CN103891519A - Efficient and three-dimensional cultivation method for agaricus bisporus - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses an efficient and three-dimensional cultivation method for agaricus bisporus. The method is characterized by comprising the steps of laying of cultivation materials, obtaining of a formula of the cultivation materials meeting the bacterial strain fertility requirement, seeding, earthing, management after earthing and the like, wherein earthing materials are made of 70 percent of pond soil and 30 percent of mushroom bran, and the cultivated area is 40 m <2>; 1400 kg of pond soil not polluted by pathogenic bacteria and not containing sundries and 600 kg of processed mushroom bran without insect attack or mildew are selected, the earthing layer is 3.5 cm thick, the pH value is between 7.8 and 8.2, doors and windows need to be opened after earthing until the earthing surface layer does not adhere to hands when the earthing surface layer is lifted by hand, the doors and the windows are closed, the windows are opened for ventilation and air change in the morning and at night, air in a mushroom house keeps fresh, air change time is short, ranges from 30 min to 60 min generally and is prolonged afterwards, and accordingly hypha can be promoted to creep soil and grow into the earthing layer. The method has a great significance in promoting the industrialized production scientific level of agaricus bisporus and scientific and technological progress of the mushroom cultivation industry and promoting resource-saving and environment-friendly ecological agriculture development.

Description

A kind of method of agaricus bisporus highly effective stereo cultivating

Technical field

The invention belongs to cucumber growing vegetables technical field, particularly relate to a kind of method of greenhouse cucumber growing vegetables.

Background technology

Edible fungi of china market will be popularized " scale edible fungus industrial high yield technique " gradually at For The Next 3-5 Years, by family edible mushroom high yield mushroom fields ten hundreds of operation, following what arise at the historic moment will be " compost produce specialized enterprises ", the difference of the operating mechanism of this marketization and the market division of labor can directly cause composts or fertilisers of cultivating to make with Edible Fungi and thoroughly make a distinction, expedite the emergence of composts or fertilisers of cultivating mushroom specialization in production enterprise, plant mushroom family and buy the compost fermenting, the material piece of even sending out bacterium good, only carry out management of producing mushroom, so just the capital of major company, flexible and efficient the combining of technical advantage and family little mushroom field, realize specialization in production and the scale of composts or fertilisers of cultivating, greatly reduce production cost, to significantly improve production efficiency.Along with the operation of the universal and ten hundreds of family edible mushroom high yield mushroom field of domestic " scale edible fungus industrial high yield technique ", will there is the double growth of geometric progression in the high-quality composts or fertilisers of cultivating market demand fermenting, in 3～5 years, modernization mushroom is planted industrial blank and is about to represent.Tunnel-type fermenting technique specialized, batch production that composts or fertilisers of cultivating tunnel Concentrated fermentation technology adopts, the composts or fertilisers of cultivating actinomycetes of fermentation are many, and material is canescence, and inviscid, tack-free, flexible, leachate is transparent.Its water content 66.3%, pH value 7.5, nitrogen content 2.15%, reach batch production Concentrated fermentation composts or fertilisers of cultivating quality level without technical indicators such as ammonia tastes, for high yield double-sporophyte mushroom stable yields is taken a firm foundation.

Agaricus bisporus [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing] claim again mushroom, two spore mushrooms etc.On taxonomy, belong to Eumycota, Basidiomycetes, Holobasidiomycetidae, Agaricales, Agaricaceae, Agaricus.Be the famous edible mushroom of one that cultivated area is the widest in the world, production scale is maximum, output is maximum, have the title of " world mushroom ", the current export volume maximum of Ye Shi China, the highest edible fungus of earning foreign exchange.Because cultivation the earliest comes from West Europe, start from France, kind is white, so cry again " Western mushroom ", " French mushroom " and " white mushroom ", again because of fruit body plumpness, also claims " meat gill fungus ".Its fine and tender taste, delicious tasty and refreshing, nutritious, be deeply subject to consumer's favor all over the world.

