CN104103833B - 多边缘ws2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极及制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极及其制备方法,其化学贮镁活性物质为少层数的多边缘WS2纳米片与石墨烯的复合纳米材料,复合纳米材料中WS2和石墨烯的物质的量之比为1:2,复合电极的组分及其质量百分比含量为:多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨复合纳米材料为80%,乙炔黑10%,羧甲基纤维素5%,聚偏氟乙烯5%。制备步骤:先制备得到少层数的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料,将所制备的多复合纳米材料与乙炔黑及聚偏氟乙烯调成均匀的浆料,将该浆料均匀地涂到作为集流体的泡沫铜上,干燥后滚压获得。本发明制备的电化学贮镁复合电极具有高的电化学贮镁容量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及电化学贮镁电极及其制备方法,尤其涉及用一种多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极及其制备方法,属于新能源材料、能源储存于转换技术领域。
背景技术
随着现代移动通讯、新能源汽车和智能电网的发展,新型的化学电源在现代社会中起到了越来越重要的作用。传统的二次电池,如铅酸蓄电池由于其含有害的金属元素Pb,其应用受到了限制。锂离子电池具有高的比能量、无记忆效应、环境友好等优异性能,在移动电话和笔记本电脑等便携式移动电器中得到了广泛的应用。作为动力电池,锂离子电池在电动自行车、电动汽车和智能电网等方面也具有广泛的应用前景。但是由于锂离子电池的安全性一直没有好好的解决和锂资源的有限,锂离子电池作为动力电池和贮能电池的广泛应用依然还存在很多工作要做。随着新能源汽车的发展和贮能电池的大规模应用迫切需要寻找一种能替代现有二次电池体系的一种廉价、环境友好及高比容量的二次电池。由于二价镁离子具有较小的半径,可以电化学嵌入和脱嵌于一些层结构的化合物,如:无机过渡金属氧化物、硫化物等。另外镁还有资源丰富、价格低廉、比能量高、无毒和处理方便等优点。因此,可充电镁离子电池近年来也成为一个新的二次电池的研究体系。但是到目前为止作为高性能的电化学贮镁的电极材料还是很少。
WS2具有与石墨类似的层状结构,其层内是很强的共价键结合的S-W-S,层与层之间则是较弱的范德华力。WS2较弱的层间作用力和较大的层间距允许通过插入反应在其层间引入外来的原子或分子。这样的特性使WS2材料可以作为插入反应的主体材料。因此,WS2是一种有发展前途的电化学储镁的电极材料。Li等通过水热反应途径制备了纳米级的WS2,研究了其电化学贮镁性能,但是其电化学贮镁容量较低,只有50-80mAh/g(X.L.Li,Y.D.Li,J.Phys.Chem.B,2004,108:13893)。
二维纳米材料以其独特的形貌具有众多优异的特性,其研究引起了人们的极大兴趣。石墨烯是最典型的二维纳米材料,其独特的二维纳米片结构使其众多独特的物理、化学和力学等性能,具有重要的科学研究意义和广泛的技术应用前景。石墨烯具有极高的比表面积、高的导电和导热性能、高的电荷迁移率,优异的力学性能,这些优异的特性使得石墨烯在纳米电子器件、新型的催化剂材料和电化学贮能与能源转换等领域具有广泛的应用前景。
石墨烯的发现及其研究取得的巨大成功激发了人们对其他无机二维纳米材料研究的极大兴趣,如单层或少层数的过渡金属二硫化物等。最近,石墨烯概念已经从碳材料扩展到其他层状结构的无机化合物,也就是对于层状结构的无机材料,当其层数减少时(约6层以下),尤其是减少到单层时,其电子性质或能带结构会产生明显的变化,从而导致其显示了与相应体相材料不同的物理和化学特性。除了石墨烯外,当体相WS2减少到少层数(尤其是单层时),显示了与体相材料明显不同的物理、化学特性。研究表明单层或少层数的WS2纳米片具有更好的电化学贮镁性能。但是作为电化学贮镁的电极材料,WS2的层与层之间低的导电性能影响了其应用的性能,尤其是导致其倍率性能较差。
由于WS2纳米片与石墨烯具有类似的二维纳米片形貌,两者在微观形貌和晶体结构上具有很好的相似性。如果将WS2纳米片与石墨烯复合制备两者的复合材料,石墨烯纳米片的高导电性能可以进一步提高复合材料的导电性能,增强电化学贮镁电极反应过程中的电子传递,可以进一步改善复合材料的电化学贮镁性能。与普通WS2纳米片比较,少层数多边缘WS2纳米片可以提供更多的短的镁离子扩散通道,与电解液具有更多的接触面积。因此,多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料具有更好的电化学贮镁性能。
