CN104196007A - Afforestation method applied to arid areas and semi-arid areas - Google Patents
Afforestation method applied to arid areas and semi-arid areas Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an afforestation method applied to arid areas and semi-arid areas. The method is environmentally friendly and low in cost and is a novel plant growing method which aims to solve the technical problems of high cost and low efficiency of growing plants in a desert. The method for growing plants in the desert mainly comprises the steps of selecting an area needing afforestation, conducting digging and filling, making ridge cells, laying an impermeable layer, piling up soil, laying a water isolation film, and growing plants. According to the method, by changing the soil structure and laying the impermeable layer and the water isolation film, water is preserved in soil for plant growth. The afforestation method applied to arid areas and semi-arid areas is easy to implement and high in generalization performance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the greening method of a kind of arid, semiarid zone, belong to greening vegetation field.
Background technology
Desert refer to ground completely by sand cover, plant is very rare, rainfall is rare, " sand curtain " also made, drought and water shortage, the area of plant rareness in air dried uncultivated area, desert.It is reported, China is in the world subject to desertification hazard the most serious country one of at present, so the control of desertification is extremely urgent.Domestic most desertification land substep is in northwest, in exploitation western part, how to utilize, Desert Control, and be the key subjects that we face.Desert area is extreme continental climate, and annual precipitation is mostly below 250 millimeters, and part desert does not have Precipitation Record even for many years.Because the thermal capacitance in chiltern soil is lower, variations in temperature is violent, and temperature difference per day is maximum, and has dust storm and dust storm to occur situation more simultaneously, and in soil, nutriment is also poorer.Harsh natural conditions have limited the existence of many plants, only have the cactus plant sparse distribution of super non-irrigated raw half arbor, fruticuli, semishrub, shrub or meat few in number.So the floristics of group lacks, simple in structure, coverage is low, some ground is completely exposed.Desert environment is harsh, biological species diversity is low, structure of community is simple, self-regulation ability is poor, so desert is a fragile ecosystem, and should the suitable method of careful selection when renovation and utilization.
Peveril Meigs is divided three classes tellurian Arid Area: extra drought area is there is no plant area (below annual precipitation 100mm, annual without rainfall, rainfall aperiodicity) completely, and its area accounts for 4.2% of Global land; Arid Area refers to and grows grass but the area (evaporation capacity is larger than amount of precipitation, and annual precipitation is below 250mm) of the trees that do not grow seasonally, and its area accounts for 14.6% of Global land; There are 250 ~ 500 millimeters of rainwater in half-dried area, is can grow grass and the areas of short trees.Special doing with dry section is called desert, and half-dried district is also referred to as dry steppe.
Desert area because drought, rainfall rareness and evaporation capacity are large, the factor such as surface water easy to leak, wind be large, cause desert vegetation rare and be difficult to survive.Now slightly effective for the method for administering sand ground desert but still have some defects, forest-plantation for example, the cycle is long, consolidates rate low; Ridge method: meadow is often shifted by dust storm, survival rate is low; Rubbish vegetation method, costly, and be difficult for scale improvement; The method of fixing the sand of keeping out the wind: treatment cost is high, DeGrain.
Splendid achnatherum be a kind of in desert the wild plant of extensive growth, in especially northern desert, preventing that desert from desertifying, protect and improve the ecological environment, check winds and fix drifting sand, all play an important role.We can utilize wasteland, desert, adjustment deserta structure by establishing in large scale, expand desert green cover area, protect and improve the ecological environment; And then reach soil conservation, water conservation, containment sandstorm, reach the effect of desert greening, to form the benign cycle of Desert Control.Wherein in arid, dry arid area, must plant drought tolerance plant.Drought-enduring type plant, can directly absorb water when soil with when there was dampness in the air exactly, when air be dried, and moisture rising scattering and disappearing rapidly in plant, complete stool is air dried condition, but plasm do not become silted up admittedly, but in resting state.Some kinds can be stood air-dry several years, once obtain moisture, the vitality that immediate recovery is positive.Wherein there is the plant of strong cold resistance as algae, lichens, Hosta ventricosa moss, vascular plant as on vesica tongue, Selaginella tamariscina and only a few crag raw flowering plant as shrubs such as Your Highness orchid, camel thorn, Selaginella tamariscina, prairie milk vetch or sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) etc. and willow, dry land willow, diversiform-leaved poplar, false indigo, smelly cypress, caragana microphylla or hedysarum scopariums.