Agaricus bisporus has abundant nutrition and health care, liked by domestic and international consumption market, and the quality of improving the people's livelihood is had to important function with building up health.Agaricus bisporus high protein, low fat, is rich in several amino acids and vitamin.Agaricus bisporus is not only a kind of edible fungus, and is a kind of medicinal fungi, and agaricus bisporus is cool in nature, taste is sweet, has spleen benefiting and stimulating the appetite, and the functions such as regulating qi-flowing for eliminating phlegm can supplemental treatment body void be received less, the diseases such as the many abdominal distension of phlegm, the diarrhea of feeling sick.In agaricus bisporus, contain trypsase, maltose, tyrosinase etc., have aid digestionly, can dissolve certain cholesterol, also have hypotensive effect, the various diseases such as hypertension, high fat of blood, diabetes are had to better auxiliary curative effect.

At present, China does not comprise that the two spore mushroom year outputs in Taiwan Province are about 700,000 tons, account for 14%～18% of world wide production, occupy second, be only second to the U.S., the agaricus bisporus production of the Yi Shi world, consumption and big export country, annual export volume, 500,000 tons of left and right, is the first in the world exported country.In recent years domestic consumption amount is also increasing rapidly.China's agaricus bisporus output is difficult to meet the demand of domestic and international consumption market at present.Along with the raising day by day of China's living standards of the people, the consumer group and consumption quantity still constantly increase, due to China's export agaricus bisporus product super quality and competitive price, competitiveness in international market is strong, export volume is also at rapid growth progressively, so domestic and abroad market prospect is wide, development potentiality is huge.

Because Project Product only accounts for 4/10000ths of domestic production amount at present, account for 1.4% of domestic market total amount, reach postpartum less than 1% of domestic production total amount, account for 1.5% of domestic consumption market.By project construction, drive periphery peasant to produce, domestic market occupation rate is estimated to reach 2%～3%.

Scholarly forecast both at home and abroad: 21 century food of fungi will be with animal food and vegetable food the gesture of tripartite confrontation, be the 3rd emerging based food.Form in recent years " food bacterium heat ", some developed countries gain great popularity fresh edible mushroom as pollution-free vegetable.As how low energy consumption, strive for high yield, realize Edible Fungi supply ample supply of vegetables in the off seasons year-round supply, balanced listing is the target that Edible Fungi person pursues always.According to edible fungi of china association statistics in 2002, national edible mushroom gross yield has reached 8,760,000 tons, becomes Edible Fungi big country of the world, and the edible mushroom gross output value is listed as the 3rd in the National Agricultural gross output value, and average annual progressive increase rate is more than 1 5%.Edible mushroom is a kind of high protein, low fat, is rich in vitamin, multienzyme class and mineral salt, and the gourmet food of various polysaccharide bodies, is described as healthy food or health food, has high nutrition and drug effect to be worth.Along with the raising demand of living standards of the people constantly increases, developed country at present per capita edible mushroom amount up to 6 kilograms; 0.5 kilogram of China's less than, market potential has a extensive future greatly.Edible Fungi need not be oily, not electricity consumption, every household can be done, so just make mushroom industry progressively form to make full use of local resources advantage and potentiality as prerequisite, it is guiding take domestic market, centered by raising Agriculture comparison benefit, carry out compartmentalization layout, specialized production, integration operation, socialized service system, production-supply-marketing, commerce-industry-agriculture, agriculture science and education is combined closely, become a large pillar industry of each department, also be the old and young poor district leading industry of striving for a relatively comfortable life of shaking off poverty and setting out on the road to prosperity, to increase intelligence, rich people, power and enforcement vegetable basket project, build the indispensable mainstay industry of agricultural modernization.

