CN103917858A - 葡萄糖传感器 - Google Patents

葡萄糖传感器 Download PDF

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CN103917858A
CN103917858A CN201280054266.3A CN201280054266A CN103917858A CN 103917858 A CN103917858 A CN 103917858A CN 201280054266 A CN201280054266 A CN 201280054266A CN 103917858 A CN103917858 A CN 103917858A
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optical
glucose sensor
devices according
sensor devices
optical glucose
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CN103917858B (zh
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S·阿斯穆尔
J·S·克里斯滕森
H·M·艾勒森
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Medtronic Minimed Inc
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Abstract

光学葡萄糖传感器可包括光纤和葡萄糖能透过的薄膜,所述薄膜具有中空内部并耦接至光纤的远端。薄膜的中空内部提供了容纳竞争性葡萄糖结合亲和力测检物的隔室。所述测检物可包括可由染料标记的葡萄糖同系物和可由荧光剂标记的葡萄糖受体。光纤可包括复合抛物面聚光器末梢,并且隔室可附加地容纳反射器,所述反射器设置成以便朝向光纤的末梢。被荧光剂标记的测检物可由光学检验系统检验,所述光学检验系统包括光源和滤光片基体,所述滤光片基体具有一个或多个涂层以实现例如激励滤光和/或放射滤光。检验系统可制造为堆叠式平面集成光学系统并切成更小的单元。

Description

葡萄糖传感器
相关申请数据
本申请要求于2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/531,449、以及于2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/531,451、以及于2011年9月6日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/531,456、以及于2011年11月1日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/554,057、以及于2011年11月17日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/561,146、以及于2012年1月18日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/587,819、以及于2012年4月5日提交的美国临时申请序号No.61/620,563的优先权,并且涉及在此同时提交的名称为“Orthogonally Redundant Sensor Systems and Methods”、代理人档案号No.040088-0405699的美国专利申请,以上所有文献通过参考其整体而结合于此。
技术领域
本发明的实施例总体上涉及传感器技术,包括用于感测各种生理学参数、例如葡萄糖浓度的传感器。更特别地,本发明的实施例涉及光学传感器、这种传感器的制造和使用方法、用于检验光学传感器的光学和光电系统、以及这种光学/光电系统的制造和使用方法。仍更特别地,本发明的实施例涉及包括了荧光剂标记测检物的光纤传感器、用于检验这种光纤传感器的堆叠式平面光学集成系统、以及这种光纤传感器和光学集成系统的制造和使用方法。
背景技术
落射荧光显微技术是在生物医学领域中越来越多使用的荧光显微方法。落射荧光显微镜主要是用于通过使源光线经过物镜并然后照到样品上而激励该样品。样品中的荧光产生了放射(荧光)光线,所述放射光线通过被用于所述激励的相同物镜而聚焦在检测器上。因为大多数源光线大体上传输经过所述样品,所以仅仅反射的源光线连同荧光光线一起抵达所述物镜。物镜与检测器之间附加的滤光片能从荧光光线中过滤掉剩余的源光线。
落射荧光显微技术的基本原理可在用于检验基于测检物的葡萄糖传感器的光学或光电系统中使用。这种传感器中的测检物可使用诸如扫描照相机记录、单光子计数、频域寿命期测量、以及稳态荧光测量的各种方法检验。在频域寿命期检验和稳态荧光检验中,光学检验系统的作用是激励测检物荧光剂并且防止激励光线抵达检测器而同时传输放射的荧光。应理解的是从荧光剂标记的测检物放射的荧光大体上是弱的。因此,重要的是尽可能高效地激励所述测检物并且尽可能多地聚集各向同性放射的荧光。
在基于频域寿命期检验和稳态荧光检验的连续葡萄糖监测器的情况下,重要的是不仅使(光学系统)仪器和光学传感器的成本、尺寸和重量最小化,而且在于使仪器和传感器二者的可制造性最优化。就此而言,当前使用的光学系统总体上相当巨大且昂贵,并且需要精确组装这是因为所述光学系统包括大量不同的光学组件。因而,需要改进的光学系统和光学葡萄糖传感器、包括与这样的光学系统使用的传感器以解决上述需求。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个实施例,光学葡萄糖传感器包括光纤,所述光纤带有连接至其远端的葡萄糖能透过的薄膜。所述薄膜可以例如是管形,以使得其中空的内部限定用于保持测检物的隔室。根据本发明的一个方面,所述测检物为竞争性葡萄糖结合亲和力测检物(competitiveglucose binding affinity assay),其包括葡萄糖受体(glucose receptor)、葡萄糖同系物(glucose analog)、标记在所述葡萄糖受体上的第一(供体)荧光剂(fluorophore)、以及标记在所述葡萄糖同系物上的受体染料。在本发明该方面的改型中,测检物除了第一荧光剂外可包括基准荧光剂(reference fluorophore)。
