CN103890225B - 用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法 - Google Patents

用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法 Download PDF

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CN103890225B
CN103890225B CN201280050466.1A CN201280050466A CN103890225B CN 103890225 B CN103890225 B CN 103890225B CN 201280050466 A CN201280050466 A CN 201280050466A CN 103890225 B CN103890225 B CN 103890225B
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solder
alloy
fluid machinery
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stock
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约亨·巴尼克尔
苏珊·戈勒森
哈拉尔德·克拉皮茨
英戈·赖因肯斯迈尔
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Siemens AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D3/00—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials
    • B05D3/02—Pretreatment of surfaces to which liquids or other fluent materials are to be applied; After-treatment of applied coatings, e.g. intermediate treating of an applied coating preparatory to subsequent applications of liquids or other fluent materials by baking
    • B05D3/0254—After-treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
    • B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
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    • B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B23K35/025—Pastes, creams, slurries
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/60—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes
    • C23C8/62—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using solids, e.g. powders, pastes only one element being applied
    • C23C8/64—Carburising
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    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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    • C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
    • C23C8/80—After-treatment
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/28—Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion
    • F01D5/286—Particular treatment of blades, e.g. to increase durability or resistance against corrosion or erosion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
    • F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
    • F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
    • F05D2230/236—Diffusion bonding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
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    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
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Abstract

一种用于将抗磨层(4)施加到流体机械部件上的方法，所述流体机械部件具有含钛的基本材料(3)，所述方法具有下述步骤：混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金(6)和颗粒，所述颗粒分布在合金(6)中并且具有反应剂(5)；将焊料施加到流体机械部件的预定的部位上；将热量引入到焊料中并且引入到流体机械部件中，使得合金(6)变成液态并且反应剂(5)通过与焊料的扩散过程而发生变化并且与合金(6)发生化学反应以构成硬质材料(8)；冷却焊料，使得合金(6)变成固态。