In period recently, food demand just turns to vegetables from consumption flesh of fish type, and emphasis health diet, safe and sanitary it is believed that it is primary prerequisite.Be popular on market take " king in element " two spore mushrooms as the edible mushroom of representative, its with fresh, tender, fertile, fragrant, natural green food is famous.Edible mushroom is at the '20s in last century at China's introducing and planting, at present, large area plantation on the south the Changjiang river, culture technique also reaches its maturity.China has exceeded the U.S. becomes first planting edible mushroom and big export country in the world, and market comsupton demand is just with annual 20% speed increase.Along with China joined WTO, edible fungus is cancelled quota restrictions, and from the trend of development, two spore mushrooms of China produce the new leap period that is faced with.Its reason is: due to the fast economic growth of China, and the raising of living standards of the people, the consumption figure of domestic mushroom rises year by year, and the domestic fresh mushroom market price is not rarely seen higher than the situation of converted products procurement price; On the other hand, due to the impact of the factors such as developed country's labor expenses sharp rises, the output fast-descending of mushroom, export volume falls sharply, and import volume is increasing sharply, therefore, on current international market not only canned mushroom supply falls short of demand, the demand of freezing fresh mushroom is also growing.So at home and abroad, under the good situation of mushroom market prospects, two spore mushrooms of China produce will march toward the new great development stage.

Developing agriculture through science and technology is the basic road of agricultural development.Fertilizer is the important substance basis of agricultural development.Traditional agricultural, forestry are used after chemical fertilizer in a large number, cause hardening and the degeneration of quality of agricultural product of soil, and utilization rate of fertilizer is low, destroys environment for human survival.In China, for many years due to chronic administration chemical fertilizer, fertilizer deficiency, all kinds of nutrients ratios imbalances, cause farmland ecological environment, soil physical and chemical property and soil microflora to be subject to destruction in various degree, affected to a certain extent the safety of agricultural product.The long-term use of chemical fertilizer has caused the drawbacks such as fertilizer efficiency declines, availability is low, soil compaction.Along with improving constantly of living standards of the people, high yield and high quality agricultural product and hygiene and health food have become an urgent demand in current social and agricultural production.

Bioorganic compound fertilizer is fertilizer transition in recent years developing on the basis of microbial technique development and organic manure commercialization utilization, it is neither traditional fertilizer, bacterial manure that neither be simple, it is the organic combination of the two, take full advantage of sustainable development resource in natural resources, take the organic waste in nature as basis with carrier, add appropriate inorganic elements, then scientifically add beneficial microbe colonies such as being conducive to soil structure, Crop, Element release, process through special process.Its organic carrier is mostly agricultural organic waste, and contained microorganism is roughly divided into the function bacterium such as decomposer, azotobacter, phosphate solubilizing bacteria and potassium solubilizing bacteria.Organic biofertilizer, except containing more organic matter, also contains microorganisms with specific functions, and this is the evident characteristic of organic-biological compound fertilizer.

The development of mushroom industry is driving its appurtenance, utilizes the discarded medium of planting edible mushroom and waste mushroom stick to make organic-biological compound fertilizer.Organic-biological compound fertilizer developed very fast in recent years, obtained at present family more than 120 of manufacturing enterprise of product registration card in the national Ministry of Agriculture, and approximately more than 200 ten thousand tons of annual productions, become the new bright spot in one, agricultural material product market.Research and development, production and the application dynamics of organic-biological compound fertilizer material, in view of to the showing great attention to of agricultural sustainable development, strengthened in countries in the world.Developed country's organic-biological compound fertilizer material such as the U.S. have accounted for the more than 40% of chemical fertilizer total amount, calculate and China accounts for the total consumption of chemical fertilizer 10% by organic biofertilizer, and its market capacity is at 14,000,000 tons.At present annual production only more than 200 ton with account for the pre-quantitation of chemical fertilizer total amount 10% and differ greatly, far can not meet the requirement of pollution-free food production, there is wide market prospects and development space.But because organic biofertilizer manufacturer scale is less, improve production cost, how on the Peak output economic crops such as fruits and vegetables, medicinal material, flowers, to have applied at present; Again because China's organic biofertilizer industry has just started to rise, the improvement of still needing of composite flora combo, application technique also will strengthen outreach dynamics, makes that China's bio-organic fertilizer industry obtains fast, sane development.The development of agricultural circulation economy pattern of this project take planting edible mushroom as core, actively develops the development of Comprehensive Utilization of Agricultural Wastes, will have boundless market and DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT.