Cause desertification be mainly due to the soil of naturally drying factor and this capable of storing water through climatic variation or artificial excessive herding with cultivate, wherein the not resistance to chill crop of water is not directly caused desertification.Reverse in desert is keep soil moistening, and moisturizing degree is greater than the key factor that aridity is Sandy Desertification Reversion.What the moisturizing most effectual way in soil was moisture provides and the resistance to chill plant of water storage planting tree.For providing of moisture, wherein natural cause, as the maintenance of river, lake, underground water, is extended, and enlarging keeps the water yield; The plantation of the resistance to chill plant of water storage trees can region, conservation of nature water source soil and humidity; Also can develop human factor as built foggara, create race, lake and plant the water storage of resistance to chill plant trees with soil protection and soil moisture.
The effective method of Desert Control need to fundamentally improve soil texture, plants grass and plants trees, to reach the object of afforestation desert.Current all kinds of technology proposes to use the methods such as water-loss reducer, spray film, liquid mulch film (i.e. nutrients immobilized water is shone in spray) to improve desert one after another.Yet the application aims to provide a kind of regional ecological vegetation greening of desertification (arid, semiarid) scheme that is applicable to, it is mainly take special soil texture and set up impervious barrier and water barrier is supplied with plant growth with water conservation, finally reaches the function of the greening of arid, semiarid zone.
Summary of the invention
the invention provides a kind of greening vegetation scheme that reaches control arid, semiarid zone desertification to change soil texture, it is mainly realized by following steps:
(1), select to need the area of improvement: in arid or semiarid zone, according to the content ratio of soil layer gravel, stone and earth and amount of precipitation, plan kind of grass planting and trees ratio, so that land reclamation.
Particularly, transform in the place that select the relatively many places of rainfall, has fossil river bed or physical features relatively to reduce, because these local water sources are relatively some more, after planting, survival rate is high, instant effect.If select comparatively dry soil to afforest, just select drought-enduring rank stronger plant relatively, as splendid achnatherum, camel thorn or diversiform-leaved poplar.
(2), excavation and filling filling: on the upper arid of selecting of step (1), semiarid soil, earth under top layer and surface layer is routed up with excavator, then form a hole, finally the sandstone digging out, coarse sand, fine sand and earth are deposited in hole again.
Particularly, by the sandstone digging out, coarse sand, fine sand and earth, according to particle size simple screening, the coarse aggregate that particle diameter is greater than to 2cm is placed on the bottom in " hole " of formation before; The fine sand that is 0.5mm ~ 2cm by particle diameter is placed coarse aggregate top; Finally earth is deposited on fine sand.As shown in Figure of description 1 and accompanying drawing 3, wherein according to actual arid, the amount of precipitation of semiarid zone, the river water yield, shallow water area and deepwater regions are set.Wherein the vertical distance h between deepwater regions and shallow water area is 0.5 ~ 3 meter, the area of shallow water area is 1 ~ 100 times of deepwater regions area, because herbal root system is dark not as Bushes Roots extends into the degree of depth of soil, so at shallow water area plantation splendid achnatherum, camel thorn, Selaginella tamariscina, prairie milk vetch or sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia); And in deepwater regions plantation dry land willow, diversiform-leaved poplar, false indigo, smelly cypress, caragana microphylla or hedysarum scoparium etc. shrub.
The wherein transformation of soil layer construction, utilize excavator and movably totally enclosed type screening support the use, in the time of can making like this screening machine work, need not transport cubic metre of earth just without raising soil, and then can not produce environment pollution.
(3), beat rib lattice: the rib lattice that differ according to the style setting area of field planting plants on the earth of shallow water area and deepwater regions.
