CN104045803A - 水-透明脂族聚氨酯拉挤成型制剂和方法 - Google Patents

水-透明脂族聚氨酯拉挤成型制剂和方法 Download PDF

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CN104045803A
CN104045803A CN201410092621.7A CN201410092621A CN104045803A CN 104045803 A CN104045803 A CN 104045803A CN 201410092621 A CN201410092621 A CN 201410092621A CN 104045803 A CN104045803 A CN 104045803A
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pultrusion
fibre
reactive
die head
fiber
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CN104045803B (zh
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A·马格诺塔
S·J·哈拉辛
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Covestro LLC
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Bayer MaterialScience LLC
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Abstract

本发明涉及水-透明脂族聚氨酯拉挤成型制剂和方法。使用聚氨酯-形成系统通过拉挤成型方法制备了透明聚氨酯纤维增强复合材料,该聚氨酯-形成系统包括:(a)透明的、在25℃下的粘度不大于1000厘泊的脂族多异氰酸酯,(b)无色多元醇组分,其包括分子量为约150-约400且OH官能度大于或等于3的胺起始多元醇,以及(c)催化剂。这些纤维增强复合材料的特征在于同时具有优异耐候特征和优异物理性质。

Description

水-透明脂族聚氨酯拉挤成型制剂和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于拉挤成型方法的脂族多异氰酸酯,具体来说,涉及水-透明的脂族聚氨酯制剂和使用这种制剂的拉挤成型方法。
背景技术
拉挤成型是用于制备连续长度的纤维增强塑料(“FRP”)结构形状的制造方法。用于拉挤成型方法的原料包括液体树脂混合物(包括树脂、填料和特种添加剂)和增强纤维。该方法涉及使用连续拉动装置通过加热的钢成形模头来拉这些原料,而不是像挤出那样压这些原料。增强材料是连续的形式,例如玻璃纤维毡卷或者无捻(doff)玻璃纤维粗纱。开放的浴加工和树脂注入是浸渍或者“浸润”玻璃的两种方法。典型的市售树脂包括聚酯、乙烯酯、酚醛树脂和环氧化合物。这些树脂通常具有很长的凝胶时间,并可在开放的浴加工中运行,其中该增强纤维浸泡在树脂浴中,并通过一系列的预成形板和在模头入口处刮掉过量的树脂。当被润湿的纤维进入模头时,通过该增强纤维挤压过量的树脂,并离开该增强纤维。模头入口处的压力升高有助于增强纤维浸润并抑制空穴形成。当穿过模头拉饱和的增强物时,通过来自模头的热量引发树脂的凝胶化(或者硬化),并形成对应于该模头形状的刚性固化轮廓。
对于像聚氨酯这样具有快速凝胶时间和短暂储存期的树脂系统,则使用树脂注入。在注入工艺中,将增强材料穿过一个封闭的小箱子,这个箱子通常与模头连接或者可以是模头的一部分。在压力下,通过箱子中的口注入树脂,以浸渍增强材料。树脂注入箱子被设计成最小化树脂体积和树脂在该箱子中的停留时间。文献报道了许多种不同的树脂注入箱子设计,它们都具有的共同特征是倾斜的或锥形的设计,且排出轮廓与模头入口的形状匹配。
对于聚氨酯的拉挤成型,专利文献提供了许多教导。例如,授予里基斯-凯特(Ryckis-Kite)等的美国专利No.6,420,493公开了用于复合材料制造工艺的两组分化学热固性复合材料树脂基质。该基质包括不含溶剂的多异氰酸酯组分和不含溶剂的多元醇组分。他们教导不含溶剂的多异氰酸酯组分是芳香多异氰酸酯、脂族多异氰酸酯或两者的共混物。公开的不含溶剂的多元醇组分聚醚多元醇、聚酯多元醇或两者的共混物。据报道多异氰酸酯组分和多元醇组分相互成比例,使得OH/NCO的当量比例为1:l-1:2。里基斯-凯特(Ryckis-Kite)等还教导了需要存在10%-40%的聚酯多元醇并使用5–20重量%的羟基封端的植物油。对于异氰酸酯组分,里基斯-凯特(Ryckis-Kite)等陈述了优选地包括至少15重量%的脂族多异氰酸酯。
彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等在美国专利No.6,793,855中教导了多异氰酸酯系统、拉挤成型这些系统来制备增强的多异氰酸酯基质复合材料、以及通过该拉挤成型方法制备的复合材料。彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等的多异氰酸酯系统包括多元醇组分、任选的增链剂和异氰酸酯。据说该多异氰酸酯系统在室温下具有延长的引发时间,为约5分钟到约30分钟,并能快速固化。彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等在第8栏第10-23行陈述到:在他们的I型多异氰酸酯系统中,可改变多元醇、增链剂和异氰酸酯以控制该反应混合物的互溶性。公开了设计成增加反应混合物的互溶性的多种方法。彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等教导聚氨酯的大量聚合发生在浸渍模头中。
授予乔希(Joshi)等的美国专利No.7,056,976也公开了基于多异氰酸酯的反应系统、使用这些系统来制备增强的基质复合材料的拉挤成型方法、以及通过该拉挤成型方法制备的复合材料。该基于多异氰酸酯的反应系统是混合的活化反应系统,其包括多元醇组合物、任选的增链剂或交联剂和多异氰酸酯。据说在通过反应性拉挤成型来制造纤维增强的热固性复合材料时,该基于多异氰酸酯的反应系统具有改善加工特征。乔希(Joshi)等教导在聚氨酯拉挤成型中,凝胶时间是关键参数。
此外,彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等在美国专利申请公开No.2004/0094859A1中教导了多异氰酸酯系统、拉挤成型这些系统来制备增强的多异氰酸酯基质复合材料、以及通过该拉挤成型方法制备的复合材料。在该申请公开中揭示的多异氰酸酯系统包括多元醇组分、任选的增链剂和异氰酸酯。据说该多异氰酸酯系统在室温下具有延长的引发时间,为从约5分钟到约30分钟,并能快速固化。和乔希(Joshi)等类似,彻奥拉斯(Cheolas)等教导在聚氨酯拉挤成型方法中,凝胶时间是关键参数。
目前用于通过拉挤成型制备复合材料的聚氨酯-形成系统通常基于芳香多异氰酸酯。在复合材料用于室内并因此不暴露于耐候性的应用中,这些系统的物理性质是非常好的。但是,在不受保护的户外应用中,这些基于芳香多异氰酸酯的系统性能不佳。这些树脂低劣的耐候特征将导致变色、失去光泽、树脂基质降解并暴露出裸玻璃纤维(通常称为起霜(blooming))。
众所周知,基于脂族异氰酸酯的聚氨酯-形成系统具有比基于芳香异氰酸酯的系统更好的耐候特征。但是,用脂族异氰酸酯取代已知拉挤成型系统中的芳香异氰酸酯制备的复合材料,具有更好的耐候特征,却具有更差的物理性质。
因此,本领域需要改善的用于拉挤成型方法的聚氨酯制剂,以制备同时具有优异物理性质和优异耐候性质的复合材料。
发明内容
本发明的目的之一是提供用于通过拉挤成型方法制备纤维增强复合材料的反应系统,该反应系统包括脂族多异氰酸酯组分,以制备具有优异耐候性质的、且物理性质可与用基于芳香异氰酸酯的系统制备的复合材料的物理性质相比拟的纤维增强复合材料。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于通过拉挤成型方法制备纤维增强复合材料的反应系统,该复合材料具有良好的耐候性、颜色透明且具有高的玻璃化转变温度。
本发明的另一目的是提供用于制备纤维增强复合材料的拉挤成型方法,该复合材料具有良好的耐候性、颜色透明且具有高的玻璃化转变温度。
本发明的另一目的是提供复合材料制品,该复合材料制品具有良好的耐候特征、颜色透明且具有高的玻璃化转变温度。
本发明的这些和其它优点和益处将从本文下述的具体实施方式变得显而易见,这些益处可通过本发明的反应系统来达成,所述反应系统包括脂族多异氰酸酯组分和异氰酸酯反应性组分,该异氰酸酯反应性组分包括至少一种具有官能度大于3的低分子量胺起始聚醚多元醇。
具体实施方式
现在出于说明而非限制的目的描述本发明。除了在实施例中,或者另有说明以外,说明书中表示数量、百分数、OH值、官能度等的所有数字应理解为在所有情况中都用词“约”修饰。除非另有说明,否则,文中以道尔顿(Daltons)(Da)给出的当量重量和分子量分别是数均当量重量和数均分子量。
本发明提供用于通过拉挤成型方法制备纤维增强复合材料的反应系统。这些复合材料由连续的纤维增强材料和聚氨酯制剂制成,该聚氨酯制剂包括多异氰酸酯组分,该多异氰酸酯组分包括至少一种脂族多异氰酸酯组分和异氰酸酯反应性组分,该异氰酸酯反应性组分包括至少一种具有官能度大于3的低分子量胺起始聚醚多元醇。
本发明还提供用于通过下述步骤来制备纤维增强复合材料的拉挤成型方法:(a)连续地牵拉连续纤维增强材料粗纱或落纤,使其相继地经过浸渍腔体和模头,(b)将聚氨酯制剂连续地加入所述浸渍腔体,该聚氨酯制剂包括多异氰酸酯组分,该多异氰酸酯组分包括至少一种脂族多异氰酸酯组分和异氰酸酯反应性组分,该异氰酸酯反应性组分包括至少一种具有官能度大于3的低分子量胺起始聚醚多元醇,(c)使纤维增强材料与在浸渍腔体中的聚氨酯制剂以这样的方式接触:使得用聚氨酯制剂将材料基本上完全浸润,(d)引导该纤维增强材料穿过加热到反应温度的模头,以形成固体复合材料,以及(5)从该模头拉制复合材料。在本发明的方法的优先实施方式中,在浸渍腔体中的条件是这样的:基本上不发生聚合。
