CN104080572A - 改善曲轴表面质量的方法 - Google Patents

改善曲轴表面质量的方法 Download PDF

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CN104080572A
CN104080572A CN201280045156.0A CN201280045156A CN104080572A CN 104080572 A CN104080572 A CN 104080572A CN 201280045156 A CN201280045156 A CN 201280045156A CN 104080572 A CN104080572 A CN 104080572A
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bearing
bent axle
working face
improving
crankshafts
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CN104080572B (zh
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杰德瑞·麦丹尔
阿尔弗雷德·海曼
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Hegenscheidt MFD GmbH and Co KG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/0093—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring combined with mechanical machining or metal-working covered by other subclasses than B23K
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/0006—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring taking account of the properties of the material involved
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K26/00—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring
    • B23K26/352—Working by laser beam, e.g. welding, cutting or boring for surface treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P25/00—Auxiliary treatment of workpieces, before or during machining operations, to facilitate the action of the tool or the attainment of a desired final condition of the work, e.g. relief of internal stress
    • B23P25/003—Auxiliary treatment of workpieces, before or during machining operations, to facilitate the action of the tool or the attainment of a desired final condition of the work, e.g. relief of internal stress immediately preceding a cutting tool
    • B23P25/006—Heating the workpiece by laser during machining
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P9/00—Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings; Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified
    • B23P9/02—Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B39/00—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor
    • B24B39/04—Burnishing machines or devices, i.e. requiring pressure members for compacting the surface zone; Accessories therefor designed for working external surfaces of revolution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D5/00—Heat treatments of cast-iron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/30—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for crankshafts; for camshafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C3/00—Shafts; Axles; Cranks; Eccentrics
    • F16C3/04—Crankshafts, eccentric-shafts; Cranks, eccentrics
    • F16C3/06—Crankshafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C33/00—Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02—Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04—Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/06—Sliding surface mainly made of metal
    • F16C33/12—Structural composition; Use of special materials or surface treatments, e.g. for rust-proofing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
    • B23K2103/50—Inorganic material, e.g. metals, not provided for in B23K2103/02 – B23K2103/26
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49229—Prime mover or fluid pump making
    • Y10T29/49286—Crankshaft making

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种在通过研磨或精加工对具有不确定切边的表面进行切削加工的处理之后进行的、由铸铁构成的曲轴上的主轴承和销轴承的轴承座的表面处理方法。本发明实现了这样的目的，即，改善经硬化的或未经硬化的曲轴的轴承工作面的表面质量。该目的通过用激光束照射表面而实现。