根据本发明的另一实施例,光学葡萄糖传感器的光纤包括与所述测检物直接接触的复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)形末梢。在又一个方面,反射器可对着CPC形末梢地在隔室内设置以朝着CPC形末梢反射从测检物放射的荧光。
本发明的实施例还涉及用于测检物的寿命期和/或强度检验的光学系统。因而,在一个方面,被荧光剂标记的测检物可由光学检验系统检验,所述光学检验系统包括光源和滤光基体,所述滤光基体具有一个或多个实现例如激励滤光和/或放射滤光的涂层。在另一方面,检验系统可制造为晶圆级堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS)并切成更小的单元。
结合通过示例图示了本发明实施例各种特征的所附附图,本发明的其它特征和优点从以下详细说明将变得容易理解。
附图说明
图1示出了根据本发明实施例的基于共振能量转移(FRET)的竞争性葡萄糖结合亲和力测检物;
图2示出了用于为根据本发明实施例的被荧光剂标记的测检物测量激励状态寿命期的仪器;
图3示出了根据本发明实施例的用于强度检验的葡萄糖结合竞争性亲和力测检物,包括基准荧光剂。
图4A示出了根据本发明实施例的用于检验被荧光剂标记的测检物的仪器,所述测检物带有被用于强度检验的内部基准荧光剂;
图4B示出了根据本发明另一实施例的用于检验被荧光剂标记的测检物的仪器,所述测检物带有被用于强度检验的内部基准荧光剂;
图5A是根据本发明实施例的光纤传感器的透视图;
图5B是图5A中所示光纤传感器的侧视图;
图6A是根据本发明实施例的带有复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)形光纤末梢的光纤传感器的透视图;
图6B是图6A中所示光纤传感器的侧视图;
图7A是根据本发明实施例的带有复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)形光纤末梢、反射器以及支承结构的光纤传感器的透视图;
图7B是图7A中所示光纤传感器的侧视图;
图7C是根据本发明实施例的带有侧切容腔的光纤的侧视图;
图7D是图7C中所示光纤传感器的透视图;
图8示出了带有直切式光纤的光纤传感器的测检物隔室之内的荧光分布(高度=测检物隔室直径);
图9示出了带有CPC形光纤的光纤传感器的测检物隔室之内的荧光分布(高度=测检物隔室直径);
图10A示出了带有CPC形光纤和反射器的光纤传感器的测检物隔室之内的荧光分布(高度=测检物隔室直径);
图10B示出了带有侧切容腔的光纤传感器的测检物隔室之内的荧光分布(高度=测检物隔室直径);
图11示出了根据本发明实施例的用于被荧光剂标记测检物的寿命期检验的堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS);
图12示出了根据本发明实施例的用于寿命期系统的光源、激励滤光片以及荧光剂的光谱;
图13示出了根据本发明实施例的用于被荧光剂标记测检物的强度检验的堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS);
图14示出了根据本发明实施例的用于强度系统的光源、激励滤光片、放射滤光片、测检物荧光剂以及基准荧光剂的光谱;
图15示出了根据本发明另一实施例的用于被荧光剂标记测检物的强度检验的堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS);
图16A和16B示出了根据本发明实施例的CPC SPIOS-光纤分界面的示例;以及
图17示出了根据本发明实施例的晶圆级堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS)的图示层。
具体实施方式
在以下说明中,参照所附附图,所述附图形成本文一部分并图示了本发明的若干实施例。应理解的是可采用其它实施例并且在不脱离本发明范围的情况下可作出结构和操作上的改变。
如为了图示性目的的附图中所示,本发明的实施例涉及可由光学系统或光电系统检验的光学传感器。光学传感器可被经皮引入和/或容纳、或可植入到和/或穿过皮下、真皮、子真皮、腹膜间或腹膜组织。在此处的讨论中,参照作为分析物的葡萄糖描述了本发明的装置、系统和方法的优选实施例,所述葡萄糖在用户的血液和/或体液中的水平/浓度是待确定的。然而这是借助于示例而并非限制性的,这是因为本发明的原理、装置、系统和方法可用于感测和/或确定各种其它生理学参数、试剂、特征和/或组分的水平。
如以下将详细描述的,具有测检物隔室的光学葡萄糖传感器可例如通过在光纤远端包括容纳有所述测检物的、葡萄糖能透过的薄膜而形成。光纤于是可经皮地插入用户体内,由此将测检物隔室定位在用户组织中,同时将至少一部分光纤留在体外以使得所述光纤可由检验系统访问。可替代地,光学传感器可以是能植入的,例如作为包括检验光电系统和电源的能植入葡萄糖监测器的部件。测检物隔室可在葡萄糖能透过的薄膜和至光电系统的光学分界面之间形成。所述光学传感器可优选是能生物降解的。
如图1中所示,光学葡萄糖传感器可基于竞争性葡萄糖结合亲和力测检物。所述测检物可包括容纳在隔室中的葡萄糖受体和葡萄糖同系物(配体),其中至少部分的隔室能够与周围的介质交换诸如葡萄糖、盐等小分子同时保留诸如测检物组分的大分子。