本发明的聚氨酯系统的异氰酸酯反应性组分必须包括至少一种低分子量(即,分子量为150-410,优选为240-300)的无色胺起始聚醚多元醇,该胺起始聚醚多元醇的官能度大于3,优选地3-5,更优选地4-5,最优选地为4。异氰酸酯反应性组分也可包括其它多元醇,但是这些多元醇必须是短链的,即分子量小于410,且必须是无色的,以及官能度必须大于3.0。以异氰酸酯反应性组分的总重量为基准计,所需的胺起始聚醚多元醇必须以下述数量存在:至少20重量%,优选地至少25重量%,最优选地31重量%。
合适的低分子量、高官能度的胺起始聚醚多元醇可从市场购买。合适的胺起始聚醚多元醇的具体示例是商品名为下述的那些:巴斯夫(BASF)的Quadrol,拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)的Multranol9181和Mutranol9138。
本发明的异氰酸酯反应性组分任选地可包括的其它多元醇包括分子量低于410、无色、且官能度大于3优选大于4的任意多元醇。这种任选地多元醇的示例之一是巴斯夫(BASF)的商品名为Pluracol PEP450的多元醇。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,异氰酸酯反应性组分优选地包括2种或更多种有机多元醇的混合物。单个多元醇优选地在羟基官能度和分子量上有主要差异。在本发明的特别优选地实施方式中,异氰酸酯反应性组分中的有机多元醇包括增链剂、交联剂及其组合。
适于本发明的是那些本领域普通技术人员称为增链剂和/或交联剂的多元醇。这种多元醇的分子量为60到小于200且异氰酸酯反应性组分的官能度为2-4,更优选地为2-3。但在本发明中,最优选地是最小化增链剂的数量,或者完全避免增链剂。
增链剂/交联剂的示例是简单的二元醇和三元醇,例如乙二醇、丙二醇、二丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、三丙二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇、这些的混合物等。最优选地增链剂/交联剂在25℃下是液体。尽管脂族-OH官能化合物如刚刚列举的那些,最优选地的用作增链剂/交联剂,但使用某些多胺、多胺衍生物和/或多酚也在本发明的范围之内。本领域普通技术人员已知的、合适的胺的示例包括二异丙醇胺、二乙醇胺、和3,5-二乙基-2,4-二氨基甲苯、3,5-二乙基-2,6-二氨基甲苯,及其混合物。合适的异氰酸酯反应性胺衍生物的示例包括某些亚氨基官能化合物,例如在EP0284,253和EP0359,456中描述的那些,以及某些烯氨基(enamino)官能化合物,例如在EP0359,456中描述的、每分子具有大于或等于2个异氰酸酯反应性基团的那些。因为与多异氰酸酯极端高的反应性,反应性胺特别是脂族伯胺是更不那么优选地,但需要时可任选地少量使用。
在异氰酸酯反应性组分中包括微量的其它类型的、可能与上文所述的类型不一致的异氰酸酯反应性物质,尽管更不那么优选,但也在本发明的范围之内。
本发明的制剂的益处是:(1)在一些实施方式中,拉挤成型的零件具有更光滑的表面,以防止在成品表面产生缺陷,特别是具有复杂轮廓的那些零件;(2)高的玻璃化转变温度;(3)它们是无色的;(4)它们可用于户外应用,因为它们具有优异的耐候特征和优异的物理性质。
此外,与本领域的教导和本文上述的专利所示例的要求在浸渍模头中发生高度聚合相反,本发明人发现在浸渍模头内基本上不发生反应是有利的。尽管所有树脂(不仅仅是聚氨酯)的凝胶时间是重要的,但本发明人已经测定它不是决定拉挤成型加工性的关键因素。
优选地通过将多异氰酸酯和异氰酸酯反应性组分加入计量机器,以所需的比例递送,从而制备聚氨酯-形成反应混合物,来拉挤成型本发明的聚氨酯制剂以制备纤维增强复合材料。将聚氨酯-形成反应混合物加入注射模头,在模头中它浸渍正被同时拉入该注射模头的纤维。注射模头的条件是这样的:聚氨酯-形成反应混合物将很少或者不发生聚合。将所得未固化的复合材料牵拉穿过区域加热的模头,该模头直接连接至注射模头,并具有所需的横截面,该复合材料在模头中成形和固化。用于穿过成形模头牵拉该复合材料的动力通过牵拉机来提供,该牵拉机具有与固化的复合材料轮廓(或者其中的玻璃纤维)接触的抓取装置,并提供穿过该模头牵拉该复合材料所必须的牵引力。该机器还可具有在牵拉的所需方向形成力的装置,提供连续的穿过模头牵拉该复合材料轮廓所必须的推动。当所得复合材料轮廓排出牵拉机时,例如可通过磨切锯切割成所需长度。
