CN104010855A - 机动车的混合驱动装置和用于运行该混合驱动装置的方法 - Google Patents

机动车的混合驱动装置和用于运行该混合驱动装置的方法 Download PDF

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CN104010855A
CN104010855A CN201280063008.1A CN201280063008A CN104010855A CN 104010855 A CN104010855 A CN 104010855A CN 201280063008 A CN201280063008 A CN 201280063008A CN 104010855 A CN104010855 A CN 104010855A
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change
sealed
combustion engine
speed box
point
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CN104010855B (zh
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约翰尼斯·卡尔滕巴赫
乌韦·格里斯迈尔
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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ZF Friedrichshafen AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
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    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/44—Series-parallel type
    • B60K6/442—Series-parallel switching type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • F16H3/08—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/087—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears
    • F16H3/093—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts characterised by the disposition of the gears with two or more countershafts
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Abstract

一种机动车混合驱动装置和用于运行该机动车混合驱动装置(1)的方法，该混合驱动装置具有内燃机(2)、电机(3)和变速器(4)，其中，变速器(4)构造为具有两个分变速器(5、6)的多级换挡变速器，这两个分变速器分别具有单独的输入轴(7、8)和共同的输出轴(9)，其中，第一分变速器(5)的第一输入轴(7)可以通过摩擦锁合的离合器(10)以如下方式与内燃机(2)联接，即，在离合器(10)闭合时，内燃机(2)与第一输入轴(7)联接并由此与第一分变速器(5)联接，而在离合器(10)打开时，该内燃机与第一输入轴(7)脱开并由此与第一分变速器(5)脱开，其中，第二分变速器(6)的第二输入轴(8)与电机(3)固定联接，其中，中两个输入轴(7、8)均能通过分变速器(5、6)的形状锁合的换挡元件有选择地与共同的输出轴(9)联接，并且其中，第二分变速器(6)的第二输入轴(8)以如下方式配属有多个形状锁合的换挡元件(A、B)，即，当形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)闭合时，电机(3)联接到内燃机(2)上，并且由此内燃机(2)与电机(3)一起联接到第二分变速器(6)上，而当形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)闭合时，电机(3)联接到两个分变速器(5、6)的两个输入轴(7、8)上，并且由此第一分变速器(5)联接到第二分变速器(6)上。

Description

机动车的混合驱动装置和用于运行该混合驱动装置的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的机动车混合驱动装置。此外，本发明还涉及一种用于运行这种混合驱动装置的方法。
背景技术
