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种使用液化天然气(LNG)的低温处理工艺从炼厂内的燃料气集合管(header)中冷凝和回收低压气(LPG)和冷凝物的方法。
背景技术
炼厂加工原油会首先将其分成一定范围的多种成分，或馏分，然后将其重整以更好地根据市场需求匹配每种馏分的产率。石油馏分包括重油和用来生产沥青或石油焦的残留物，中间范围材料如柴油、加热油、航空燃料和汽油，以及轻质产品如丁烷、丙烷和燃料气。炼厂的设计和运行使得在燃料气的生产与消耗之间具有平衡。在正常的操作条件下，产出的全部气体基本上都被送到炼厂的燃料气系统内，用于炼厂的加热器和锅炉等燃烧设备。燃料气在炼厂被消耗之前，它将首先进行胺处理以在燃烧前除去二氧化碳和硫化氢。经过处理的典型炼厂燃气系统的配置是通过导入的天然气来弥补净燃料需求，以维持燃气集气管的压力。这提供了一个保持系统平衡的简单方法，只要燃气需求超过产出气体的体积。
一个典型的炼厂燃料气流富含氢、C2 +和烯烃。众所周知，气流可以被分成其组成部分，包括低温、膨胀和蒸馏，以将甲烷与较重烃组分分开。采用炼厂燃料气低温处理工艺回收有价值的产品(氢、烯烃和LPG)是炼油工业的标准做法。在实践中低温工艺通过对燃料气集合管压力再压缩的涡轮膨胀或者机械方式制冷。其它方式已经使用隔膜首先分离并产生氢气流和烃流。在这些低温机械制冷方法中，有必要进行压缩，因为典型的燃气集合管压力为60至200psi之间不等。
因此，希望有一种将炼厂燃气流的C2 +馏分作为增值产品进行有效分离的方法。低温分离通常被视为是热效率最高的分离技术。当可以从其它产品(烯烃、低压气)中获取更高价值时，特别是在从燃气集合管系统中去除BTU至关重要的情况下，低温分离是首选方式之一。正如即将讨论的，本发明方法可用于经济地从炼厂燃料气中得到高产物回收率，无论在资本投资，还是在运行成本方面。该方法既不需要外来补给，也不需要产品压缩，因此可靠率高，泵是唯一的旋转设备。此外，本发明方法提供了调节炼厂气可变压力和组成的能力。
发明内容
本发明提供一种从经过处理的炼厂燃气流中冷却和冷凝C2 +组分的方法。首先通过空气冷却翅扇换热器将燃料气冷却至环境温度，其次在板翅式换热器内将燃料气流预冷，接着通过添加和混合足够的液化天然气(LNG)以满足炼厂燃料气流中C2 +馏分所需要的露点。冷却后的炼厂燃料气流分成C2 +馏分和C1 -馏分。冷C1 -馏分流经板翅式换热器，以在进入燃气系统之前通过预冷步骤失去冻态。C2 +馏分可被进入到一个分馏单元，用于产物分离。该方法可以根据通过控制分馏器与添加液化天然气(LNG)的温度分布来满足各种操作模式，例如C2 +馏分和C3 +馏分流等。目前，石油化工行业对于回收乙烷作为原料十分重视。
在一个优选的实施方案中，提供了一种从含有氢和C1、C2、C3 +烃的含烃炼厂燃料气流中回收C2 +馏分的方法，包括：
首先在空气换热器中将经处理的炼厂燃料气流冷却至环境温度，或者也可以使用冷却水换热器。
其次作为分馏底部的再沸器和顶部流的冷凝器在冷箱中对燃料气流进行预冷。
第三，预冷却的燃料气流与控制的LNG流混合，以达到从燃料气流中冷凝所需的液体所需要的温度。液体和气体的混合物进入一个分馏器，从中将气体和液体分离。液体馏分通过再沸器循环并返回到塔中，以除去流中的轻馏分。由LNG的控制回流从气馏分提取较重的组分。输出时产生的冷蒸气对工艺燃料气进行预冷，并令其在进入燃料气集气管之前失去冷能。
本发明方法的一个主要特征是能够在炼厂流速、进料组成和压力不断变化的条件下运行。炼厂燃料气流是可变的，因为它们是从多个单元给料。本发明的方法可以适应任何炼厂工艺设备的变化，其在炼厂燃料气系统中并不少见。该方法不依赖于工厂制冷规模和/或例如在常规石油气回收过程中使用的压缩机等设备。