几种分子可用作为葡萄糖测检物的葡萄糖受体。示例包括但不限于刀豆球蛋白A、周质葡萄糖/半乳糖结合受体、排斥类葡萄糖分子的抗体、硼酸、以及甘露糖结合凝聚素(MBL)。甘露糖结合凝聚素是人类蛋白质,所述人类蛋白质是先天免疫系统的一部分。因而,测检物可包括作为葡萄糖受体的MBL和作为葡萄糖同系物的葡聚糖。
MBL与类葡萄糖分子(例如葡聚糖)之间的结合是可逆的。当不存在葡萄糖时,MBL和葡聚糖将显著地结合到一起。当对所述测检物添加葡萄糖时,所述葡萄糖将占据部分葡聚糖数量,以使得测检物达到新的平衡状态。在所有时候平衡状态与葡萄糖浓度相对应。为了确定该平衡状态,MBL被用荧光剂(例如Alexa Fluor594或AF594)标记,并且葡聚糖被用染料(例如Medtronic公司的六甲氧基结晶紫-1(HMCV1)、一种专属结晶紫衍生物)标记。供体荧光剂和受体染料一起形成了共振能量转移(FRET)对,即荧光剂的放射光谱与染料的吸收光谱重叠。
FRET的存在影响激励状态的寿命期和放射荧光的强度并且仅当荧光剂和相对应的染料接近(即处于大约的范围)时出现。因而,FRET机构允许通过照亮测检物并且测量激励状态的寿命期和/或来自供体荧光剂的放射荧光的强度而光学地检验平衡状态。应注意的是供体荧光剂和受体染料优选是能溶于水的,这是因为它们在水环境中起作用。
图2示出了用于基于改进的落射荧光显微镜对上述测检物进行频域寿命期检验的仪器。所述仪器或光学检验系统光学地耦接至携载测检物的传感器100(或与之对齐)。测检物由周期性信号(例如正弦、方波、狄拉克脉冲、近似狄拉克、锯齿等信号)激励,并且调制频率受荧光激励状态寿命期(τ)的控制。优化调制频率可近似表示为:
fopt=1/(2*π*τ)    公式(l)
因而,对于3纳秒的寿命期而言,例如优化调制频率(fopt)处于大约50MHz至大约60MHz的范围。
参照图2,结合驱动电路110的振荡器105利用能够激励荧光的波长范围对LED120调制。使用多层介电滤光片130对LED120输出过滤以选择明确的波长区域。过滤后的LED输出被分色光束分离器140反射并通过透镜150聚焦在(含有测检物的)传感器100上。测检物放射带有与激励(调制的LED输出)相同频率的荧光并且由于用于荧光剂的激励状态的寿命期而相移。
放射的荧光103和反射的激励光123通过透镜150拾波并校准。分色光束分离器140传输荧光103。然而,所述分色光束分离器反射大部分的反射回的激励光123。具有明确波长区域的放射滤光片160阻隔剩余部分的激励光123并传输荧光103,所述波长区域相对于激励滤光片的通带红移且并不重叠。因而,实际上,使用透镜170将仅仅携载经调制的且相移荧光的荧光聚焦到光检测器180上。检测的荧光与激励光之间的相位延迟与测检物中的葡萄糖浓度有关。
除了激励状态的寿命期,放射荧光的强度也与葡萄糖浓度有关。与寿命期测量不同的是,放射荧光所测量的强度受光源强度和测检物与光学系统间耦接的影响。因此,强度测量需要如图3所示结合到测检物中的内部基准荧光剂。
基准荧光剂必须与测检物荧光剂不同,以使得从测检物放射的荧光和来自参照物的荧光例如通过具有不同吸收光谱或放射光谱可彼此分开。基准荧光剂可例如为标记到人血清白蛋白(HSA)或其它大分子上的Alexa Fluor700(AF700),其大部分没有结合至葡萄糖受体。见图3,Alexa Fluor700可同Alexa Fluor594同时受激励,因为它们的吸收光谱在光谱上重叠。来自Alexa Fluor700的放射光谱相对于Alexa Fluor594略微红移,这使得可以在分开的波长区域中检测它们各自的荧光放射。因为它们由相同的光源同时激励,所以光源强度上的任何改变将使得来自AF594和AF700的荧光等同地按比例改变。像这样,源自光源强度改变的任何效果可被抵消。
用于测检物和参照物的放射荧光的激励和检测从光学系统至测检物遵循相同的光学路径。像这样,来自参照物的检测信号用作为用于光学检验系统和测检物之间光耦合的措施。源自光耦合中改变的任何效果诸如对齐可被抵消。
图4A示出了用于基于另一改型的落射荧光显微镜对上述测检物进行荧光检验的仪器的一个实施例。仅仅出于消除1/f噪音和抵消环境光的目的,驱动电路310利用能够同时对测检物和基准荧光剂激励的波长范围以低频调制LED320。使用多层介电滤光片330对LED输出过滤以选择明确的波长区域。过滤后的LED输出由第一分色光束分离器340反射并由透镜350聚焦在包括测检物和参照物的传感器300上。
测检物和参照物放射荧光。放射的荧光301和反射的激励光323由透镜350拾波并校准。第一分色光束分离器340传输荧光301。然而,所述第一分色光束分离器反射大部分被反射回的激励光323。第二光束分离器344以90°的角度反射基准荧光307,但是所述第二光束分离器传输测检物荧光309。带有明确波长区域的测检物放射滤光片360于是阻隔剩余部分的激励光并传输测检物荧光,该波长区域相对于激励滤光片的通带红移但并不重叠且与测检物荧光光谱的期望部分匹配。
类似地,带有明确波长区域的参考放射滤光片364阻隔剩余部分的激励光并传输基准荧光307,该波长区域相对于激励滤光片的通带红移但并不重叠且与基准荧光的期望部分匹配。因而,实际上,使用分别的透镜370、374将仅仅来自测检物的荧光和来自参照物的荧光聚焦到它们分别的光检测器380、384上。检测的测检物荧光与检测的基准荧光之间的比率与测检物中的葡萄糖浓度有关。如之前所述,光源强度或光耦合中的任何改变将被抵消这是因为所述改变使得测检物荧光和基准荧光同等地按比例调节。
图4B示出了用于荧光检验的仪器的另一实施例。此处,如图4A中一样,仅仅出于消除1/f噪音和抵消环境光的目的,驱动电路310利用能够同时对测检物荧光剂和基准荧光剂激励的波长范围以低频调制LED320。使用多层介电滤光片330对LED输出过滤以选择明确的波长区域。过滤后的LED输出由第一分色光束分离器340反射并由透镜350聚焦在包括测检物和参照物的传感器400上。传感器400是如以下更完整描述的光纤传感器。