由DE198 50 549A1公知了一种具有混合驱动装置的机动车，其中，混合驱动装置包括内燃机、电机和构造为双离合变速器的变速器。DE198 50 549A1的混合驱动装置的双离合变速器具有两个分变速器，它们分别具有单独的输入轴和共同的输出轴，其中，根据现有技术为每个输入轴配属摩擦锁合的(reibschlüssig)离合器，以便将内燃机与相应分变速器的相应输入轴联接。根据DE198 50 549A1的双离合变速器的分变速器具有形状锁合的(formschlüssig)换挡元件，通过这些换挡元件，两个输入轴可以有选择地与共同的输出轴联接。电机与至少一个分变速器的至少一个输入轴联接。
发明内容
由此出发，本发明的任务是提供机动车的新型混合驱动装置和用于运行这种混合驱动装置的方法。
该任务通过根据权利要求1的混合驱动装置来解决。根据本发明，第二分变速器的第二输入轴以如下方式配属有多个形状锁合的换挡元件，即，当形状锁合的第一换挡元件闭合时，电机联接到内燃机上，并且由此内燃机与电机一起联接到第二分变速器上，而当形状锁合的第二换挡元件闭合时，电机联接到两个分变速器的两个输入轴上，并且由此第一分变速器联接到第二分变速器上。
在根据本发明的混合驱动装置中，仅变速器的一个分变速器的一个输入轴配属有摩擦锁合的离合器，另一分变速器的另一输入轴配属有形状锁合的换挡元件。通过形状锁合的第一换挡元件，从电机的发电机充电运行的无延迟起动是可能的，该第一换挡元件在闭合状态下将电机联接到内燃机上，并且由此将内燃机与电机一起联接到第二分变速器上。通过形状锁合的第二换挡元件可以确保的是，摩擦锁合的离合器始终可以作为用于内燃机的分离离合器，以便因此例如在紧急制动时即使在负载下也可以与内燃机脱开，以便由此防止内燃机熄火，通过该第二换挡元件，在闭合状态下，电机也联接到第一分变速器的第一输入轴上，并且由此第一分变速器联接到第二分变速器上。利用混合驱动装置的唯一的电机可实现多个混合功能，例如在空挡中充电、助力(Boosten)、回收(Rekuperieren)、纯电行驶。此外，电机可用作负载换挡元件，其在实施切换期间保持从动装置上的牵引力。
优选地，形状锁合的第一换挡元件和形状锁合的第二换挡元件与共同的促动器一起以如下方式组合为换挡组件，即，要么仅形状锁合的第一换挡元件闭合，要么仅形状锁合的第二换挡元件闭合，要么两个形状锁合的换挡元件都打开。利用该设计方案可以减小所需的结构空间。
根据本发明的用于运行这种混合驱动装置的方法在权利要求4至9中限定。
附图说明
本发明优选的改进方案由从属权利要求和接下来的描述得到。本发明的实施例不局限于此地借助附图来详细阐述。其中：
图1示出机动车的根据本发明的混合驱动装置的示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出机动车的根据本发明的混合驱动装置1的优选的实施方式，其中，混合驱动装置1包括内燃机2、电机3和变速器4。变速器4构造为具有两个分变速器5和6的多级换挡变速器，其中，两个分变速器5和6分别具有单独的输入轴7或8和共同的输出轴9。第一分变速器5在图1的实施例中提供前进挡位“1”、“3”、“5”和“7”。第二分变速器6在示出的实施例中提供前进挡位“2”、“4”、“6”以及倒挡“R”。
具有两个分变速器5和6的变速器4根据图1具有多个组合为换挡组件12的、形状锁合的换挡元件，两个分变速器5和6的两个输入轴7和8中的每个通过这些换挡元件都能有选择地联接到变速器4的输出轴9上，其中，变速器4的输出轴9作用到从动装置上。
摩擦锁合的离合器10以如下方式配属于变速器4的分变速器的输入轴(也就是图1中的第一分变速器5的第一输入轴7)，即，使也可被称为分离离合器的摩擦锁合的离合器10接在内燃机2与第一分变速器5的第一输入轴7之间。当摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合时，内燃机2联接到第一输入轴7上并由此联接到第一分变速器5上。而当摩擦锁合的离合器10打开时，内燃机2与第一输入轴7并由此与变速器4的第一分变速器5脱开。
混合驱动装置1的唯一的电机3与另一分变速器的另一输入轴，也就是图1中的第二分变速器6的第二输入轴8固定联接。
在这里要指出的是，在示出的优选实施例中，两个分变速器5和6的两个输入轴7和8相互同轴地布置。在此，电机3与第二分变速器6的靠外的输入轴8接合，也就是在图1中直接地接合。然而也可以在第二分变速器6的这个输入轴8与电机3之间接入恒定传动级。
与示出的实施例不同，也可以选择轴向平行的布置方式，并且将电机通过正齿轮级、皮带传动装置或链传动装置联接到相应的分变速器的相应的输入轴上。
变速器4的在其输入轴，也就是图1中的第二分变速器6的第二输入轴8，上固定地联接有电机3的分变速器没有配属摩擦锁合的离合器，更确切地说，多个形状锁合的换挡元件A和B配属于第二分变速器6的第二输入轴8，这些换挡元件根据图1组合为换挡组件11。
当形状锁合的第一换挡元件A闭合时，电机3联接到内燃机2上，并且由此内燃机2和电机3一起联接到第二分变速器6上，也就是第二分变速器6的输入轴8上，更确切地说，在绕过摩擦锁合的离合器10的情况下。当形状锁合的第二换挡元件B闭合时，两个输入轴7与8联接，并且由此两个分变速器5与6联接，从而由此电机3不仅联接到第二分变速器6的第二输入轴8上，而且还联接到第一分变速器5的第一输入轴7上。