制冷设备起到供应LNG的作用，LNG被添加并直接与炼厂燃料气混合，以达到最大传热效率。添加LNG的量根据满足产品规格的需要控制。然而，在传统的LPG低温回收设备，气体组成对所需的压缩马力的量有直接影响；由于拥有较高的重质组分，高热值天然气通常比低热值天然气需要更多的马力来实现同等的回收效率。入口压力下降时，需要更大的传热面积来实现冷箱内相同的回收率，再者，回收乙烷比回收丙烷需要更大的换热面积，因为冷却气体达到所需的温度需要转换更多的能量。
本发明方法的另一个好处是对炼厂燃料气流的改进，燃料气流露点的减小显著提高了冬季操作效率。因此，与烃冷凝相关的安全问题和操作困难被排除。
如将在下文中说明的，上述方法可以在任何炼厂燃料气运行条件下运行，从而大大节省了投资和运行费用。
上述方法是鉴于使用LNG低温处理炼厂的燃料气流，从中回收LPG而开发的。
本发明提供一个液化气回收设备，其包括将炼厂燃料气流冷却至环境温度，通过与分馏装置底部和顶部流交叉交换方式预冷炼厂燃料气，添加并混合LNG以直接冷却和冷凝所需的液体馏分，产生进入分馏单元的两相流。分馏单元布置在顶端塔板，而LNG作为回流按需求提供。在分馏单元底部提供再沸器以从底部流中分馏轻馏分。分馏单元中的塔板提供额外的分馏和换热作用，从而促进分离。分馏器产生两个流，液体流(LPG)和非常冷的蒸汽流。
如下文中进一步描述的那样，炼厂进料气首先被冷却到环境温度，其次，经环境冷却的炼厂进料气流由分馏器底部再沸器流与分馏器顶部冷蒸气流在逆流流动状态下预冷。对于预冷却的炼厂进料气流，添加LNG流并与炼厂进料气混合，以满足所选择的分馏单元操作温度。分馏器顶部温度由LNG回流控制。分馏器底部温度则是通过循环再沸器流控制。
附图说明
这些及其它特征将从下面的描述中(并参考附图)变得更加明显，附图仅用于说明的目的，并且不旨在以任何方式将本发明范围限制于所示的特定实施方案，其中：
图1为配备了换热器、在线混合器、LNG储存箱(bullet)、泵和分馏器的气液回收设施示意图。LNG供给至两个位置：在线混合器和分馏器的回流。
图2为工艺有变化的气液回收设施示意图，其中LNG仅作为回流添加。
图3为工艺有变化的气液回收设施示意图，其中LNG仅添加到进料气中并在分馏之前混合。
具体实施方式
该方法描述参考图1
正如上文所述，该方法有鉴于从典型炼厂燃料气流低温回收C2 +馏分而开发。因此，该方法的应用描述应被作为一个实施例考虑。
如图1所示，炼厂进料气流1在翅片扇空气换热器2内被冷却至环境温度。环境冷却炼厂进料气流3进入换热器(冷箱)4。换热器(冷箱)容纳再沸器盘管10和顶部冷凝器盘管13。流3，首先通过盘管10逆流流动方式在循环再沸器流9中冷却，这种逆流换热，提供给分馏底部流所需的热源，同时冷却炼厂进气气流。控制再沸器的再循环流9进料速率，以满足分馏器底部的需求。炼厂进料气体流以逆流流动过盘管13的方式通过提取分馏器顶部流12而再次冷却，该逆流换热基本上冷却了炼厂进料气流。预冷却的炼厂进料气流5从换热器器(冷箱)4排出，并流经在线混合器6，在该在线混合器6中LNG流21根据需要被添加并混合，以满足流7的所选流温度。两相温度所控制的流7，进入分馏器8以产生蒸气和液体流。在这种操作模式下，分馏器8的顶部蒸气流12主要是C1 -馏分。分馏器8顶部温度由LNG回流22控制。分馏器8中的塔板提供额外的分馏和换热从而便于分离。分馏器8的底部温度通过循环液体流9控制，并通过换热器(冷箱)4中的盘管10取得热源，被加热的循环底部流11被送回分馏器8的上底部分，以提取其轻质馏分。分馏液体流16主要为C2 +馏分，它作为分馏器8的底部流排出用于进一步分馏，即：脱乙烷器，脱丙烷器等。
在该方法中使用的制冷剂为LNG，存储于储罐17中。LNG通过LNG进料管线18加入LNG泵19。加压的LNG流20通过流21供应LNG给在线混合器6。LNG流21的流速被控制，以满足所选择的两相流7的温度。流21在在线6处添加并与预冷却的炼厂气流5混合，以产生所需要的温度两相流7。LNG加压流21也为进入分馏器8中顶端塔板的回流22提供LNG。LNG回流22控制在分馏器8顶部的温度。