基于长纤维的增强材料为拉挤成型的复合材料提供机械强度,并在加工中允许拉力传输。优选地,纤维的长度至少应该足够穿过浸渍和固化模头并连接到张力源。适于本发明的纤维状增强材料是任意纤维状材料或可提供长纤维的材料,该长纤维在浸渍时能至少部分地被不互溶的聚氨酯制剂润湿。纤维状增强结构可以是单一股段、编织股段、纺织或无纺垫结构,这些的组合等。可使用单一层或多层结构的长纤维垫或纱罩。拉挤成型领域已知的纤维状材料包括,但不限于:玻璃纤维、玻璃垫、碳纤维、聚酯纤维、天然纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、尼龙(nylon)纤维、玄武岩纤维,及其组合。本发明中特别优选地是长玻璃纤维。纤维和/或纤维状增强结构可连续地从供料进入拉挤成型设备的一个或更多个卷轴形成,并连接到固化模头出料侧的拉力源。任选的,可用本领域普通技术人员已知的上浆剂(sizing agent)或粘合促进剂预处理该增强纤维。
取决于复合材料制品的所设想的终端应用,本发明的拉挤成型的复合材料中的长纤维增强物的重量百分数可显著变化。以最终复合材料的重量计,增强负载量可为30-95重量%,优选地40-90重量%的最终复合材料,更优选地60-90重量%,以及最优选地70-90重量%。本发明制备的拉挤成型的复合材料中长纤维增强物的含量可以在这些值的任意组合的范围内,包括所述的这些值在内。
在本发明的一些实施方式中,多异氰酸酯组分和异氰酸酯反应性组分可以是在拉挤成型方法中加入浸渍模头的仅有组分。多异氰酸酯组分或者异氰酸酯反应性组分可与任意任选的添加剂预混合。但是,应理解,该任选的添加剂自身不是多官能度的异氰酸酯反应性材料,且将被考虑(计算)为与异氰酸酯反应性组分分离的实体,即使当它们相互混合时。类似的,如果任选的添加剂或它们的任意部分与多异氰酸酯组分预混合,这些将被考虑为与异氰酸酯反应性组分分离的实体,除了下述情况:它们自身是多官能度的异氰酸酯物质。
拉挤成型设备优选地包括至少一个浸渍模头和至少一个固化模头。因为在浸渍模头中将不含发生聚合,固化模头必须在高于浸渍模头的温度下运行。拉挤成型设备可任选的包括多个固化模头或区域。需要时可将不同的固化区域设定在不同的温度,但固化模头所有区域的温度都比浸渍模头的温度高。拉挤成型设备可任选的包括多个浸渍模头。优选地,只存在1个浸渍模头,且该浸渍模头优选地的位于紧邻第一固化模头(区域)之前。如上所述,将浸渍模头设定在一温度,该温度使得在至少部分地被不互溶的聚氨酯制剂浸渍的纤维状增强结构进入第一固化模头(区域)之前,不互溶的聚氨酯制剂中的多异氰酸酯组分和多异氰酸酯反应性组分基本上没有反应(聚合)。
用于本发明的聚氨酯-形成反应混合物的合适的脂族二异氰酸酯和多异氰酸酯(统一称为“多异氰酸酯”)是透明的、无色的、且在25℃下的粘度小于1000厘泊(centipoise)。这类脂族多异氰酸酯的示例包括以下通式所示的化合物:
Q(NCO)n
其中n是2-5,优选地2-3的数,且Q是包括2-12,优选地4-6个碳原子的脂族烃基团,或者是包括4-6,优选地5-6个碳原子的环脂族烃基团。
合适的异氰酸酯的例子包括亚乙基二异氰酸酯(ethylenediisocyanate);1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯(1,4-tetramethylenediisocyanate);1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate);1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯;环丁烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯;环己烷-1,3-和-1,4-二异氰酸酯,以及这些异构体的混合物;1-异氰酸基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲酯基环己烷(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯);和二环己基甲烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯(氢化MDI,或者HMDI)。本领域普通技术人员将会认识到也可以使用上述这些多异氰酸酯的混合物。
通常,优选地的使用易于购买的多异氰酸酯,例如基于HMDI和IPDI的那些。
在本发明中还可使用异氰酸酯封端的预聚合物。预聚物可通过使过量的有机多异氰酸酯或它们的混合物与少量的含活性氢的化合物反应来制备,由众所周知的泽瓦夫(Zerewitinoff)测试来确定,如Kohler在“美国化学会志(Journal of the American Chemical Society)”,49,3181(1927)中所描述的。这些化合物及其制备方法是本领域普通技术人员已知的。使用任何一种具体的活性氢化合物不是至关重要的;任何这样的化合物都可以用于本发明的实施方式中。
多异氰酸酯组分优选地包含有机多异氰酸酯,该多异氰酸酯的数均异氰酸酯(NCO)官能度为至少2-6,更优选地2-4,最优选地2-3。多异氰酸酯组合物的NCO官能度可以在这些值的任意组合的范围内,包括所述的这些值。多异氰酸酯组合物的游离异氰酸酯基含量(NCO含量)优选地在下述范围:20%-30重量%,更优选地23%-30重量%,最优选地23%-26重量%。多异氰酸酯组合物的NCO含量可以在这些值的任意组合的范围内,包括所述的这些值。