但是,到目前为止,用多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料作为电化学活性物质的电化学贮镁复合电极及其制备还未见报道。本发明首先用氧化石墨烯和硫代钨酸铵为原料,通过添加离子液体的水热方法和随后的热处理,制备了多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料,然后用多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料作为电化学贮镁的活性物质,制备了电化学贮镁的复合电极。本发明制备多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极的方法具有简单、方便和易于扩大工业化应用的有点。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极及其制备方法,所述复合电极的电化学贮镁活性物质为少层数的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料,复合纳米材料中WS2和石墨烯的物质的量之比为1:2,复合电极的组分及其质量百分比含量为:多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料80%,乙炔黑10%,羧甲基纤维素5%,聚偏氟乙烯5%。
上述技术方案中少层数指的是6层或6层以下。
作为优选,多边缘WS2纳米片的层数为2-5层。
本发明的多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极的制备方法按如下步骤进行:
(1)将氧化石墨烯超声分散在去离子水中,加入离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4),其结构见图1的示意图,并充分搅拌,然后再依次加入L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵,并不断搅拌使L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵完全溶解,L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵用量的物质的量之比为5:1,硫代钨酸铵与氧化石墨烯的物质的量之比为1:2;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的混合分散体系转移到水热反应釜中,并加入去离子水调整体积至水热反应釜标称体积的80%,离子液体的含量为6.25mL/L,将该反应釜放入恒温烘箱里,在240℃下水热反应24h后,让其自然冷却至室温,用离心分离收集水热固体产物,并用去离子水充分洗涤,在100℃下真空干燥,所得到的水热固体产物在氮气/氢气混合气氛中在500℃下热处理2h,混合气体中氢气的体积分数为10%,制备得到多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料;
(3)将上述制备的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料作为电极的电化学贮镁活性物质,与乙炔黑,羧甲基纤维素及质量分数5%的聚偏氟乙烯的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶液在搅拌下充分混合调成均匀的浆料,各组分质量百分比为:多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料80%,乙炔黑10%,羧甲基纤维素5%,聚偏氟乙烯5%,将该浆料均匀地涂到作为集流体的泡沫铜上,干燥,滚压后得到多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极。
上述的氧化石墨烯采用改进的Hummers方法制备。
本发明的多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极及其制备方法具有以下优点:
氧化石墨烯表面和边缘带有很多含氧官能团(如羟基,羰基,羧基),这些含氧官能团使氧化石墨烯更容易地分散在水或有机液体中,但是这些含氧官能团使氧化石墨烯表面带有负电荷,使得氧化石墨烯与带有负电荷的WS4 2-离子不相容,本发明通过Π-Π堆积和静电作用先将带正电荷的离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(其结构见图1的示意图)吸附到氧化石墨烯表面,WS4 2-离子就较容易与吸附了离子液体的氧化石墨烯相互作用结合在一起。研究表明WS2纳米片边缘的表面能大大高于其基本面的表面能,因此,一般的水热反应制备的WS2纳米片边缘较少。要制备更多边缘的WS2纳米片就要设法降低WS2纳米片边缘的表面能。在水热反应中加入离子液体,可以降低WS2纳米片边缘的表面能,因此通过离子液体协助的水热反应途径可以制备得到更多边缘的WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料。