Description

改善曲轴表面质量的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用来改善由铸铁构成的曲轴的主轴承和销轴承上的表面质量的方法，特别是用来在通过研磨或精加工对具有不确定切边的表面进行切削加工的处理之后处理曲轴上的主轴承和销轴承的轴承座的表面。
背景技术
汽车内燃机的曲轴是具有以百万计的件数的大批量部件。由钢构成的、经锻造的曲轴用于受到高负荷的曲轴领域，例如用于柴油发动机中。由铸铁构成的、具有明显较低制造成本的曲轴覆盖了受到普通负荷的发动机领域。发动机的进一步发展导致较高的燃气压力并从而导致曲轴受到较高负荷，其中基于能量消耗的原因使得轴承尺寸较小（关键词“缩小尺寸”）。因此，由铸铁构成的曲轴轴承的承载能力越来越弱。
在特别是连杆轴承的轴承中，铸造材料的表面仅少量适用于高的、特定的轴承负荷。在轴承运行过程中打开了铸造材料中的石墨球“球晶”上的、所谓的罩子并损坏了反向面的滑动轴瓦。受到高负荷的轴承部分工作于混合摩擦区域并且在现代化的汽车中不受负荷的状态下（开始-终止-循环）通常发动机的关闭额外地磨损了轴承。经计算，在发动机运行过程中的轴承间隙在低于1μm的范围内。这解释了对于高的造型精度和极低的粗糙度的要求。受到高负荷的轴承造型非常精确并且基于对轴瓦的金属的化学亲和力需要马氏体的表面和非常低的表面粗糙度。经硬化的轴承工作面在运输和处理曲轴方面以及对于轴承承载能力都具有优势。为了利用该优势，只需要非常低的、1/10mm范围内的硬化层深度。
由材料GJS构成的轴承工作面的表面微观结构的特征在于球晶。如果在处理经连接的晶粒的过程中例如通过研磨切割这些球晶，则产生了所谓的钢板外套，也称为“罩子”。罩子是指在切割球晶过程中保留在表面上的、薄的金属残余。受到负荷的情况下这些金属残余会脱离并且导致轴承工作面明显较高的磨损。通过去除罩子使得之后在曲轴经组装和受到负荷的状态下脱落的颗粒不会再损坏轴承工作面。
在曲轴生产线中对于轴承的处理通常具有的带材精加工过程一般分两步进行，用较粗大的晶粒清除罩子以及用精细的晶粒降低表面粗糙度。然而，基于有效进程，通过带材精加工不能够完全地清除靠近表面的球晶上方的罩子。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的在于，在研磨或精加工轴承工作面之后提高由铸铁构成的、经硬化或未经硬化的曲轴的主轴承和销轴承的轴承工作面的表面质量并从而提高内燃机的使用寿命。
通过用激光清除轴承工作面表面上的罩子而实现了该目的。在照射轴承工作面表面的过程中，蒸发和熔化了位于石墨夹杂物上方的罩子。由此去除了罩子并将石墨夹杂物暴露出来。同时，激光束在基体材料的铁素体-珠光体基体上引起薄的硬化层。这种激光处理可以在一步的过程中进行，其中实现了同时清除罩子和进行硬化。也可以是分两步的过程，其中在去除罩子之后进行硬化。
通过平整处理降低了经激光清除罩子以及随后经薄层硬化的、轴承工作面的表面粗糙度。相对于用油进行带材精加工，该方法是成本低且环保的方法。经激光照射的表面在高压下通过由硬金属构成的滚筒状工具发生变形而变得平整。
经平整处理的表面具有低的粗糙度并且没有凸出的尖端。例如，通过平整消除了粗糙的表面，因而使得发动机启动阶段中的磨损较低。因此，降低了发动机的启动状态并且也减少了轴承磨损。所以，反向面的平滑轴瓦具有较长的使用寿命。
附图说明
接下来结合实施例详细说明本发明。其中分别以放大的尺寸示出了：
-图1经研磨的、
-图2经激光照射的、以及
-图3经平整处理的、
由铸铁构成的曲轴的主轴承或销轴承的表面的部分区域。
具体实施方式
轴承工作面的研磨和带材精加工对于本领域技术人员来说是充分已知的。同样已知的是对轴承工作面进行激光照射和平整处理的设备，因此，在本发明范围内可以省去对此类设备的详细说明。重要的是，不管是存在于单个机器中的设备还是以单独或组合的形式设置在多个机器上的设备都是商业上通用的设备。分别根据待处理的件数来确定哪个机器或哪个联合机是优选的。
在用激光束进行照射的过程中，在经照射的轴承工作面区域内同时形成马氏体的边缘层。通过改变激光参数可以在经照射的表面上形成具有0.01mm和0.10mm之间的规定深度的、薄的马氏体边缘层。
通过应用根据本发明的方法在研磨或精加工轴承工作面之后提高了由铸铁构成的、经硬化或未经硬化的曲轴的主轴承和销轴承的轴承工作面的表面质量并从而也提高了内燃机的使用寿命。

Claims (3)

1.一种用来改善由铸铁构成的曲轴的主轴承或销轴承上的表面质量的方法，特别是用来在通过研磨或精加工对具有不确定切边的表面进行切削加工的处理之后处理曲轴上的主轴承和销轴承的轴承座的表面，其特征在于，用激光束照射所述表面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，通过平整工具对经激光照射的所述表面进行平整处理。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，借助激光束形成了具有0.01mm和0.10mm之间深度的马氏体边缘层。
CN201280045156.0A 2011-09-16 2012-09-14 改善曲轴表面质量的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN104080572B (zh)

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DE102011113801A DE102011113801A1 (de) 2011-09-16 2011-09-16 Verfahren zum Verbessern der Güte der Oberflächen von Kurbelwellen
DE102011113801.7 2011-09-16
PCT/DE2012/000915 WO2013037353A2 (de) 2011-09-16 2012-09-14 Verfahren zum verbessern der güte der oberflächen von kurbelwellen

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EP (1) EP2755794B1 (zh)
KR (1) KR20140066235A (zh)
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CA (1) CA2884221C (zh)
DE (1) DE102011113801A1 (zh)
ES (1) ES2709497T3 (zh)
HU (1) HUE041947T2 (zh)
IN (1) IN2014KN00826A (zh)
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HUE041947T2 (hu) 2019-06-28
WO2013037353A3 (de) 2013-05-30
ES2709497T3 (es) 2019-04-16
EP2755794A2 (de) 2014-07-23
IN2014KN00826A (zh) 2015-10-02
CA2884221C (en) 2019-10-15
DE102011113801A1 (de) 2013-03-21
CN104080572B (zh) 2016-11-09
PL2755794T3 (pl) 2019-05-31
KR20140066235A (ko) 2014-05-30
EP2755794B1 (de) 2018-11-07
WO2013037353A2 (de) 2013-03-21
US20150074998A1 (en) 2015-03-19
CA2884221A1 (en) 2013-03-21

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