聚氨酯-形成反应混合物任选的可包含催化剂,该催化剂用于多异氰酸酯的一种或更多种聚合物形成反应。当使用催化剂时,优选地将该催化剂与异氰酸酯反应性组分预混合来引入不互溶的聚氨酯制剂。用于有机多异氰酸酯的聚合物形成反应的催化剂,是本领域普通技术人员已知的。优选的催化剂包括,但不限于:叔胺、叔胺酸盐、有机金属盐、共价连接的有机金属化合物及其组合。
优选的叔胺催化剂的实施例包括:三亚乙基二胺、N,N-二甲基-环己胺、双-(二甲基氨基)-二乙醚、N-乙基吗啉、N,N,N',N',N''-五甲基二亚乙基三胺、N,N-二甲基氨基丙胺、N-苯甲基二甲基胺、和含脂族叔胺的羧酸酰胺,例如N,N-二甲基氨基丙胺与硬脂酸、油酸、羟基硬脂酸、和二羟基硬脂酸的酰胺。
合适的叔胺酸盐催化剂的示例包括通过用叔胺至少部分地中和甲酸、乙酸、2-乙基己酸、油酸、或者低聚油酸来制备的那些,该叔胺例如三亚乙基二胺、三乙醇胺、三异丙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺及其混合物。
用作催化剂的优选有机金属盐的示例包括2-乙基己酸钾(“辛酸”钾)、油酸钾、乙酸钾、氢氧化钾、辛酸铋、新癸酸锌、二月桂酸二丁锡、二乙酸二丁锡和二油酸二丁锡,和其它有机锡羧酸盐。
适用于本发明的其它金属基催化剂包括锌的羧酸盐如硬脂酸锌和新癸酸锌、铋羧酸盐。
可使用叔胺、胺酸盐、有机金属和/或金属盐催化剂的混合物。使用混合的催化剂是本领域技术人员所熟知的。有时需要在混合的活化的化学制剂中包括一种或更多种催化剂,以用于异氰酸酯基团的三聚合。
为了取得拉挤成型所需的反应性分布而要求的优选催化剂水平将根据制剂的组成变化,且必须根据各个制剂进行优化。本领域普通技术人员理解这种优化。优选地,催化剂在所用异氰酸酯反应性化合物中有一定程度的溶解度,且最优选地,在所需使用水平,催化剂完全溶于异氰酸酯反应性组分。
需要时,聚氨酯制剂可包含其它任选的添加剂。优选地在加工之前将这些任选的添加剂加入异氰酸酯反应性组分,尽管将全部或任意部分的任选的复合添加剂(additives package)与多异氰酸酯组分预先混合也在本发明的范围之内,前提是该添加剂的确导致多异氰酸酯自发反应或干扰反应系统的拉挤成型加工。其它任选的添加剂的示例包括颗粒或短纤维填料、内部脱模剂、防火剂、烟雾抑制剂、染料、颜料、抗静电剂、抗氧化剂、UV稳定剂、微量的粘度降低惰性稀释剂、这些的组合,和本领域普通技术人员已知的其它任意添加剂。在本发明的一些实施方式中,例如通过用添加剂涂覆纤维,可将添加剂或部分添加剂提供给纤维。
在混合的活化异氰酸酯基树脂系统的拉挤成型中,内部脱模添加剂是高度优选的,以防止在模头中粘连或贴合。合适的内部脱模添加剂包括:例如脂肪酰胺如芥酰胺和硬脂酰胺;脂肪酸如油酸、油酸酰胺;脂肪酯如LOXIOL G71S惰性聚酯(购自汉高(Henkel))、巴西棕榈蜡(carnuba wax)、蜂蜡(天然酯)、硬脂酸丁酯、硬脂酸辛酯、单硬脂酸乙二醇酯、双硬脂酸乙二醇酯、二油酸甘油酯、三油酸甘油酯;和多元羧酸与长链脂族一价醇的酯如癸二酸二辛酯;下述的混合物:(a)脂族多元醇、二羧酸和长链脂族一元羧酸的混合酯,和(b)下组的酯:(1)二羧酸和长链脂族单官能醇的酯(2)长链脂族单官能醇和长链脂族单官能羧酸的酯,(3)脂族多元醇和长链脂族一元羧酸的全部或部分酯,硅酮如TEGO IMR412T硅酮(来自固特斯米特(Goldschmidt))、KEMESTER5721酯(来自威托扣公司(Witco)),脂肪酸金属羧酸盐如硬脂酸锌、硬脂酸钙,蜡如褐煤蜡、氯化蜡,含氟化合物如聚四氟乙烯、脂族烷基磷酸酯(同时包括酸性和非酸性类型的如ZELEC UN、ZELEC AN、ZELEC MR、ZELEC VM、ZELEC UN、ZELEC LA-1、和ZELEC LA-2磷酸酯,全部可从斯帝潘化学公司(Stepan Chemical Company)购买),氯化烷基磷酸酯;烃油,这些的组合等。特别优选地内部脱模添加剂是购自技术产品(Technick Products)的TECHLUBE550HB和购自阿克斯塑料(AxelPlastics)的1948MCH。
合适的填料包括例如三水合铝、氧化锑、研磨玻璃纤维、硅灰石(wollastonite)、滑石、云母、玻璃薄片、二氧化钛、微粉聚乙烯及其组合。
用于聚氨酯拉挤成型加工的其它优选任选的添加剂包括:除湿剂如分子筛;消泡剂如聚二甲基硅氧烷;偶联剂如单-环氧乙烷(mono-oxirane)或者有机胺官能化三烷氧基硅烷;这些的组合等。偶联剂特别优选地用于改善基质树脂与纤维增强物的连接。特别优选地用于改善基质树脂与纤维增强物的连接。精细颗粒填料如粘土和精细二氧化硅常用作触变性添加剂。这种颗粒填料还可用作增量剂(extender),以减少树脂的使用。
有时,在拉挤成型的复合材料中需要防火剂作为添加剂。优先防火剂的类型的示例包括,但不限于:磷酸三芳基酯;磷酸三烷基酯,特别是含卤素的那些;三聚氰胺(作为填料);三聚氰胺树脂(微量);卤化石蜡及其组合。