如与图4A相关联所描述的,测检物和参照物放射荧光。放射的荧光301和反射的激励光323由透镜350拾波并校准。第一分色光束分离器340传输荧光301。然而,所述第一分色光束分离器反射大部分被反射回的激励光323。第二光束分离器344以90°的角度反射测检物荧光309,但是所述第二光束分离器传输基准荧光307。带有明确波长区域的参考放射滤光片364于是阻隔剩余部分的激励光并传输基准荧光,该波长区域相对于激励滤光片的通带红移但并不重叠且与基准荧光光谱的期望部分匹配。
类似地,带有明确波长区域的测检物放射滤光片360阻隔剩余部分的激励光并传输测检物荧光309,该波长区域相对于激励滤光片的通带红移但并不重叠且与测检物荧光的期望部分匹配。因而,实际上,使用分别的透镜370、374将仅仅来自测检物的荧光和来自参照物的荧光聚焦到它们分别的光检测器380、384上。检测的测检物荧光与检测的基准荧光之间的比率与测检物中的葡萄糖浓度有关。再次如之前所述,光源强度或光耦合中的任何改变将被抵消这是因为所述改变使得测检物荧光和基准荧光同等地按比例调节。
图5A和5B示出了本发明的实施例,其中通过将测检物放置在隔室420中制成光纤传感器400,所述隔室远离光纤410的远端412。在该实施例中,容纳测检物的测试管形葡萄糖能透过的薄膜430在光纤410的端部上滑设并且密封(例如热密封)。光纤410的远端412被直切并抛光,并与测检物直接接触。在本发明的实施例中,葡萄糖能透过的薄膜430可由能生物相容的、能生物降解的聚合物以及不能生物降解的聚合物制成,所述能生物降解的聚合物诸如例如PolyActiveTM(Integra Orthobiologics,尔湾,加利福尼亚州)、聚乳酸-羟基乙酸、聚己内酯,所述不能生物降解的聚合物具有类似纤维素(SpectrumLaboratories,Rancho Dominguez,加利福尼亚州)或聚砜(SpectrumLaboratories,Rancho Dominguez,加利福尼亚州)的分子量截留特性。
利用上述构造,测检物现在可通过光纤410激励,并且引发由光纤收集的荧光。由于来自测检物的荧光各向同性地辐射,所以可由光纤410拾波的放射荧光的量借助光纤的数值孔径设定。
光纤的数值孔径(NA)是光纤芯部的折射率(n1)与包层的折射率(n2)的函数:
NA = n 1 2 - n 2 2        公式(2)
大体上,由于芯部/包层边界中的全内反射,所以以小于临界角的角度进入光纤的光将被传输穿过光纤,而以大于临界角的角度进入的光将简单地穿过包层离开所述光纤。商业上能用的光纤具有高折射率芯部和低折射率包层。对于塑料光纤而言,芯部和包层通常的折射率分别为大约1.49和大约1.40,基于公式(2)所述折射率引起大约0.51的数值孔径。根据以下的公式(3),这对应于大约30.6°的临界角(θ)或大约0.88sr的立体角:
NA=nsinθmax      公式(3)
对于理想情况,这转化成总放射荧光大约7%的拾波,其中各向同性辐射为4πsr,并且0.88sr/4πsr≈7%。最大荧光拾波因而由光纤设定。
此外,一些激励光将穿过葡萄糖能透过的薄膜从测检物隔室溢出,这是因为激励光以与光纤数值孔径对应的角度耦接进测检物中。
光学不变量定理说明了源面积(A)与立体角(Ω)的乘积是常数:
A1Ω1=A2Ω2   公式(4)
在公式(4)中,A1等于光纤的横截面积,Ω1等于对应于光纤数值孔径的立体角,并且根据最大光纤末梢长度、测检物的饱和强度以及能制造的末梢几何形状之间的权衡而设定A2和Ω2
施用于光纤传感器400,这意味着利用恰好的光学组件和光纤末梢设计,传输穿过光纤410的激励光可向下聚焦至将所述激励远离葡萄糖能透过的薄膜430移动的更小区域,并且由此减少激励光从传感器的溢出。此外,光纤末梢的数值孔径可增加引起了从所述测检物增加的荧光拾波。
复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)是非成像组件,其具有入射孔、抛物面形反射表面、以及出射孔。CPC可形成为充满空气的空间或带有抛物镜表面的光学材料,或者其可由具有比周围材料更高折射率的光学材料形成。由于高-低折射率传输,CPC的抛物面形部分形成为确保全内反射的抛物面。
作为沿着轴线的z坐标函数的CPC上点的径向坐标通过以下二次方程的正实数根给出:
C2r2+2(CSz+aP2)r+(z2S2-2aCQz-a2PT)=0   公式(5)
其中C=cosθ,S=sinθ,P=1+S,Q=1+P以及T=1+Q
将光纤410的末梢成型为带有恰好尺寸的CPC将带来期望的特性。作为示例,施用至250微米光纤末梢的CPC形状将末梢直径减少至125微米。面积因而减少至四分之一,引起了数值孔径中理论上四重的增加,其对应于荧光拾波中的四重增加。
本发明采用CPC末梢几何形状的实施例在图6A和6B中示出。如所示的,CPC形光纤末梢414与测检物直接接触,其具有类似于水的折射率(1.33)。因为这显著地低于光纤包层的折射率,所以设计成在抛物面部分上具有包层的CPC将带有包层地、也可以不带有包层地工作。
应注意的是荧光拾波中理论的四重增加是基于如下假设,即测检物的荧光剂在末梢-测检物过渡处、也就是CPC-测检物的光学分界415处受激励。然而,由于荧光出现在光纤末梢414前面的空间中,所以荧光拾波中的增加可显著地低于通过粗略理论计算预估的四重增加。
因而,即使理论上CPC光纤末梢414的数值孔径相比于传统的直切式光纤末梢412将显著地增加,在操作中CPC设计大体上也不会拾波超过放射荧光的大约50%。尽管如此,在本发明的实施例中,荧光拾波百分比可通过将凹镜417放置在光纤末梢414前面以沿着与光纤末梢相反的方向反射放射的荧光并将其聚焦到光纤中来增加。