Description

用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法。
背景技术
燃气轮机具有压缩机和涡轮机。不仅在压缩机中、而且在涡轮机中使用叶片，在此为固定的导向叶片和旋转的转子叶片是不同的。
此外，作为用于转子叶片的材料使用钛合金，所述钛合金具有高强度、低密度以及良好的耐腐蚀性。缺点是，钛合金具有高的缺口敏感性和裂纹敏感性。
尤其地，转子叶片经受不同的磨损过程，例如通过摩擦或通过氧化引起的磨损。特别是在蒸汽轮机中，液滴冲击侵蚀作为磨损过程出现。在蒸汽轮机中，由导向叶片接收的水构成小雾滴，所述小雾滴在那里积聚并且作为水滴从导向叶片的排出缘落下。水滴具有小的绝对速度，但是由于转子叶片的旋转，所述水滴相对于转子叶片具有大的相对速度。如果水滴以其大的相对速度撞击到转子叶片上，那么这引起在转子叶片的表面上形成缺口。
为了减少液滴冲击侵蚀可以选择不同的方法。在转子叶片的表面上能够通过热喷射来施加相对于液滴冲击侵蚀耐久的层。此外，能够将硬质层通过焊接施加到转子的表面上。然而，通过所述方法不利地提高了转子叶片的裂纹敏感性，尤其是在钛合金和硬质层之间的边界面处，由此减少了转子叶片的使用寿命。此外，不利的是，层在通过液滴冲击侵蚀的损坏之后不再能够施加到转子叶片上，因为所述方法要求光滑的表面。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，实现一种用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法和一种具有抗磨层的流体机械部件，其中所述方法能够简单地并且重复地使用以及流体机械部件具有长的使用寿命。
根据本发明的用于将抗磨层施加到具有含钛的基本材料的流体机械部件上的方法具有下述步骤：混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金和颗粒，所述颗粒分布在合金中并且具有反应剂；将焊料施加到流体机械部件的预定的部位上；将热量引入到焊料中并且引入到流体机械部件中，使得合金变成液态并且反应剂通过与焊料的扩散过程而发生变化并且与合金发生化学反应以构成硬质材料；冷却焊料，使得合金变成固态。
反应剂是非金属、半金属和/或陶瓷。反应剂是含碳的化合物，尤其是石墨，并且硬质材料碳化钛被形成。石墨在该方法中在与合金的钛的化学反应中形成碳化钛，所述碳化钛有利地是硬质的从而具有良好的相对于磨损、尤其是相对于液滴冲击侵蚀的耐久性。
基本材料为尤其是TiAl6V4的钛合金、纯钛和/或具有附加材料的纯钛，尤其是碳作为附加材料。TiAl6V4具有大约960℃至985℃的β转变温度。
通过在根据本发明的方法中构成硬质材料，抗磨层有利地构成为是硬质的。硬质材料相对于磨损、尤其是相对于液滴冲击侵蚀具有较高的耐久性，使得在所述方法中制造的抗磨层有利地具有长的使用寿命。所述方法是有利简单的并能应用于任何几何形状的流体机械部件。因为不仅基本材料、而且焊料具有钛，所以基本材料和焊料具有相似的物理特性，由此有利地得出焊料良好地接合于基本材料。通过良好的接合，有利地减少了基本材料和焊料的边界面上的裂纹。承受强负荷的流体机械部件例如是蒸汽轮机的转子叶片。裂纹尤其能够在转子叶片中出现，因为转子叶片在蒸汽轮机的运行中经受高的离心力以及振动。反应剂通过与焊料的扩散过程而发生变化，通过该方式形成由硬质材料构成的区域，所述区域能够大于初始的颗粒。
因为所述方法不要求流体机械部件的光滑的表面，所述方法也有利地适合作为用于已经受到侵蚀的表面的修复方法。通过液化焊料，所述焊料能够有利地渗入到裂纹、缺口、凹部和凹坑中并且将其填充。修复裂纹的前提条件是裂纹不具有氧化物。此外，能够考虑任意几何形状的表面侵蚀。通过修整，有利地，能够恢复流体机械部件的初始的表面轮廓。此外，当抗磨层受到侵蚀时，能够重复执行所述方法并且恢复初始的表面轮廓。
焊料优选地制造成，使得所述焊料是垫、膏、预烧结材料(英语“presintered performs，PSP”)或带，尤其是粘接带。如果将大面积的抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上，那么垫是适合的。垫优选是柔韧的，使得垫能够施加在流体机械部件的任意表面轮廓上。相反地，如果抗磨层局部地作为修复层施加到流体机械部件的尤其严重侵蚀的部位上，膏、预烧结材料和带是适合的。
颗粒优选是小板形的和/或圆形的。小板形的颗粒优选地基本上层状地平面平行地设置。在颗粒的层状并且平面平行的设置情况下，在化学反应之后得出层状地并且平面平行地设置的由硬质材料构成的区域，所述区域有利地相对于磨损、尤其相对于液滴冲击侵蚀具有高的耐久性。合金的组成优选地选择成，使得合金的熔化温度低于基本材料的β转变温度。纯钛的β转变温度为大约880℃。在所述温度之下，钛的晶格结构是密排六方结构，在所述温度之上，形成体心立方的晶格结构。晶格结构的变化缩短了流体机械部件的使用寿命。通过合金的熔化温度低于β转变温度，避免了基本材料的晶格结构的变化，由此流体机械部件的使用寿命有利地是长的。