常常用本领域普通技术人员已知的量作为异氰酸酯指数来表达化学计量的混合基于异氰酸酯的聚合物形成制剂,该制剂包含有机多异氰酸酯和多官能异氰酸酯反应性树脂。这种混合活化制剂的指数只是存在的反应性异氰酸酯(–NCO)基团的总数与异氰酸酯反应性基团(在工艺中所用的条件下,能与异氰酸酯反应的基团)的总数的比例。常常将这个量乘以100,以百分数表示。在本发明的制剂中,指数值优选地范围是90-120%。指数值更优选地范围是105-110%。
如本领域普通技术人员所知,将聚氨酯和多异氰酸酯系统与纤维增强复合材料一起拉挤成型通过下述来执行:将该多异氰酸酯和异氰酸酯反应性组分供料给混合/计量机器,用于以所需比例递送到优选地为静态混合机的混合设备,以制备反应混合物。将反应混合物供料至注射模头,在那里它可用来浸渍正同时被拉入该注射模头的纤维。将所得未固化的复合材料牵拉穿过区域加热的模头,该模头直接连接至注射模头,并具有所需的横截面,该复合材料在模头中成形和固化。固化模头具有2-3个加热区域,该加热区域配备了单独控制的电加热线圈,以维持所需的温度。冷却模头的入口,以防止过早聚合。最热区域的温度范围通常是约350℉-约450℉。通过牵拉机器提供将复合材料穿过该成形模头牵拉所需的动力。该机器通常具有与固化的复合材料轮廓(或其中的玻璃纤维)接触的抓取装置,并提供穿过该模头牵拉该复合材料所必须的牵引力。该机器还具有在牵拉的所需方向形成力的装置,提供连续的穿过模头牵拉该复合材料轮廓所必须的推动。当所得复合材料轮廓排出牵拉机时,随后一般通过磨切锯切割成所需长度。
实施例
通过以下实施例进一步说明本发明,但本发明不限于以下实施例。除非另有说明,否则,所有以“份数”和“百分数”给出的量都应理解为是以重量计的。实施例的制剂使用了下述材料:
多元醇A:基于环氧丙烷的聚醚多元醇,官能度是3,分子量是700,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为ARCOL LHT-240。
多元醇B:基于聚环氧丙烷的三元醇,分子量是160,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为MULTRANOL9133。
多元醇C:基于胺的聚醚三元醇,分子量是240,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为MULTRANOL9138。
多元醇D:基于环氧丙烷的三元醇,分子量是356,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为MULTRANOL9158。
多元醇E:基于胺的四官能聚醚多元醇,分子量是360,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为MULTRANOL4050。
多元醇F:基于胺的四官能聚醚多元醇,分子量是290,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为MULTRANOL9181。
多元醇G:基于季戊四醇的聚醚多元醇,分子量是408,可从巴斯夫(BASF)购买,商品名为Pluracol PEP450。
B75:光稳定剂系统,可从巴斯夫(BASF)购买,商品名为TINUVIN B75。
1948MCH:内部脱模添加剂,其包括脂肪酸化合物的共混物,可从阿克斯塑料(Axel Plastics)购买,商品名为AXEL INT1948MCH。
PPG4000:聚丙二醇,分子量为4000,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为ARCOL PPG4000。
KA451:沸石(Zeolith)粉末在多元醇中的分散体,由拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)制造,称为BAYLITH BLEND KA451。
DBU:1,8-二氮杂双环十一碳-7-烯,可从市场购买,商品名为DabcoDBU。
UL-29:锡催化剂,可从摩曼帝夫(Momentive)购买,商品名为FOMREZUL-29。
UL-38:锡催化剂,可从摩曼帝夫(Momentive)购买,商品名为FomrexUL-38。
异氰酸酯A:基于HDI的多官能脂族多异氰酸酯,NCO含量为23%,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为DESMODUR N3600。
异氰酸酯B:基于HDI的多官能脂族多异氰酸酯,NCO含量为23%,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为DESMODUR N3200。
异氰酸酯C:基于IPDI的多官能脂族多异氰酸酯,NCO含量为26%,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为DESMODUR77ZRT。