Particularly, rib lattice are shaped as rectangle or square, and wherein the lateral view of rib lattice, as shown in Figure of description 2, is that a centre is smooth and low, and surrounding has the soil protuberance of certain altitude.The length that shallow water area rib lattice are set is that the height of 3 ~ 5m, the wide 3 ~ 5m of being, rib protuberance is 0.1 ~ 0.3m, and in the middle of rib lattice, smooth area is conducive to water storage like this; In deepwater regions: according to the pattern of shallow water area, also earth is ulled up into the wide 3 ~ 5m of being, length and is 3 ~ 5m rectangle or foursquare matts, wherein the height of rib lattice protuberance is 0.1 ~ 0.3m.
(4), lay impervious barrier: the plastic sheeting of waterproof is laid on the rib lattice of shallow water area and deepwater regions.
Wherein, waterproofing membrane covers the earth under rib lattice completely, prevents from water loss and drip oozing.
(5), lay soil: on impervious barrier, stack successively coarse sand, fine sand and earth.
Particularly, the particle diameter of laying coarse sand at impervious barrier is 2 ~ 5cm, and the particle diameter of fine sand is 1 ~ 2cm, the particle diameter < 1cm of earth; The thickness of wherein laying coarse sand is 5 ~ 10cm, and the thickness of fine sand is 5 ~ 20cm, and the thickness of earth is 30 ~ 100cm.
(6), lay water-separating film: on the soil horizon having laid, re-lay one deck water-separating film, needing the place of planting plants to interspace in advance simultaneously.
Further, adopting waterproof and the ultraviolet film of isolation to cover edaphic top, is that a zonule " is dug " to keep for follow-up planting in corresponding water-separating film position in the place that specifically needs planting plants.
Particularly, by laying one deck water barrier on soil, after the rain or earth's surface by water-separating film, water is held back after crossing water, make to contain moisture in the soil under water-separating film, moisture immerses in edaphic earth, fine sand and coarse sand gradually; Moisture is trapped within on impervious barrier film simultaneously.Moisture in the soil state that reaches capacity, while covering rib gradually, moisture immerses deepwater regions more gradually.
(7), planting plants: according to drought enduring plants such as actual amount of precipitation and groundwater run off plantation splendid achnatherum, camel thorn, Your Highness orchid or Selaginella tamariscinas, in deepwater regions plantation willow, dry land willow, diversiform-leaved poplar, false indigo, smelly cypress, caragana microphylla or hedysarum scoparium etc. shrub.
The application transforms the soil method of arid, semiarid zone, with excavator, cuts the earth, and " soil " that wherein mixes coarse sand, fine sand and earth is screened and again stacked according to particle diameter.Then in " hole " dug at above-mentioned excavator, stack coarse sand, fine sand and earth; The gross thickness of its medium coarse sand, fine sand and earth is 0.5 ~ 5m, wherein lays the thickness 0.5 ~ 0.6m of fine sand, and the thickness of wherein laying earth is 0.2 ~ 0.5m.Then on earth, swell high rib, make soil form the irrigate the fields grid ground of the same water of similar water.Last on the soil with rib lattice whole tiling acidproof, alkaline-resisting, corrosion resistant impermeable film (impervious barrier), because the environment of plastic sheeting at underground relative closure can not decompose in 50 years, once so technical scheme of the present invention is implemented can guarantee within 50 years, not need again to lay impervious barrier material, stealth has reduced cost like this.Then the coarse sand after residue screening, fine sand and earth are stacked and is bulldozed, form and include the reservoir bed of 0.5 ~ 5m (it highly can regulate, and at the thickness of the landfill of shallow water area its " soil ", is 0.5 ~ 2m; The landfill thickness of deepwater regions its " soil " is 0.5 ~ 5m).While stacking soil on impervious barrier, the relatively large coarse sand of particle diameter is placed on to orlop, the earth that particle diameter is less is placed on the superiors.How many bump height of the rib lattice of shallow water area and deepwater regions specifically arranges the height of rib protuberance according to amount of precipitation; When the area more than rainfall or idol have the low-lying land of flowing water process particularly, the core wall of deepwater regions (being rib lattice bump height) is arranged higher; In the little region of amount of precipitation, the core wall of deepwater regions (being rib lattice bump height) is arranged relatively lower.