Summary of the invention

The invention discloses a kind of method of agaricus bisporus highly effective stereo cultivating, it is characterized in that being undertaken by following step:

(1) lay composts or fertilisers of cultivating: composts or fertilisers of cultivating is laid on each layer of bedstead equably with conveyer belt, chooses decontamination, limit stirring, shake up in limit, and limit is smooth, accomplishes that thickness is even, degree of tightness is moderate, charge level is smooth;

(2) sowing: kind AS2796; Have commercially availablely, in the time that material temperature drops to 26-28 ℃, can sow; Adopt mixed seeding to add the method sowing that face broadcasts, first after charge level, pat charge level with burnisher with 1/2 bacterial classification uniform broadcasting, make the bacterial classification grain bed of material that bleeds, then with the uniform broadcasting of residue bacterial classification in charge level, flatten compression with plate, elasticity is moderate; After sowing, clear up batch production workshop, keep sanitation and hygiene in workshop;

Within second day, rise, carrying out ventilation sooner or later, time length determines by temperature, and temperature is generally stuffy 25 ℃ below time, when more than 28 ℃, suitably ventilates, and adds forced ventilation, so that bacterial classification sprouting material feeding when more than 30 ℃; After sowing the 5th day, should strengthen gradually ventilation, general 25-30d mycelia is covered with the bed of material;

(3) management after earthing and earthing: add bacterium chaff as cover soil material take pond soil, ratio is 7:3, the area under cultivation of every 40m2: select the pond soil 1400kg without pathogen contamination, no-sundries, without insect pest, without the bacterium chaff 600kg that goes mouldy, processed.Overburden layer thickness 3.5cm, pH value is between 7.8～8.2, after earthing, answering door window to be vented to earthing top layer hand lifts tack-free for spending, close the doors and windows, and in conjunction with the ventilation of windowing in morning, evening, in maintenance mushroom room, air is fresh, generally starts the shorter 30-60min of time of exchanging gas, extend gradually time of exchanging gas later, impel mycelia climb soil and grow in overburden layer; (4) while seeing mycelia in 50% native face and soil meet, should open ventilating opening ventilates and promotes fruit-body formation; In the time that 75% fruit body grows to soya bean size, should progressively close ventilating opening, sooner or later carry out ventilation, and keep mushroom room humidity, relative air humidity is 90%, after the first damp mushroom is gathered and finishes, cleaning bed surface, after fruiting 1～2 tide, if overburden layer and composts or fertilisers of cultivating are all dry, till should flood respraying and inhaling permeable point to composts or fertilisers of cultivating, if composts or fertilisers of cultivating can push the interior dry little water damping earthing of using of agglomerating overburden layer, moisturizing should be carried out before mushroom change of tide, avoids beating high-temperature water, should be vented to greatly mushroom surface water stain-free after moisturizing.

(5) gather: as fruit body diameter 2～4.5cm, mushroom shape is complete, full, flexible, not parachute-opening, gather in time while not becoming thin skin mushroom.

This project is planted as core take edible mushroom high-efficient solid, autonomous innovation, be core around " composts or fertilisers of cultivating mushroom fermentation → edible mushroom high-efficient solid plantation → waste edible fungus rejected material is made biological organic complex fertilizer ", developing agricultural resource circulating economy, utilize stalk, the agricultural wastes such as ight soil are as composts or fertilisers of cultivating mushroom, be used for planting edible mushroom, the dead meal of recycling edible mushroom is made biological organic complex fertilizer, thereby reach high-quality, the object that efficient circulation is utilized, build up plantation, cultivation, the Agro-ecology circulatory system of waste utilization, to realize resource conversion, become resources advantage, realize recycling economy optimal mode.

Society and ecological benefits that method disclosed by the invention has are:

By this project implementation, in agricultural production, realize material each other step interdependent and resource recycle object, reached the harmony of production and environment.The science regeneration of agricultural organic waste, has not only protected agroecological environment, also helps safety and sanitation agricultural product and produces.Thereby impel the significantly reduction of production cost, and promote the new model of the planting edible mushroom industrialization that is applicable to this area, lengthening manufacturing chain, improves added value, thereby improves overall economic efficiency, expands increasing peasant income source.Being conducive to this area agricultural develops better sooner.