异氰酸酯D:基于HDI的多官能脂族多异氰酸酯,NCO含量为26%,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为BAYTEC WP260。
异氰酸酯E:基于二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯的芳香聚合异氰酸酯,NCO含量为31%,可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为Mondur MR。
拉挤成型方法
在下述实施例中制备的复合材料通过以下步骤来制备。
在下面描述的所有实施例中,都拉挤成型公称5”x0.100”长方形轮廓,该轮廓用68体积%的单向E-玻璃(125端类型30,113伊尔德(Type30,113yield)粗纱)增强。在下面实施例描述的拉挤成型制品是在市售拉挤成型机上实施的,使用了市售拉挤成型设备,且在模头前面有树脂注入腔体。用水冷却模头的前部,使用三区域平板加热来固化复合材料。拉挤成型产品是在22英寸/分钟的牵拉速度下制备的。在拉挤成型加工时,用计算机数据采集系统记录加工数据,包括测量的线速度、牵拉负荷和模头温度。当从一种树脂改变到另一种时,穿过模头牵拉干燥的纤维,以确保这3种树脂系统不发生混合。
比较例1和2
比较例1的制剂代表了典型的、用于通过拉挤成型方法制备复合材料的基于芳香多异氰酸酯的聚氨酯-形成系统。
比较例2的制剂包括的多元醇组分与比较例1所用的相同,除了用脂族多异氰酸酯(可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为Desmodur N3600)取代芳香多异氰酸酯(可从拜尔材料科学有限公司(Bayer MaterialScience)购买,商品名为Mondur MR)。
比较例1和2中所用的聚氨酯-形成系统的具体组成、用这些制剂制备的拉挤成型复合材料的物理性质见下文的表1。表1中所列组分的百分数是以重量计的百分数,且以异氰酸酯反应性组分的总重量为基准计。
表1
从表1所示的数据可知,仅仅在聚氨酯-形成系统中用脂族多异氰酸酯取代芳香多异氰酸酯,不能制备具有可接受的物理性质的复合材料。
实施例3-6
使用上述的拉挤成型方法和表2所述的制剂制备复合材料制品。表2中所列组分的百分数是以重量计的百分数,且以异氰酸酯反应性组分的总重量为基准计。这些复合材料的性质也见表2中。
表2
*比较例
从表2中的结果可知,当在聚氨酯-形成系统中使用脂族异氰酸酯时,需要完全新的制剂来取得所需的物理性质。
实施例3显示了即使使用改性的多元醇制剂,具有%NCO范围为20-23%的脂族异氰酸酯不令人满意,需要%NCO含量更高脂族异氰酸酯。
实施例4-6显示了使用具有NCO含量为26%的脂族异氰酸酯的聚氨酯-形成系统。这些实施例显示了可使用基于脂族异氰酸酯的系统来获得满足和甚至超过实施例1中使用基于芳香多异氰酸酯的系统所得的性质的物理性质。尽管实施例5具有优异的性质,树脂基材的黄色将限制它的应用,且使得不能获得纯白色。
我们证实了仅仅基于芳香多异氰酸酯系统的化学物质不适于制备高性质的基于脂族的拉挤成型系统。用脂族异氰酸酯取代芳香多异氰酸酯时,制备的材料具有非常低的Tg值。小心的选择多元醇和异氰酸酯可用来制备脂族系统,该脂族系统具有等于或好于芳香系统的性质(包括Tg)。
基于脂族异氰酸酯系统的另一个重要要求是改善耐候性。在上文实施例4和6所述的制剂都制备了具有优异耐候特征的聚氨酯。耐候性质的评估考虑了聚氨酯产品的多种特征。颜色牢度或色差和增强物起霜是这种评估的2种显著特征。使用泽诺阿克(Zenon Arc)耐候试验机进行加速耐候测试。表3汇报了实施例6的脂族系统和实施例1的芳族系统加速耐候性测试结果,将实施例6的脂族系统应用到添加白色颜料的基材以显示最困难的色差,并将实施例1的芳族系统应用到添加黑色颜料的基材以给予它成功的最佳机会。
表3
在加速老化测试中,甚至为黑色时实施例1的芳族系统也显示了显著的色差。可接受的色差变化通常是色差ΔE在3-5的范围。此外,芳香多异氰酸酯系统在仅暴露500小时后就显示了表面起霜,这将使通过拉挤成型方法制备的制品中的玻璃纤维暴露。
甚至当应用到更难的白色基材时,在加速耐候条件7000小时后,实施例6的脂族系统具有优异的颜色固定。此外,在整个测试中,表面都保持光滑。
出于示例性而非限制性目的给出本发明的上述实施例。对本领域普通技术人员显而易见的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以各种方式修改或调整本文所述的实施方式。本发明的范围由所附权利要求书限定。

Claims (20)

1.用于通过拉挤成型方法制备纤维增强复合材料的透明聚氨酯-形成系统,其包括:
(a)透明的、在25℃下的粘度不大于1000厘泊的脂族多异氰酸酯,以及
(b)无色多元醇组分,其包括分子量为约150-约400且OH官能度大于或等于3的胺起始多元醇,以及