因为要么仅第一换挡元件A闭合，要么仅第二换挡元件B闭合，所以两个换挡元件A和B优选与共同的促动器一起组合为换挡组件11。也就是说因此，要么仅形状锁合的第一换挡元件A闭合，要么仅形状锁合的第二换挡元件B闭合，要么两个形状锁合的换挡元件A和B都打开。
当在电机3的发电机运行中，机动车的速度小于极限值时，尤其是当机动车停止并且其速度为零时，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A尤其是在电机3的发电机运行以及由此在其充电运行中闭合。当在电机3的发电机运行中，机动车的速度大于极限值时，或者在电机3的发动机运行中，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A打开。
据此，在机动车停止的情况下，为了电机3的发电机运行以及由此在其充电运行，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A闭合，在第一分变速器5中挂入起动挡位，在第二分变速器6中挂入空挡位置，并且摩擦锁合的离合器10打开或者最大直到其贴靠点地闭合。为了接下来的起动或缓行(Ankriechen)，摩擦锁合的离合器10可以超过贴靠点地闭合，其中，起动或缓行在摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合或完全贴合时结束。
据此，在机动车停止的情况下在电机3的发电机充电运行中，无延迟的起动或缓行是可能的，这是因为电机3在第一换挡元件A闭合时，与摩擦锁合的离合器10相关地连接到内燃机2上。当在该状态下，也就是在内燃机2与电机3通过第一换挡元件A相互联接的情况下，在第二分变速器6位于空挡并且在第一分变速器5中挂入起动挡位的情况下，离合器10闭合时，马上可以无延迟地实现车辆反应，即，无延迟的起动或缓行。
像已经实施的那样，尤其是在电机3的发电机运行或充电运行中，在速度相对较小时，尤其是在机动车停止时，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A闭合。
在其他情况下，也就是当在电机3的发电机运行中，机动车的行驶速度大于极限值时，或者在电机3的发动机运行中，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A打开，而形状锁合的第二换挡元件B根据需要或根据情况闭合。
当形状锁合的第二换挡元件B在机动车行驶期间闭合时，也就是当两个分变速器5和6的两个输入轴7和8相互联接时，摩擦锁合的离合器10始终作为用于内燃机2的分离离合器，从而例如在紧急制动时，分离离合器10可以在负载下打开，于是内燃机2不会熄火。
当在摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合并且形状锁合的换挡元件A和B打开的情况下从机动车的内燃机行驶出发，在变速器4中应该实施从第一分变速器5的实际挡位到第二分变速器6的目标挡位的挡位变换时，首先同步第二分变速器6中的目标挡位并在同步之后挂入，其中，同步第二分变速器6中的目标挡位通过电机3的转速调节运行来实现。接下来，为了确保负载从内燃机2转移到电机3上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上建立负载并在内燃机2上减小负载，并且按照需要打开摩擦锁合的离合器10，其中，接下来挂出第一分变速器5中的实际挡位。在此，第二换挡元件B被同步，于是被无负载地闭合，其中，第二换挡元件B的同步例如可以通过第二换挡元件的同步元件或通过第一分变速器5上的未示出的变速器制动装置来实现。紧接在闭合第二换挡元件B之后，为了确保负载从电机3转移回内燃机2上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上减小负载并在内燃机2上建立负载，并且如果摩擦锁合的离合器之前是打开的，那么在需要时闭合摩擦锁合的离合器10。
与此同时，从第一分变速器5的实际挡位到第二分变速器6的目标挡位的挡位变换结束，其中，接下来在内燃机2与电机3之间所需的行驶力矩的分配与运行策略的预先规定相应地进行。
上述从第一分变速器5的实际挡位到第二分变速器6的目标挡位的挡位变换例如可以是从前进挡位“1”到前进挡位“2”或从前进挡位“3”到前进挡位“4”或从前进挡位“5”到前进挡位“6”的挡位变换。