与普通的季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂相比,离子液体中阳离子的正电荷是分布在含氮杂环上的(如:咪唑环,见图1),这种含正电荷的含氮杂环比一般的季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂能更好地与带负电的氧化石墨烯相互作用。这是因为一般季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂中带正电荷的季铵N是sp3杂化的,连着3个甲基和一个长的烷基链,妨碍了点正电荷的季铵N与氧化石墨烯的相互静电吸引作用;而离子液体中杂环中的2个N都是平面结构的sp2杂化,通过Π-Π堆积和静电吸引力可以更好地与氧化石墨烯相互作用。本发明制备的复合材料具有准三维的多孔结构,其中的WS2是少层数多边缘的纳米片,可以提供更多的短的镁离子扩散通道,增加与电解液的接触面积,有助于显著增强其电化学贮镁性能。因此,本发明的多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极具有显著增强的电化学贮镁性能。本发明的制备方法也具有简单、方便和易于扩大工业化应用的特点。
附图说明
图1离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)结构示意图。
图2实施例1制备得到的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料的XRD图。
图3实施例1制备得到的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料的SEM形貌图和透射电镜照片。
图4对比例制备的WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料的TEM,HRTEM照片。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例进一步说明本发明。
下述实例中的氧化石墨烯采用改进的Hummers方法制备:在0oC冰浴下,将10.0mmol(0.12g)石墨粉搅拌分散到50mL浓硫酸中,不断搅拌下慢慢加入KMnO4,所加KMnO4的质量是石墨粉的4倍,搅拌50分钟,当温度上升至35℃时,慢慢加入50mL去离子水,再搅拌30分钟,加入15mL质量分数30%的H2O2,搅拌30分钟,经过离心分离,依次用质量分数5%HCl溶液、去离子水和丙酮反复洗涤后得到氧化石墨烯。
实施例1.
1)将2.5mmol氧化石墨烯超声分散在60mL去离子水中,加入0.5mL离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐(其结构见图1的示意图),并充分搅拌,然后再依次加入0.76g(6.25mmol)L-半胱氨酸和1.25mmol硫代钨酸铵,并不断搅拌使L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵完全溶解,用去离子水调整体积至约80mL;
2)将所得到的混合液转移到100mL的水热反应釜中,将该反应釜放入恒温烘箱里,240℃下水热反应24h后,让其自然冷却至室温,用离心分离收集固体产物,并用去离子水充分洗涤,在100℃下真空干燥,将所得到的水热固体产物在氮气/氢气混合气氛中在500℃下热处理2h,混合气体中氢气的体积分数为10%,制备得到多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料,复合纳米材料中WS2与石墨烯物质的量之比为1:2,用XRD,SEM和TEM对所制备得到多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料进行表征,表征结果显示复合纳米材料是准三维的多孔结构,其中的WS2是少层数多边缘的纳米片,其层数在2-5层,平均层数为3层(见图2和图3);
3)将上述制备的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料作为电化学贮镁的活性物质,与乙炔黑,羧甲基纤维素及质量分数5%的聚偏氟乙烯的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶液在搅拌下充分混合调成均匀的浆料,将该均匀的浆料均匀地涂到作为集流体的泡沫铜上,120℃下真空干燥,滚压后到多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极,复合电极中各组分质量百分比为:多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料80%,乙炔黑10%,羧甲基纤维素5%,聚偏氟乙烯5%。