该方法的主要特征是其工艺简单，并无需使用压缩和膨胀和/或外部制冷系统。另一个特征是该方法满足不同操作条件的灵活性，因为只需根据需要加入LNG来实现工艺操作参数。由于没有如传统低温工艺使用压缩或外部制冷设备，本发明还提供了显著的节能效益。所提出的方法可以在任何规模的炼厂燃料气工厂应用。
参照图2，与图1的主要区别，是去除在线混合器6。在此工艺模式下，LNG仅作为回流被添加至分馏器8的顶端塔板。炼厂进料气流5进入分馏器8的温度完全依赖于在换热器(冷箱)4处的预冷却。分馏器8的操作中，底部是由一个循环再沸器流量流9控制，通过盘管10，被加热的流11流回到分馏器8的上底部分，正如图1所示。分馏器8顶部的温度由LNG回流22控制。分馏器8中的塔板提供额外的分馏和换热从而便于离析。该工艺取向提供分馏炼厂进料气的替代方法，尽管相对与图1所示的在线混合器6使用方法相比效率较低。
参照图3，与图1和图2的主要区别是去除至分馏器8顶部的回流，以及从分馏器8的底部去除循环再沸器流。在这种操作模式中，分馏器8成为一个简单的气/液分离器，其中蒸气和液体流都不分馏。这种操作简单模式使得LPG得到回收，并减小用于燃烧的炼厂燃气露点。
参照图4，与图1、图2和图3的主要区别是加入了换热器(冷箱)23，其容纳盘管24、32和36、在线混合器27、LNG添加管线26和分离器29。在此方法模式中，LNG也经由在线混合器27以冷凝C2 -馏分，并使其与H2馏分在容器29中分离。目标是回收富H2流31，其可以在炼厂再利用，或者送至PSA单元用于在炼厂中进一步纯化和使用。换热器(冷箱)23的加入提供了从流30和31回收冷能的能力，并将此冷能经由盘管32、36和24转移至流12。通过经由流26添加LNG至混合器27来提供冷却流25所需的能量。现冷却的流28进入分离器29，以分离H2馏分和C1 -馏分。冷凝馏分流30离开分离器29并进入换热器23，经由盘管36释放一些其冷能，继续在换热器4上经由盘管37释放其剩余的冷能，并经由流38至燃料气集合管15。气态馏分流31离开分离器29并进入换热器23，经由盘管32释放一些其冷能，继续在换热器4上经由盘管34释放其剩余的冷能，并至氢气回收集合管35。该工艺取向提供回收并分馏炼厂进料气中有价值组分的替代方法，主要是H2、C2 +和C2 -馏分，主要区别是额外回收H2。
在本专利文献中，术语“包括”是用在其非限制性意义下，表示该术语后的项目都包括在内，但没有具体提到的项目并不被排除。不定冠词被引用的元素“一/一个”不排除一个以上的元素的存在，除非上下文明确的表明有一个且仅有一个元素。
所附权利要求应被理解为以上具体说明和描述的、概念上相当的、以及明显代替的。权利要求的范围不应由实施例所阐述的优选实施方案限制，而应给予与整体描述一致的广泛解释。

Claims (2)

1.一种从炼厂气回收C2 +馏分的方法，该方法包括：
将原油通过炼厂加工以产生至少烃液体和进料气流；
提供换热器、在线气体混合器、LNG储藏罐、分馏器和再沸器，用于后炼厂加工所述进料气流；
引导由炼厂加工得到的进料气流经由换热器以冷却气态烃；
引导离开换热器的经冷却的进料气流至位于换热器下游的在线气体混合器；
提供来自LNG源的第一LNG流至在线气体混合器，用于与气态烃混合，以降低气态烃的温度；
引导离开在线气体混合器的与LNG混合的进料气流至位于在线混合器下游的分馏器；
提供来自LNG源的第二LNG流至分馏器的顶部作为回流；
控制第一LNG流至在线气体混合器，以维持与LNG混合的进料气流以恒定温度进入分馏器，所述恒定温度能够冷凝气态烃流中存在的C2 +馏分；
控制用作回流的第二LNG流，以控制分馏器的顶部温度；以及
通过经由再沸器循环的流动控制循环气流来控制分馏器底部的温度。
2.权利要求1的方法，其中通过使分馏器的蒸汽馏分流经换热器，使所述换热器的冷却侧被冷却。
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