By transformed like this soil, after the rain or insulated stream through after moisture can be held back under effect at water-separating film, make the soil layer on water-separating film contain moisture, after reaching capacity state, moisture can toward deepwater regions, conflux by the gap of sand again, because the antiseepage effect of water-separating film, moisture is just kept in the soil layer in the middle of water-separating film and impervious barrier effectively, and the fine earth of impervious barrier top can prevent moisture evaporation.
Finally on the soil through transformation, plant herbaceous plant or drought-enduring shrub.Such planting patterns, under burning sun effect, soil layer moisture is evaporated to film inner surface by day, when night or temperature reduce moisture again with water droplet form along flowing under membranous wall in soil by the root absorption of plant.Under the double action of water-separating film and impervious barrier, moisture is kept at completely in soil and is absorbed and used by plants and don't drain evaporation.Wherein, the spacing of plantation shrub is 4 ~ 5m, and heatable adobe sleeping platform diameter 0.8 ~ 1.5 m, the degree of depth 0.8 ~ 1.5m plant for herbaceous plant wherein, and its root is embedded in to underground 0.1 ~ 0.5m.Through 1 ~ 2 growth period, after to one to two year, vegetative growth forms scale, will be together with shrub common defence dust storm.Also basic growth shaping of Bushes Roots now, crisscross the soil that will firmly fix sand dune or arid.
After plant survives and spends 1 year, shrub plant is that evaporation and catch blowing sand are sheltered from heat or light, reduced to herbaceous plant, and herbaceous plant hides earth's surface simultaneously and played the effect of fixing the sand.Along with cultivated area increases, progressively form oasis and then improve environment like this, thereby can extend to gradually arid, the semiarid zone of wider area.
According to method of the present invention, arid area is afforested.Although the workload of disposable input large (coarse sand, fine sand and earth, the laying double-layer films of screening different-grain diameter), even but through the soil of like this transformation then planting plants in a year or so, take effect slowly, but when rainfall is abundant, plant can the lined effect that finally reaches greening once working as survival.So the technical scheme of arid of the present invention, semiarid zone is feasible.
beneficial effect of the present invention:
1, the present invention selects to have drought-resistant plant, water in the root of these plants, stem, leaf; The huge rhizome system of these plants, directly reaches water table, catches soil, prevents erosion; Simultaneously larger cauline leaf, can resist wind speed, and preserves sandy soil.
2, the present invention, by changing the structure of soil, arranges two-layer waterproofing course (being water barrier and impervious barrier) simultaneously, prevents moisture water clock and evaporation, for plant preserves precious water resource.In arid, semiarid zone, use and can save a large amount of water sources, suit measures to local conditions.The water clock that impervious barrier has stoped water is set under soil, and water can not seep water toward sand bed place, and fully by root system of plant, is absorbed, so reach the solid native effect of water conservation; And impervious barrier is long service life, disposable coming into operation, is benefited for many years, further reduces input cost.
3, technical scheme instant effect of the present invention, has good effect for improving semiarid zone, and generalization is strong, and pollution-free, environmental protection.Also be applicable to soil backfill plant landscape after the mineral resources diggings such as colliery, west area simultaneously.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structure side view that the present invention transforms soil;
Fig. 2 is the top view of shallow water area of the present invention and deepwater regions rib lattice;
Fig. 3 is plant landscape schematic diagram after soil transformation of the present invention;
A-shallow water area, B-deepwater regions, C-impervious barrier, D-rib, E-water-separating film.
The specific embodiment
Below by the specific embodiment, further explain arid of the present invention, semiarid zone greening vegetation scheme.The present invention also has various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and these changes and improvements all fall in the claimed scope of the invention.The claimed scope of the present invention by appending claims and be equal to the meaning define.