电化学贮镁性能测试:以多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极为工作电极,用金属镁片作为对电极,电解液为0.25mol/L的Mg[AlCl2(C4H9)(C2H5)]2的四氢呋喃溶液为电解液,多孔聚丙烯膜(Celguard-2300)为隔膜,在充满氩气的手提箱中组装成测试电池。用恒电流充放电测试复合电极的电化学贮镁性能,充放电循环在程序控制的自动充放电仪器上进行,充放电电流密度50mA/g,电压范围0.3~3.0V。电化学测试结果显示:多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极的初始可逆容量为273mAh/g,50次循环后可逆容量为263mAh/g,显示了高的比容量和优异的循环稳定性能;在大电流充放电时(充放电电流为800mA/g),其容量为195mAh/g,显示了其显著增强的高倍率充放电特性(和下面对比例比较)。
比较例
不添加离子液体,按上述类似方法制备了WS2纳米片/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极,具体制备过程如下:
将2.5mmol氧化石墨烯超声分散在60mL去离子水中,然后依次加入0.76g(6.25mmol)L-半胱氨酸和1.25mmol硫代钨酸铵,并不断搅拌使L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵完全溶解,用去离子水调整体积至约80mL,将所得到的混合液转移到100mL的水热反应釜中,将该反应釜放入恒温烘箱里,240℃下水热反应24h后,让其自然冷却至室温,用离心分离收集固体产物,并用去离子水充分洗涤,在100℃下真空干燥,将所得到的水热固体产物在氮气/氢气混合气氛中在500℃下热处理2h,混合气体中氢气的体积分数为10%,制备得到WS2纳米片/石墨烯的纳米复合材料,复合纳米材料中WS2与石墨烯的物质的量之比为1:2。用XRD,SEM和TEM对制备得到WS2纳米片/石墨烯的纳米复合材料进行表征,表征结果显示WS2为层状结构的纳米片(见图4)。
按上述步骤3)的过程制备WS2纳米片/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极,并按上述相同的方法测试其电化学贮镁性能。电化学测试结果显示:WS2纳米片/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极电化学贮镁初始可逆容量为147mAh/g(充放电电流为50mA/g),50次循环后可逆容量为135mAh/g;在大电流充放电时(充放电电流为800mA/g),其容量为92mAh/g。
Claims (2)
1.一种多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极,其特征在于,复合电极的电化学贮镁活性物质为少层数的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料,复合纳米材料中WS2和石墨烯的物质的量之比为1:2,复合电极的组分及其质量百分比含量为:多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料80%,乙炔黑10%,羧甲基纤维素5%,聚偏氟乙烯5%,所述复合电极的制备方法按以下步骤进行:
(1)将氧化石墨烯超声分散在去离子水中,加入适量离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4),并充分搅拌,然后再依次加入L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵,并不断搅拌使L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵完全溶解,L-半胱氨酸和硫代钨酸铵用量的物质的量之比为5:1,硫代钨酸铵与氧化石墨烯的物质的量之比在1:2;
(2)将步骤(1)得到的混合分散体系转移到水热反应釜中,并加入去离子水调整体积至水热反应釜标称体积的80%,水热反应体系中离子液体的含量为6.25mL/L,将该反应釜密封后置于恒温烘箱里,在240℃下水热反应24h后,让其自然冷却至室温,用离心分离收集水热固体产物,并用去离子水充分洗涤,在100℃下真空干燥,所得到的水热固体产物在氮气/氢气混合气氛中在500℃下热处理2h,混合气体中氢气的体积分数为10%,制备得到多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯的复合纳米材料;
(3)将上述制备的多边缘WS2纳米片/石墨烯复合纳米材料作为电极的电化学贮镁活性物质,与乙炔黑、羧甲基纤维素及质量分数5%的聚偏氟乙烯的N-甲基吡咯烷酮溶液在搅拌下充分混合调成均匀的浆料,将该浆料均匀地涂到作为集流体的泡沫铜上,干燥,滚压后制备得到多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极。
2.根据权利要求1所述的多边缘WS2/石墨烯电化学贮镁复合电极,其特征在于,所述多边缘WS2纳米片的层数为2~5层。
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