如图7A和7B中所示,在光纤末梢414和镜417之间必须仍有间隙以为测检物留出空间、即构建测检物隔室420。镜417明显地需要在光纤末梢414的前面保持在位。这可例如通过支承结构419完成,所述支承结构允许葡萄糖扩散进光纤末梢414前面的空间中。同时,支承结构419用于支承葡萄糖能透过的薄膜430的目的。
已使用Zemax光学设计软件对直切式光纤末梢412、CPC形光纤末梢414以及结合反射器417的CPC形光纤末梢414建模。对于三种设计的每个而言,模型包括以下几点:(1)处于光纤传感器近(自由)端的激励光源,其将光耦接进光纤中并激励位于光纤(远端、原位)末梢的测检物;(2)带有所选择光纤末梢几何形状的光纤;(3)填充测检物的隔室,所述隔室包括测检物吸收部和测检物荧光处理部;以及(4)带有荧光滤光片的检测器,所述荧光滤光片仅仅选择被拾波的荧光并经过光纤传输回去。
对于全部三种设计而言,激励荧光与被检测荧光之间的比率被计算。从以下表1中所示的结果能够看出,Zemax模拟显著地示出了相比光学不变量定律预估的来自CPC设计更低的荧光拾波。如所述的,这是由于如下事实,即激励和引发的荧光放射发生在光纤末梢前面的空间体积中而并非直接发生在光纤末梢/测检物边界处。
在本发明采用上述CPC末梢几何形状的实施例中,测检物(包括参考染料)可由水凝胶携载或容纳以便使生产简单并使测检物稳定。具体地,葡萄糖测检物首先溶解到水凝胶中。接下来,CPC形光纤末梢可浸入容纳测检物的水凝胶中,并且液滴可留在CPC形光纤末梢的前面。最后,水凝胶可交联以便提供葡萄糖传感器。适合的交联水凝胶可包括例如聚丙烯基水凝胶(诸如聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(pHEMA)、PMMA-pHEMA共聚物等)、聚氨酯、聚酯、聚醚等。
在容纳测检物的水凝胶未交联的情况下,整个实施例可通过任何适于葡萄糖传感器的聚合物、即允许葡萄糖扩散穿过聚合物的那些聚合物涂覆。适合的非交联水凝胶可包括例如聚乙烯醇(PVA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚丙二醇(PPG)、聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯(pHEMA)等及它们的共聚物。
图7C和7D示出了本发明的另一实施例,其中光纤传感器1400通过将测检物放置在靠近光纤1410的远端1412的隔室1420a、1420b中而制成。所述隔室形成为光纤中切过光纤包层和芯部的侧切部。在该实施例中,管形葡萄糖能透过的薄膜1430滑设在侧切部上并且被密封至光纤的、保留测检物隔室区域中葡萄糖可透性的包层。
两个切口在光纤的相对侧上制成并彼此充分地错置以维持光纤的结构强度。对于第一侧切容腔1420a而言,平行于光纤轴线的表面1421a优选是光学品质的。由于测检物的折射率显著地低于光纤芯部,所以这将为从光纤传感器的近端行进至第二测检物隔室1420b的激励光1423提供全内反射,并且此外为从第二测检物隔室1420b放射且返回至光纤近端的荧光提供全内反射。上述构造为光纤传感器提供了结构强度,特别是对于传感器自身中柔软的葡萄糖能透过的薄膜并不提供充分的结构强度以确保测检物隔室稳定性的光纤传感器而言所述构造是有利的。
应注意的是,在本发明的实施例中,可包括更少或更多个测检物隔室。例如,参照图7C和7D,当例如单一的测检物隔室提供充分的荧光时,第二测检物隔室1420b可被省去。同样,在附加实施例中,作为结合液体测检物和葡萄糖能透过薄膜的替代例,如上所述带有嵌入测检物的水凝胶可被浇铸到一个或多个侧部容腔中以形成测检物隔室。
图8至10A示出了对于每个前述设计而言测检物隔室420内部的荧光强度分布。清楚地,当采用直切式光纤时,荧光放射区域向外延伸至薄膜,CPC将激励光和荧光放射集中到测检物隔室的中心。图10B示出了对于图7C和7D中示出的侧切容腔而言测检物隔室内部的荧光强度分布。
应注意的是,上述说明中施用至光纤传感器的CPC构造是图示性的,并且也可应用其它几何形状,例如具有矩形横截面的CPC还有其它也能改变光纤末梢数值孔径的成像或非成像几何形状。
本发明的实施例也涉及改进的光学系统,所述光学系统用于检验光学传感器内、尤其是上述类型的光纤传感器内容纳的被荧光剂标记的测检物。
如之前所述的,在典型的检验系统(例如落射荧光显微镜)中,荧光应用通常通过相当强烈地激励荧光剂吸收带中的荧光剂以及检测由所述荧光剂放射的弱荧光而操作。在这样的应用中,分色光束分离器作用为光的粗略过滤,而重过滤发生在激励滤光片和放射滤光片中,所述激励滤光片和放射滤光片用在传输模式中并取决于在单个通过中通带以外波长衰减的106倍。这样的滤光片正常地是基于介电多层滤光片,所述介电多层滤光片包括基体,所述基体在两侧上具有高达100层带有替代折射率的光学涂层。在通带中,滤光片具有高达99%的透过率,尽管事实是在基体两侧上的滤光片堆叠大体上包括抗反射涂层,但其最可能由于滤光片两侧上空气涂覆过渡区中反射损失引起。
根据本发明的实施例,光学系统可用于检验带有或不带有内部参照物的被荧光剂标记的测检物。创造性的光学系统是基于滤光片基体,所述滤光片基体带有在基体表面上位置分开的一个或多个光学涂层。所述涂层可以是形成短波通、长波通、带通滤光片的介电多层涂层以及抗反射涂层。此外,涂层可以是金属反射涂层。
更具体地,本发明的实施例采用如下事实,即介电多层滤光片反射未被传输的光。因此,根据本发明实施例的滤光片在滤光片基体上可包括第一涂层,所述第一涂层传输特定波长范围的激励光但反射通带以外的波长。这使得放射荧光能通过涂层反射一次或多次,同时允许反射的激励光传输出光学系统。过滤后的荧光然后在其到达基体未涂覆第一涂层的部分时离开滤光片基体,并由一个或多个检测器拾波。
随后的过滤也可通过施涂第二涂层实现,所述第二涂层传输源自第一荧光剂的期望波长范围但反射传输带以外的波长、尤其是反射剩余的激励光。以该方式,期望的波长范围将在其可由一个或多个适合的检测器拾波处传输出基体。此外,抗反射涂层可施涂至基体的、光耦合进或耦合出基体的区域以减少反射损失。