(c)催化剂。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,(a)是HMDI。
3.如权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,所述胺起始多元醇的OH官能度至少为4。
4.如权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,(a)是IPDI。
5.如权利要求1所述的系统,其特征在于,(b)还包括无色的、短链聚醚多元醇,该聚醚多元醇不是胺起始的且OH官能度至少为3。
6.用于通过拉挤成型方法制备纤维增强复合材料的反应系统,其包括:
(a)透明的、在25℃下的粘度不大于1000厘泊的脂族多异氰酸酯,
(b)无色多元醇组分,其包括分子量为约150-约400且OH官能度大于或等于3的胺起始多元醇,
(c)催化剂,以及
(d)纤维增强材料。
7.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(d)选自下组:单一股段、编织股段、纺织垫结构、无纺垫结构及其组合。
8.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(d)包括一种或更多种的玻璃纤维、玻璃垫、碳纤维、聚酯纤维、天然纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玄武岩纤维和尼龙纤维。
9.权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(d)包括玻璃纤维。
10.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(a)选自下组:亚乙基二异氰酸酯;1,4-四亚甲基二异氰酸酯;1,6-六亚甲基二异氰酸酯;1,12-十二烷二异氰酸酯;环丁烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯;环己烷-1,3-二异氰酸酯和环己烷--1,4-二异氰酸酯;1-异氰酸基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲基环己烷(“异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯”);2,4-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯和2,6-六氢甲苯二异氰酸酯;二环己基甲烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯(“氢化MDI”或者“HMDI”),异氰酸酯封端的预聚合物,以及它们的混合物。
11.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(a)是HMDI。
12.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,所述胺起始多元醇的OH官能度至少为4。
13.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(a)是IPDI。
14.如权利要求6所述的反应系统,其特征在于,(b)还包括无色的、短链聚醚多元醇,该聚醚多元醇不是胺起始的且OH官能度至少为3。
15.用于制备纤维增强聚氨酯复合材料的拉挤成型方法,其包括:
(a)连续地牵拉连续纤维增强材料粗纱或落纤,使其相继地经过浸渍腔体和模头;
(b)将如权利要求1所述的聚氨酯-形成系统连续地加入所述浸渍腔体;
(c)使纤维增强材料与在浸渍腔体中的聚氨酯-形成系统接触,使制剂将所述材料基本上完全浸润;
(d)引导该纤维增强材料穿过加热到反应温度的模头,以形成固体复合材料;以及
(e)从该模头拉制复合材料,
其中在浸渍腔体中的条件是这样的:基本上不发生聚合。
16.如权利要求15所述的拉挤成型方法,其特征在于,所述纤维增强材料选自下组:单一股段、编织股段、纺织垫结构、无纺垫结构及其组合。
17.如权利要求15所述的拉挤成型方法,其特征在于,所述纤维增强材料包括一种或更多种的玻璃纤维、玻璃垫、碳纤维、聚酯纤维、天然纤维、芳族聚酰胺纤维、玄武岩纤维和尼龙纤维。
18.如权利要求15所述的拉挤成型方法,其特征在于,所述纤维增强材料包括玻璃纤维。
19.如权利要求15所述的拉挤成型方法,其特征在于,(a)选自1-异氰酸基-3,3,5-三甲基-5-异氰酸甲基环己烷(“异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯”)和二环己基甲烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯(“氢化MDI”或者“HMDI”)。
20.用权利要求15所述的方法制备的纤维增强聚氨酯复合材料。
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