当在摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合，形状锁合的第一换挡元件A打开并且形状锁合的第二换挡元件B闭合的情况下从机动车的内燃机行驶出发，在变速器4中应该实施从第二分变速器6的实际挡位到第一分变速器5的目标挡位的挡位变换时，首先为了确保负载从内燃机2转移到电机3上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上建立负载并在内燃机2上减小负载。紧接着无负载地打开形状锁合的第二换挡元件B。按照需要，打开摩擦锁合的离合器10。接下来，同步并挂入第一分变速器5中的实际挡位，其中，紧接着为了确保负载从电机3转移回内燃机2上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上减小负载并在内燃机2上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合摩擦锁合的离合器10。接下来可以挂出第二分变速器6的实际挡位。在这个从第二分变速器6的实际挡位到第一分变速器5的目标挡位的挡位变换结束之后，又与运行策略的预先规定相应地进行内燃机2与电机3之间所需的行驶力矩的分配。
上述从第二分变速器6的实际挡位到第一分变速器5的目标挡位的挡位变换例如可以是从前进挡位“2”到前进挡位“3”或从前进挡位“4”到前进挡位“5”或从前进挡位“6”到前进挡位“7”的挡位变换。
当在摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合，形状锁合的换挡元件A和B打开的情况下从机动车的内燃机行驶出发，在变速器4中应该实施从第一分变速器5的实际挡位到第一分变速器5的目标挡位的挡位变换时，首先在第二分变速器6中同步并挂入中间挡位。接下来，为了确保负载从内燃机2转移到电机3上，在时间上重叠地在内燃机2上减小负载并在电机3上建立负载，并且按照需要打开摩擦锁合的离合器10。紧接着挂出第一分变速器5中的实际挡位，同步并挂入该第一分变速器的目标挡位。接下来，为了确保负载从电机3转移回内燃机2上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上减小负载并在内燃机2上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合摩擦锁合的离合器10。紧接着，在第二分变速器6中可以又挂出之前挂入的中间挡位。
上述从第一分变速器5的实际挡位到第一分变速器5的目标挡位的挡位变换例如可以是从前进挡位“1”到前进挡位“3”或从前进挡位“3”到前进挡位“5”或从前进挡位“5”到前进挡位“7”的挡位变换。在此，在第二分变速器6中挂入用于从前进挡位“1”到前进挡位“3”的挡位变换的前进挡位“2”作为中间挡位。
同样可行的是，在摩擦锁合的离合器10闭合，形状锁合的换挡元件A打开且形状锁合的换挡元件B闭合的情况下从机动车的内燃机行驶出发，在变速器4中实施从第二分变速器6的实际挡位到第二分变速器6的目标挡位的挡位变换，其中，为此首先为了确保负载从内燃机2转移到电机3上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上建立负载并在内燃机2上减小负载。紧接着无负载地打开形状锁合的第二换挡元件B。按照需要，打开摩擦锁合的离合器10。
接下来，在第一分变速器5中同步并挂入中间挡位，其中，接下来为了确保负载从电机3转移回内燃机2上，在时间上重叠地在电机3上减小负载并在内燃机2上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合摩擦锁合的离合器10。紧接着，挂出第二分变速器6的实际挡位，以及同步并挂入第二分变速器6的目标挡位。接下来，负载再次以如下方式从内燃机2转移到电机3上，即，在时间上重叠地在内燃机2上减小负载并在电机3上建立负载，并且按照需要打开摩擦锁合的离合器10。接下来，挂出第一分变速器5的中间挡位，以及同步并无负载地挂入形状锁合的第二换挡元件B，以便接下来实施负载从电机3转移回内燃机2上，为此再次在时间上重叠地在电机3上减小负载并在内燃机2上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合摩擦锁合的离合器10。
上述从第二分变速器6的实际挡位到第二分变速器6的目标挡位的挡位变换例如可以是从前进挡位“2”到前进挡位“4”或从前进挡位“4”到前进挡位“6”的挡位变换。在此，在第一分变速器5中挂入用于从前进挡位“2”到前进挡位“4”的挡位变换的前进挡位“3”作为中间挡位。
要指出的是，这些挡位与变速器4的分变速器5和6的挡位配属可以是不同的。也就是说，第一分变速器5提供奇数个挡位，而第二分变速器6提供偶数个挡位并不是强制必须的。
但是为了确保通过电机3的可负载换挡性，电机3接合在其输入轴8上的第二分变速器6的挡位应该不是直接相邻的挡位。
优选地，电机3接合在其输入轴8上的第二分变速器6具有两个电行驶挡位，利用这两个电行驶挡位可以与电机3相关地覆盖整个速度范围。这两个电行驶挡位于是优选也用作用于换挡或挡位变换的支撑挡位(Stützgang)。
在行驶运行中，混合驱动装置1可以如下这样来运行，即，使得电机3的力流仅通过第二分变速器6作用。内燃机2于是可以随时通过打开摩擦锁合的离合器10而与变速器4脱开。为了接下来联接内燃机，于是第一分变速器5和所有挡位和第二分变速器6的当前挡位可供使用。这是有利的，因为在内燃机2脱开时，尤其是在再生制动时，机动车的速度可能强烈地变化，因此为了接下来联接内燃机2，需要比内燃机脱开时更小的挡位。