在强度检验配置中,在既使用第一荧光剂又使用第二荧光剂的情况下,上述第二涂层可传输与第一荧光剂相关联的期望波长范围并反射传输带以外的波长、尤其是反射剩余的激励光和与第二荧光剂相关的荧光。源自第二荧光剂的过滤后的荧光然后在其到达基体未被涂覆第一或第二涂层的部分时离开滤光片基体,以使得该过滤后的荧光能由适合的检测器拾波。源自第二荧光剂的荧光的随后过滤可通过施涂第二涂层实现,所述第二涂层传输与第二荧光剂相关联的期望波长范围并反射传输带以外的波长、尤其是传输剩余的激励光。以该方式,期望的波长范围在其可由适合的检测器拾波处可传输出基体。在其它实施例中,系统可扩展成包括多个光源和/或多个待检测的波长范围。
上述滤光片配置的实施需要诸如透镜、反光镜的成像光学元件或衍射光学元件以对光进行聚焦、收集和校准。此外,可需要孔和光阱以控制光路径和吸收传输出滤光片基体的不期望的波长、诸如例如待阻隔的激励光。在该实施例中,上述光学元件和光阱通过元件与(玻璃)基体之间的空气间隙显示。然而,光学元件和光阱也可在透光材料中形成,所述透光材料在背离滤光片基体的表面上具有镜面涂层和吸收涂层。这样的配置大体上更有利,这是因为相比于存在空气间隙的情况,光学元件和光阱更好地指数匹配于滤光片基体/滤光片涂层。
上述元件可作为离散的单元独立地排列和配合到涂覆的滤光片基体的两侧上。类似地,一个或多个光源以及一个或多个检测器可作为包装单元排列和配合到滤光片基体上、作为未加工的裸晶直接层压到涂覆的滤光片基体上、或者作为未加工的裸晶安装到印刷电路板上和作为单元安装到涂覆的滤光片基体上。
适合的光源可包括例如发光二极管(LED)和激光二极管,并且适合的检测器可包括例如光电二极管、雪崩光电二极管、硅光电倍增管、光电倍增管以及光敏三极管。此外,组装后的光学系统可被涂覆或放置在封装体中以遮蔽环境光。
根据本发明实施例的用于检验单个荧光剂的堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS)在图11中示出。参照图11和图12,LED510放射光进入滤光片基体500内,所述光具有与待检验荧光的吸收光谱重叠的波长范围。LED输出在进入滤光片基体500之前被激励滤光片520限制为特定的波长范围。过滤后的激励光经过滤光片基体相对侧上的相同的激励滤光片离开滤光片基体500并由第一反光镜530校准。校准后的激励光经过滤光片基体以达到第二反光镜540并由此穿过光学窗口550聚焦到传感器590上。应注意的是,在该实施例中,传感器590是上述与图5至10相关类型的、在测检物隔室595中包括测检物的光纤传感器。
行进经过传感器590,激励光591到达测检物隔室595,在此所述激励光激励测检物中的荧光剂以使得荧光剂放射荧光593。此外,激励光被反射并从光学窗口和传感器向回散射。荧光593和反射/向回散射的激励光被第二反光镜540拾波并校准,并且穿过滤光片基体上未涂覆的或抗反射涂覆的区域503进入滤光片基体500。放射的荧光在两个涂覆表面(即激励滤光片520)之间反射,同时激励光传输穿过涂层520并由光阱560吸收。过滤后的荧光在涂覆区域末端507离开滤光片基体500并穿过滤光片基体的未涂覆的或抗反射涂覆的区域由第三反光镜570聚焦在检测器580上。
在替代实施例中,用于检验带有测检物荧光剂和基准荧光剂的传感器的堆叠式平面集成光学系统(SPIOS)在图13中示出。参照图13和图14,LED510放射光进入滤光片基体500中,所述光带有与待检验的两种荧光剂的吸收光谱重叠的波长范围。LED输出在进入滤光片基体500之前由激励滤光片520限制为特定的波长范围。过滤后的激励光穿过滤光片基体相对侧上的相同的激励滤光片离开滤光片基体500并由第一反光镜530校准。校准后的激励光经过滤光片基体以达到第二反光镜540并由此穿过光学窗口550聚焦到传感器590上。应注意的是,在该实施例中,传感器590是上述与图5至10相关类型的、在测检物隔室595中包括测检物的光纤传感器。
行进经过传感器590,激励光591到达测检物隔室595,在此所述激励光激励测检物中的荧光剂以使得荧光剂放射荧光593。此外,激励光被反射并从光学窗口和传感器向回散射。荧光593和反射/向回散射的激励光被第二反光镜540拾波并校准以穿过滤光片基体上未涂覆的或抗反射涂覆的区域503进入滤光片基体500。放射的荧光在两个激励滤光片涂层520之间反射,同时激励光传输穿过所述涂层并由光阱560吸收。
过滤后的荧光在激励滤光片涂层末端507离开滤光片基体500并且放射滤光片525传输与第一荧光剂(测检物荧光剂)相关的波长范围。来自第一荧光剂的过滤后的荧光由第三反光镜570聚焦在第一检测器580上,而与第二荧光剂(基准荧光剂)相关联的荧光在滤光片基体500两侧上的放射滤光片525之间反射。来自第二荧光剂的过滤后的荧光在涂覆区域末端509或替代为在抗反射涂层处离开滤光片基体500,并穿过滤光片基体未涂覆的、或抗反射涂覆的区域由第四反光镜575聚焦到第二检测器585上。
如之前所述的,用于检验带有测检物荧光剂和基准荧光剂的传感器的SPIOS的光学元件、孔和光阱可安设为所述元件与(玻璃)基体之间具有空气间隙。然而,见图13,光学元件和光阱也可在透光材料中形成,所述透光材料在背离滤光片基体的表面上具有镜面涂层和吸收涂层。后者的配置大体上更有利,这是因为相比于存在空气间隙的情况,光学元件和光阱更好地指数匹配于滤光片基体/滤光片涂层。这种配置的示例显示在图15中,其中在光学组件之间设有连接材料1501。
应注意的是LED芯片的发光区域具有如下面积,该面积能与500微米的多模光纤相比。此外,LED芯片在大角度空间中放射。对于装配有检验光纤传感器的LED的SPIOS而言,当光纤直径减少时,荧光输出逐渐变得受将光线从LED聚焦到光纤上的能力的限制。将光纤的近端相对于光学系统定位也变得更严格。