Embodiment 1
Selecting Yi Kuai arid area, Xinjiang is basis, adopts excavator to cut the earth, and then forms the hole of a 50m * 80m * 5m (length * wide * height).As shown in Figure of description 3, the soil digging out is sieved according to particle diameter, the sandstone of particle diameter maximum is deposited in to the below in hole, it stacks thickness is 0.5m; The fine sand (particle diameter is 2 ~ 5cm) that the coarse sand (particle diameter is 5 ~ 10cm) that property stacking thickness is 0.2m again and thickness are 0.2, wherein shallow water area is stacked thick fine sand and the earth of 1.4m, in deepwater regions, stacks the thick fine sand of 0.2m.Then the shallow water area on earth is done the rib grid of 3m * 3m * 0.1m (length * wide * height) one by one; Deepwater regions on earth is done the rib grid of 4m * 5m * 0.2m (length * wide * height) one by one.Then the infiltration layer of setting up defences on the rib lattice upper berth of shallow water area and deepwater regions, also lays impervious barrier, to prevent water seepage simultaneously on the slope of shallow water area and deepwater regions.The earth (particle diameter is less than 2cm) that the fine sand (particle diameter is 2 ~ 5cm) that finally once the property laying thick 0.5 ~ 0.7m of being coarse sand (particle diameter is 5 ~ 7cm), thickness are 0.5 ~ 0.8m on impervious barrier and thickness are 1.2 ~ 2m.Then the earth of the earth of shallow water area and deepwater regions is bulldozed, then lays one deck water barrier thereon.Wherein in the horizontal and vertical direction of shallow water area, every 0.1m, stay a little space plantation splendid achnatherum; Horizontal and vertical direction in deepwater regions is planted a diversiform-leaved poplar every 0.8m kind.During due to planting plants, have the water yield to come, moisture splashes in the space of water barrier planting plants gradually, more slowly flows in soil, supplies with plant growth.Experience plant after 1 year and substantially survive, splendid achnatherum is luxuriant gradually, and willow also has growth.
Embodiment 2
Selecting Yi Kuai semiarid zone, Gansu is basis, adopts excavator to cut the earth, and then forms the hole of a 35m * 60m * 6m.As shown in Figure of description 3, according to native particle diameter, sieve, the sandstone of particle diameter maximum is deposited in to the below in hole, it places thickness is 0.5m; Stacking again thickness is the coarse sand (particle diameter is 4 ~ 8cm) of 0.4m left and right and fine sand (particle diameter is 2 ~ 4cm) and the earth that thickness is 0.2m.Wherein shallow water area is stacked the thick earth of 1.5m, in deepwater regions, stacks the thick earth of 0.3m.Then the shallow water area on earth is done the rib grid of 4m * 5m * 0.2m (length * wide * height) one by one; Deepwater regions on earth is done the rib grid of 4.5m * 4.5m * 0.3m (length * wide * height) one by one.The infiltration layer of setting up defences on the rib upper berth of shallow water area and deepwater regions is more also laid impervious barrier, to prevent water seepage on the slope of shallow water area and deepwater regions.Finally on rib once property to lay thick be 0.5m coarse sand (particle diameter is 4 ~ 7cm), the thickness fine sand (particle diameter is 2 ~ 4cm) that is 0.5m and the thickness earth (particle diameter is less than 2cm) that is 0.8 ~ 2m.Then the earth of the earth of shallow water area and deepwater regions is bulldozed, then lays one deck water barrier thereon, in the horizontal and vertical direction of shallow water area, every 0.3m, stay a little space plantation camel thorn and sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia); In each rib lattice of deepwater regions, plant false indigo, hedysarum scoparium and dry land willow, wherein the horizontal and vertical spacing of the planting plants of deepwater regions is 0.5 ~ 1.2m.During due to planting plants, people applies the moisture of supplying with plant growth, and moisture splashes in the space of water barrier planting plants gradually, more slowly flows in soil, supplies with plant growth.After experiencing half a year, plant survives substantially, and camel thorn and sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) are luxuriant gradually, and false indigo, hedysarum scoparium and dry land willow be growth gradually also.