附图标记列表
1  混合驱动装置
2  内燃机
3  电机
4  变速器
5  第一分变速器
6  第二分变速器
7  第一输入轴
8  第二输入轴
9  输出轴
10 摩擦锁合的离合器
11 换挡组件
12 换挡组件
A  形状锁合的第一换挡元件
B  形状锁合的第二换挡元件

Claims (9)

1.机动车的混合驱动装置，所述混合驱动装置具有内燃机(2)、电机(3)和变速器(4)，其中，所述变速器(4)构造为具有两个分变速器(5、6)的多级换挡变速器，所述分变速器(5、6)分别具有单独的输入轴(7、8)和共同的输出轴(9)，其中，第一分变速器(5)的第一输入轴(7)能通过摩擦锁合的离合器(10)以如下方式与所述内燃机(2)联接，即，在离合器(10)闭合时，所述内燃机(2)联接到所述第一输入轴(7)上并由此联接到所述第一分变速器(5)上，而在离合器(10)打开时，所述内燃机与所述第一输入轴(7)脱开并由此与所述第一分变速器(5)脱开，其中，第二分变速器(6)的第二输入轴(8)与所述电机(3)固定联接，并且其中，两个输入轴(7、8)均能通过所述分变速器(5、6)的形状锁合的换挡元件有选择地与所述共同的输出轴(9)联接，其特征在于，所述第二分变速器(6)的第二输入轴(8)以如下方式配属有多个形状锁合的换挡元件(A、B)，即，当形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)闭合时，所述电机(3)联接到所述内燃机(2)上，并且由此所述内燃机(2)与所述电机(3)一起联接到所述第二分变速器(6)上，而当形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)闭合时，所述电机(3)联接到两个分变速器(5、6)的两个输入轴(7、8)上，并且由此所述第一分变速器(5)联接到所述第二分变速器(6)上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合驱动装置，其特征在于，所述形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)和所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)与共同的促动器一起以如下方式组合为换挡组件(11)，即，要么仅所述形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)闭合，要么仅所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)闭合，要么两个形状锁合的换挡元件(A、B)都打开。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的混合驱动装置，其特征在于，所述两个分变速器(5、6)的输入轴(7、8)相互同轴地布置。
4.一种用于运行具有根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的机动车的方法，其特征在于，当所述机动车的速度小于极限值时，尤其是当所述机动车停止时，所述形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)在所述电机(3)的发电机运行中闭合，而当所述机动车的速度大于所述极限值时，打开所述形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)，并且优选闭合所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)。
5.一种用于运行根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的方法，其特征在于，当所述机动车停止时，为了所述电机(3)的发电机运行，所述形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)闭合，在所述第一分变速器(5)中挂入起动挡位，在所述第二分变速器(6)中挂入空挡位置，并且所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)最大直到其贴靠点地闭合，其中，为了接下来的起动或缓行，所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)超过所述贴靠点地闭合，并且其中，起动或缓行在摩擦锁合的离合器(10)完全贴合时结束。