如图16A和16B中所示,如果SPIOS相对于光纤的数值孔径小于光纤自身的数值孔径,那么将光从LED耦合进光纤传感器中的能力可通过将复合抛物面聚光器(CPC)1505放置在SPIOS与光纤传感器1590之间的分界面中而增强。CPC于是可用于匹配光纤的数值孔径并由此减少源自LED的聚焦后激励光的光斑尺寸。这进而使得更多的光能够从LED耦合进光纤中。
如例如在图16A中所示,CPC可以是SPIOS的集成部件。然而,CPC也可形成在光纤的近端,由此待由SPIOS作为目标的面积有所增加,因而减少了对(在近端带有CPC的)光纤相对于SPIOS进行定位的要求。
在图17中所示的又一实施例中,创造性的光学检验系统可设计成制造为晶圆级堆叠式平面集成光学系统、或晶圆级SPIOS(也称作为“晶圆尺度光学系统”或“晶圆级光学系统”)。如图17中所示,SPIOS包括被堆叠和排列的各种层。在晶圆层610中,一个或多个光源(例如LED和光电二极管)以及检测器可排布在晶圆上。可替代地,它们可以是裸的芯片(例如由Avago Technologies或Hamamatsu出售),所述芯片各自地排列并层压到SPIOS单元上。
一个或多个光学层620可包括在晶圆尺寸的注射模制成型的盘上排布的反光镜和吸收器。限定光学表面的模具嵌件由对金刚石进行车削/铣的公司(例如丹麦的Kaleido Technology)制造。金或保护银例如通过喷溅施涂至镜表面,而任何吸收器在加工期间被掩模。
光学滤光片层630包括带有可选涂层的晶圆尺寸的玻璃基体。具体地,使用离子辅助喷溅可将多层光学涂层施涂在玻璃基体两侧上以形成耐久涂层。该技术类似于在通过例如美国的Semrock和丹麦的Delta制造荧光滤光片时所使用的技术。
如图17中所示,在一个实施例中,晶圆层610可跟随有光学层620、光学滤光片层630和另一光学层620。完整的堆叠然后彻底地对齐并例如通过胶合层压,并且连接物被粘合到芯片上。然后使用例如金刚石锯将所述堆叠切成块640以形成多个组装好的SPIOS单元670。
上述系统可制作得很小并适于大规模生产。所述系统可用于检验光散射环境下的传感器,诸如检验植入皮肤内的传感器还有光纤传感器。涂层或封装可用于遮蔽环境光。
尽管以上说明涉及本发明的特别实施例,但应理解的是在不脱离本发明精神实质的情况下可作出许多改型。所附权利要求意在覆盖将落在本发明的真实范围和精神之内的这样的改型。
当前公开的实施例因此被认为是所有方面为示意性而非限制性的,本发明的由所附权利要求表示的范围、以及在权利要求等价物的含义及范围内的所有改变因此被意在涵盖在本文中。

Claims (46)

1.一种光学葡萄糖传感器,其包括:
光纤,所述光纤具有近端和相反的远端;
葡萄糖能透过的薄膜,所述薄膜具有中空内部、开放的近端、以及闭合的远端,其中所述薄膜的近端耦接至光纤的远端以便在光纤的远端和薄膜的远端之间限定处于所述中空内部中的隔室;以及
竞争性葡萄糖结合亲和力测检物,其位于所述隔室中,所述测检物包括葡萄糖受体和葡萄糖同系物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述隔室放置在用户的组织内。
3.根据权利要求2所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的近端在用户体外。
4.根据权利要求3所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的近端光学地耦接至测检物检验系统。
5.根据权利要求4所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述检验系统是堆叠式平面集成光学系统。
6.根据权利要求2所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的近端光学地耦接至测检物检验系统。
7.根据权利要求6所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述检验系统是光学检验系统。
8.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述测检物是荧光剂标记的测检物。
9.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖受体利用第一荧光剂标记。
10.根据权利要求9所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述测检物还包括不同于所述第一荧光剂的基准荧光剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述第一荧光剂和所述基准荧光剂或者具有不同的吸收光谱,或者具有不同的放射光谱,或者具有不同的吸收光谱和放射光谱。
12.根据权利要求10所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述第一荧光剂是Alexa Fluor594(AF594)。
13.根据权利要求10所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述基准荧光剂是Alexa Fluor700(AF700)。
14.根据权利要求10所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述基准荧光剂被标记到大分子上。
15.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖受体选自以下组,所述组包括刀豆球蛋白A、葡萄糖半乳糖结合蛋白、抗体、硼酸、以及甘露糖结合凝聚素(MBL)。
16.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖同系物是葡聚糖。