At present, the core technology achievement that project construction is implemented has reached the through engineering approaches technical standard that promotes industry development, for further improving core technology achievement scientific level and the good and fast development of promotion industry.Recently, we utilize modern network to search for domestic and international up-to-date Latest Information, and in conjunction with established core technology standard, finding has again new results to succeed in developing in batch production production and two sport technique segments of composts or fertilisers of cultivating Concentrated fermentation.For making this project construction modernization and batch production more, company organizes technical staff to go Fujian Province and Shanghai City study to investigate specially, determine to introduce Fujian Mushroom Fungal Research Station's " research of agaricus bisporus bacterial classification batch production seeding technique and GMP formulate " and Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Centre " mushroom compost is specialized to be produced and corresponding cultivation techniques ", to to continuing to use in core technology, bottled bacterial classification is made and two links of normal fermentation are integrated and upgrade, reaching bacterial classification production cost reduces, quality improves, reduce damaged, conveniently transport with composts or fertilisers of cultivating fermentation even, uniform quality, popularization, specialized re-set target of producing.Utilize domestic and international state-of-the-art aseptic ventilative composite polypropylene plastic sack replacement vial or tampon plastic sack as bacterial classification novel package thing, microbe filter membrane aperture < 0.1 μ m; There is gas exchange work energy; The little timeinvariance of high pressure 6 at 125 ℃, declines 32% than the bottled bacterial classification production cost of tradition; Shorten the production cycle 66%, improve 5 percentage points of yield rates, bacterial classification storage life extends 3 times, reaches 12 months, and the technique that forms a complete production network and related facility equipment are realized bacterial classification batch production and produced; Adopt composts or fertilisers of cultivating to concentrate tunnel fermentation technique, realize composts or fertilisers of cultivating fermentation standardization, standardization, improve fresh mushroom quality and biological transformation ratio, promote mushroom agriculture to increase income.New technology is innovated with the integration of autonomous core technology again, make this project construction have more advance, typical case and exemplary role are more obvious, to promoting the scientific and technological progress of agaricus bisporus batch production Manufacturing science level and promotion mushroom-cultivating industry, the development that promotes resource-conserving, the environmentally friendly ecological agriculture will produce significance and effect.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is further described, and following embodiment is illustrative, is not determinate, can not limit protection scope of the present invention with following embodiment.Various raw material of the present invention all has commercially available." part " in following examples refer to kilogram or gram, selected according to the situation of actual production.

Embodiment 1

A method for agaricus bisporus highly effective stereo cultivating, is characterized in that being undertaken by following step:

(1) lay composts or fertilisers of cultivating: composts or fertilisers of cultivating is laid on each layer of bedstead equably with conveyer belt, chooses decontamination, limit stirring, shake up in limit, and limit is smooth, accomplishes that thickness is even, degree of tightness is moderate, charge level is smooth;

(2) sowing: kind AS2796; Have commercially availablely, in the time that material temperature drops to 26-28 ℃, can sow; Adopt mixed seeding to add the method sowing that face broadcasts, first after charge level, pat charge level with burnisher with 1/2 bacterial classification uniform broadcasting, make the bacterial classification grain bed of material that bleeds, then with the uniform broadcasting of residue bacterial classification in charge level, flatten compression with plate, elasticity is moderate; After sowing, clear up batch production workshop, keep sanitation and hygiene in workshop;

Within second day, rise, carrying out ventilation sooner or later, time length determines by temperature, and temperature is generally stuffy 25 ℃ below time, when more than 28 ℃, suitably ventilates, and adds forced ventilation, so that bacterial classification sprouting material feeding when more than 30 ℃; After sowing the 5th day, should strengthen gradually ventilation, general 25-30d mycelia is covered with the bed of material;