Claims (9)
1. arid, a semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: it comprises the following steps:
(1), select to need the area of greening: in arid or semiarid zone, afforest;
(2), excavation and filling filling: the sandstone under the top layer of the arid of above-mentioned selection or semiarid zone and surface layer and earth are routed up with excavator, and then the sandstone digging out, coarse sand, fine sand and earth are stacked according to particle size again;
(3), beat rib lattice: the rib lattice that differ according to the style setting area of field on the earth of shallow water area and deepwater regions;
(4), lay impervious barrier: the plastic sheeting of waterproof is laid on the rib lattice of shallow water area and deepwater regions;
(5), stack soil: on impervious barrier, stack successively coarse sand, fine sand and earth;
(6), lay water-separating film: on the soil horizon laying in step (5), re-lay one deck water-separating film, needing the place of planting plants to interspace in advance;
(7), planting plants: at the reserved gap planting plants of water-separating film.
2. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: the annual precipitation < 250mm of arid area in described step (1), the annual precipitation of semiarid zone is 250 ~ 500 mm.
3. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: excavation and filling filling in described step (2), is deposited in sandstone, coarse sand, fine sand and earth in the hole forming of cutting the earth successively.
4. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, it is characterized in that: in described step (3), the length of shallow water area rib lattice is that 3 ~ 5m, the wide 3 ~ 5m of being, height are 0.1 ~ 0.3m, and the length of deepwater regions rib lattice is that 3 ~ 5m, the wide 3 ~ 5m of being, height are 0.1 ~ 0.3m.
5. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: the impervious barrier of laying in described step (4) is polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene film.
6. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: described step (5) is stacked soil, successively coarse sand, fine sand and earth is deposited in to the top of impervious barrier.
7. according to the arid described in claim 1 or 6, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, it is characterized in that: described step (5) is stacked soil, the particle diameter of its medium coarse sand is 2 ~ 5cm, and the particle diameter of fine sand is 1 ~ 2cm, the particle diameter < 1cm of earth; The thickness of laying coarse sand is 5 ~ 10cm, and the thickness of fine sand is 5 ~ 20cm, and the thickness of earth is 30 ~ 100cm.
8. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, is characterized in that: described step (6) water-separating film is waterproof and the ultraviolet film of isolation.
9. arid according to claim 1, semiarid zone greening vegetation method, it is characterized in that: described step (7) is planted splendid achnatherum, camel thorn, Your Highness orchid, Selaginella tamariscina, prairie milk vetch or sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia) above shallow water area, plants willow, dry land willow, diversiform-leaved poplar, false indigo, smelly cypress, caragana microphylla or hedysarum scoparium above deepwater regions.
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| CN105532228A (en) * | 2015-12-17 | 2016-05-04 | 李积山 | Water-saving planting method for sand-binding green plants |
| CN106664861A (en) * | 2016-11-22 | 2017-05-17 | 汪逸凡 | Method for controlling desertification of Loess Plateau |
| CN108370675A (en) * | 2018-02-02 | 2018-08-07 | 吴玉臣 | A kind of method of Desert Control |
| CN109376902A (en) * | 2018-09-07 | 2019-02-22 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | A kind of sloping upland furrow layout optimization method towards crop water process |
| CN109750652A (en) * | 2018-12-03 | 2019-05-14 | 沈阳大学 | A kind of ditch slope fixing of soil and conservation of water method of soil erosion in farmland ditch |
| CN110214683A (en) * | 2019-07-02 | 2019-09-10 | 北京林业大学 | Polywater watt nonirrigated farmland is superimposed rainfall afforestation equipment and its system |
| CN110754161A (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2020-02-07 | 辽宁工程技术大学 | Ecological restoration method for abandoned bare land in open coal mine area |
| CN114246120A (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-03-29 | 广州山水怡人园林生态有限公司 | Ecological planting method for greening |
| CN114467600A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-05-13 | 江苏前方市政园林有限公司 | Greening engineering construction method |
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| CN105532228A (en) * | 2015-12-17 | 2016-05-04 | 李积山 | Water-saving planting method for sand-binding green plants |
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| CN114246120A (en) * | 2021-11-16 | 2022-03-29 | 广州山水怡人园林生态有限公司 | Ecological planting method for greening |
| CN114467600A (en) * | 2022-03-16 | 2022-05-13 | 江苏前方市政园林有限公司 | Greening engineering construction method |
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| CN104196007B (en) | 2016-06-29 |
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