17.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖同系物利用染料标记。
18.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖受体利用荧光剂标记,所述葡萄糖同系物利用染料标记,并且所述荧光剂和染料形成共振能量转移对。
19.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖受体是甘露糖结合凝聚素(MBL),并且所述葡萄糖同系物是葡聚糖。
20.根据权利要求19所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述甘露糖结合凝聚素(MBL)利用Alexa Fluor荧光剂标记。
21.根据权利要求20所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述荧光剂是能溶于水的。
22.根据权利要求20所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述荧光剂是Alexa Fluor594(AF594)。
23.根据权利要求19所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡聚糖利用染料标记。
24.根据权利要求23所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述染料是能溶于水的。
25.根据权利要求23所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述染料是六甲氧基结晶紫-1(HMCV1)。
26.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述葡萄糖受体是利用Alexa Fluor594(AF594)标记的甘露糖结合凝聚素(MBL),并且所述葡萄糖同系物是利用六甲氧基结晶紫-1(HMCV1)标记的葡聚糖。
27.根据权利要求26所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述测检物还包括利用作为基准荧光剂的Alexa Fluor700(AF700)标记的大分子。
28.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述薄膜以管形的方式设置。
29.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述薄膜包括生物相容性聚合物。
30.根据权利要求29所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述聚合物是能生物降解的。
31.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述薄膜的开放近端能密封地配合在光纤的远端之上。
32.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的远端被直切并抛光。
33.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的远端与所述测检物直接接触。
34.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的远端为复合抛物面聚光器的形状。
35.根据权利要求34所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述复合抛物面聚光器延伸进所述隔室中并且与隔室中的测检物直接接触。
36.根据权利要求34所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,还包括与所述复合抛物面聚光器的远端纵向隔开设置的反射器。
37.根据权利要求36所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述反射器朝着所述光纤的远端反射从所述测检物放射的荧光。
38.根据权利要求36所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述反射器是凹镜。
39.根据权利要求36所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述测检物在所述反射器与所述复合抛物面聚光器的远端之间的空间中设置。
40.根据权利要求34所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述复合抛物面聚光器具有矩形截面。
41.根据权利要求34所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤和复合抛物面聚光器具有圆形截面。
42.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述传感器被植入用户体内。
43.根据权利要求42所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述光纤的近端光学地耦接至测检物检验系统。
44.根据权利要求43所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述检验系统是光学检验系统。
45.根据权利要求44所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述检验系统是堆叠式平面集成光学系统。
46.根据权利要求1所述的光学葡萄糖传感器,其特征在于,所述传感器是能生物降解的。
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