(3) management after earthing and earthing: add bacterium chaff as cover soil material take pond soil, ratio is 7:3, the area under cultivation of every 40m2: select the pond soil 1400kg without pathogen contamination, no-sundries, without insect pest, without the bacterium chaff 600kg that goes mouldy, processed.Overburden layer thickness 3.5cm, pH value is between 7.8～8.2, after earthing, answering door window to be vented to earthing top layer hand lifts tack-free for spending, close the doors and windows, and in conjunction with the ventilation of windowing in morning, evening, in maintenance mushroom room, air is fresh, generally starts the shorter 30-60min of time of exchanging gas, extend gradually time of exchanging gas later, impel mycelia climb soil and grow in overburden layer; (4) while seeing mycelia in 50% native face and soil meet, should open ventilating opening ventilates and promotes fruit-body formation; In the time that 75% fruit body grows to soya bean size, should progressively close ventilating opening, sooner or later carry out ventilation, and keep mushroom room humidity, relative air humidity is 90%, after the first damp mushroom is gathered and finishes, cleaning bed surface, after fruiting 1～2 tide, if overburden layer and composts or fertilisers of cultivating are all dry, till should flood respraying and inhaling permeable point to composts or fertilisers of cultivating, if composts or fertilisers of cultivating can push the interior dry little water damping earthing of using of agglomerating overburden layer, moisturizing should be carried out before mushroom change of tide, avoids beating high-temperature water, should be vented to greatly mushroom surface water stain-free after moisturizing.

(5) gather: as fruit body diameter 2～4.5cm, mushroom shape is complete, full, flexible, not parachute-opening, gather in time while not becoming thin skin mushroom.

Claims (1)

1. a method for agaricus bisporus highly effective stereo cultivating, is characterized in that being undertaken by following step:

(1) lay composts or fertilisers of cultivating: composts or fertilisers of cultivating is laid on each layer of bedstead equably with conveyer belt, chooses decontamination, limit stirring, shake up in limit, and limit is smooth, accomplishes that thickness is even, degree of tightness is moderate, charge level is smooth;

(2) sowing: kind AS2796; Have commercially availablely, in the time that material temperature drops to 26-28 ℃, can sow; Adopt mixed seeding to add the method sowing that face broadcasts, first after charge level, pat charge level with burnisher with 1/2 bacterial classification uniform broadcasting, make the bacterial classification grain bed of material that bleeds, then with the uniform broadcasting of residue bacterial classification in charge level, flatten compression with plate, elasticity is moderate; After sowing, clear up batch production workshop, keep sanitation and hygiene in workshop;

Within second day, rise, carrying out ventilation sooner or later, time length determines by temperature, and temperature is generally stuffy 25 ℃ below time, when more than 28 ℃, suitably ventilates, and adds forced ventilation, so that bacterial classification sprouting material feeding when more than 30 ℃; After sowing the 5th day, should strengthen gradually ventilation, general 25-30d mycelia is covered with the bed of material;

(3) management after earthing and earthing: add bacterium chaff as cover soil material take pond soil, ratio is 7:3, the area under cultivation of every 40m2: select without pathogen contamination, the pond soil 1400kg of no-sundries, without insect pest, without going mouldy, the bacterium chaff 600kg processing, overburden layer thickness 3.5cm, pH value is between 7.8～8.2, after earthing, answering door window to be vented to earthing top layer hand lifts tack-free for spending, close the doors and windows, and in conjunction with early, the ventilation of windowing evening, in maintenance mushroom room, air is fresh, generally start the shorter 30-60min of time of exchanging gas, extend gradually time of exchanging gas later, impel mycelia climb soil and grow in overburden layer, (4) while seeing mycelia in 50% native face and soil meet, should open ventilating opening ventilates and promotes fruit-body formation, in the time that 75% fruit body grows to soya bean size, should progressively close ventilating opening, sooner or later carry out ventilation, and keep mushroom room humidity, relative air humidity is 90%, after the first damp mushroom is gathered and finishes, cleaning bed surface, after fruiting 1～2 tide, if overburden layer and composts or fertilisers of cultivating are all dry, till should flood respraying and inhaling permeable point to composts or fertilisers of cultivating, if composts or fertilisers of cultivating can push the interior dry little water damping earthing of using of agglomerating overburden layer, moisturizing should be carried out before mushroom change of tide, avoids beating high-temperature water, after moisturizing, should be vented to greatly mushroom surface water stain-free

(5) gather: as fruit body diameter 2～4.5cm, mushroom shape is complete, full, flexible, not parachute-opening, gather in time while not becoming thin skin mushroom.