6.一种用于运行根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的方法，其特征在于，在摩擦锁合的离合器(10)闭合并且形状锁合的换挡元件(A、B)打开的情况下从所述机动车的内燃机行驶出发，为了实施从所述第一分变速器(5)的实际挡位到所述第二分变速器(6)的目标挡位的挡位变换，首先同步并随后挂入所述目标挡位，接下来为了确保负载从所述内燃机(2)转移到所述电机(3)上，在所述电机(3)上建立负载并在所述内燃机(2)上减小负载，并且按照需要打开所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，紧接着挂出所述实际挡位，以及同步并闭合所述第二换挡元件(B)，并且接下来为了确保负载从所述电机(3)转移回所述内燃机(2)上，在所述电机(3)上减小负载并在所述内燃机(2)上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)。
7.一种用于运行根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的方法，其特征在于，在摩擦锁合的离合器(10)闭合，形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)打开并且形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)闭合的情况下从所述机动车的内燃机行驶出发，为了实施从所述第二分变速器(6)的实际挡位到所述第一分变速器(5)的目标挡位的挡位变换，首先为了确保负载从所述内燃机(2)过渡到所述电机(3)上，在所述电机(3)上建立负载并在所述内燃机(2)上减小负载，打开所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)，并且按照需要打开所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，紧接着同步并随后挂入所述实际挡位，紧接着为了确保负载从所述电机(3)转移回所述内燃机(2)上，在所述电机(3)上减小负载并在所述内燃机(2)上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)。
8.一种用于运行根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的方法，其特征在于，在摩擦锁合的离合器(10)闭合并且形状锁合的换挡元件(A、B)打开的情况下从所述机动车的内燃机行驶出发，为了实施从所述第一分变速器(5)的实际挡位到所述第一分变速器(5)的目标挡位的挡位变换，首先在所述第二分变速器(6)中同步并挂入中间挡位，最后为了确保负载从所述内燃机(2)转移到所述电机(3)上，在所述电机(3)上建立负载并在所述内燃机(2)上减小负载，并且按照需要打开所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，紧接着挂出所述实际挡位，以及同步并挂入所述目标挡位，接下来为了确保负载从所述电机(3)转移回所述内燃机(2)上，在所述电机(3)上减小负载并在所述内燃机(2)上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)。
9.一种用于运行根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的混合驱动装置的方法，其特征在于，在摩擦锁合的离合器(10)闭合，形状锁合的第一换挡元件(A)打开并且形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)闭合的情况下从所述机动车的内燃机行驶出发，为了实施从所述第二分变速器(6)的实际挡位到所述第二分变速器(6)的目标挡位的挡位变换，首先为了确保负载从所述内燃机(2)转移到所述电机(3)上，在所述电机(3)上建立负载并在所述内燃机(2)上减小负载，打开所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)，并且按照需要打开所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，接下来同步并挂入所述第一分变速器(5)的中间挡位，接下来为了确保负载从所述电机(3)转移回所述内燃机(2)上，在所述电机(3)上减小负载并在所述内燃机(2)上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，紧接着挂出所述第二分变速器(6)的实际挡位，以及同步并挂入所述第二分变速器(6)的目标挡位，接下来为了确保负载再次从所述内燃机(2)转移到所述电机(3)上，在所述电机(3)上建立负载并在所述内燃机(2)上减小负载，并且按照需要打开所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)，接下来挂出所述第一分变速器(5)的中间挡位，以及同步并挂入所述形状锁合的第二换挡元件(B)，并且紧接着为了确保负载再次从所述电机(3)转移回所述内燃机(2)上，在所述电机(3)上减小负载并在所述内燃机(2)上建立负载，并且按照需要闭合所述摩擦锁合的离合器(10)。
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