合金优选是硬质焊料，尤其是具有在750℃和950℃之间的熔化温度的硬质焊料。硬质焊料有利地相对于液滴冲击侵蚀是耐久的。
热量和其引入时间优选地确定成，使得焊料的和流体机械部件的温度低于基本材料的β转变温度。由此能够有利地避免钛的或钛合金的晶格结构的变化。此外，热量和其引入时间有利地确定成，使得反应剂优选地完全吸收到钛基质从而能够形成硬质材料颗粒。反应剂的转变所必需的热量和引入时间与颗粒的大小以及与流体机械部件的质量相关。
热量和其引入时间优选地确定成，使得反应剂部分地通过扩散到达基本材料中并且在那里与基本材料发生化学反应以构成硬质材料。在此，除了反应剂之外，合金也部分地到达基本材料中。与此类似地，通过扩散，基本材料中的材料到达抗磨层中。通过扩散并且通过也在基本材料中形成硬质材料，在例如为弹性模量或硬度的特性方面在基本材料、硬质材料和合金之间不再产生任何突变的差异。突变的差异易于形成裂纹，使得抗磨层的使用寿命有利地是长的。
根据本发明的流体机械部件具有借助根据本发明的方法制造的抗磨层。
附图说明
下面根据所附的示意附图来阐明根据本发明的用于将抗磨层施加到流体机械部件上的方法。附图示出：
图1和3示出流体机械部件的表面连同在输入热量之前的焊料的剖面并且
图2和4示出图1和3中的流体机械部件的表面连同在输入热量之后构成的抗磨层的剖面。
具体实施方式
流体机械部件、例如蒸汽轮机的转子叶片具有表面区域1。如从图1至4中看出的那样，表面区域1具有上部的表面2。表面2承受磨损。表面区域具有下部的基本材料3和上部的焊料或上部的抗磨层4。
如同从图1和3中看出的那样，基本材料3和焊料彼此叠置，其中这两部分形成表面区域1。在基本材料3和焊料之间构成有平行于表面2设置的边界面7。
焊料具有合金6，在所述合金中嵌入多个由反应剂5构成的颗粒。在图1中，颗粒是球形的并且分布在焊料中。在图3中，颗粒是方形的，以所述颗粒的较长的侧部平行于边界面7定向并且设置在大量层中，其中颗粒彼此错开地、也就是说具有间隙地设置。
通过输入热量，由焊料形成抗磨层4。通过输入热量，由于扩散，不仅抗磨层4中的材料能够到达基本材料3中，而且基本材料3中的材料能够到达抗磨层4中。如同从图2和4看出的那样，在输入热量之后，在基本材料3和抗磨层4之间，借助这二者的消耗而构成具有下端10和上端11的扩散区域9。端部10、11平行于表面2伸展。通过输入热量，合金6变成液态并且反应剂5已经在合金6中部分地溶解。溶解的反应剂5与合金6发生化学反应以构成硬质材料8。
如从图2中看出的，球形的颗粒在输入热量之后与图1相比变小。然而，颗粒也能够保持为同样大。围绕反应剂5已经形成球形的、由硬质材料8构成的重叠区域。区域的边缘平行于关联的颗粒的表面伸展。如从图4中看出的，方形的颗粒在输入热量之后与图3相比变小并且具有椭圆形的形状，其中长轴平行于表面2并且短轴垂直于所述表面设置。然而，颗粒也能够保持其形状。围绕颗粒已经形成椭圆形的、由硬质材料8构成的重叠区域。区域的边缘平行于颗粒的表面伸展。如从图2和4看出的那样，由硬质材料8构成的区域不仅在抗磨层4中、而且也在扩散区域9中延伸。
虽然通过优选的实施例详细地图解说明并且描述本发明的细节，但是本发明不限制于公开的实例并且其他的变型形式能够由本领域技术人员从中导出，而没有偏离本发明的保护范围。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于将抗磨层(4)施加到流体机械部件上的方法，所述流体机械部件具有含钛的基本材料(3)，所述方法具有下述步骤：
-混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金(6)和下述颗粒，所述颗粒分布在所述合金(6)中并且具有反应剂(5)；
-将所述焊料施加到所述流体机械部件的预定的部位上；
-将热量引入到所述焊料中并且引入到所述流体机械部件中，使得所述合金(6)变成液态并且所述反应剂(5)通过与所述焊料的扩散过程而发生变化并且与所述合金(6)发生化学反应以构成硬质材料(8)；
-冷却所述焊料，使得所述合金(6)变成固态，
其中所述反应剂(5)是含碳的化合物，并且所述硬质材料(8)碳化钛被形成，
其中所述基本材料(3)具有钛合金、纯钛和/或具有附加材料的纯钛，其中所述合金(6)的组分选择成，使得所述合金(6)的熔化温度低于所述基本材料(3)的β转变温度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，
其中所述反应剂(5)是非金属、半金属和/或陶瓷。
3.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述焊料构成为，使得所述焊料是垫、膏、烧结材料或带。
4.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述颗粒是小板形的和/或球形的。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，
其中小板形的颗粒基本上层状地平面平行地设置。
6.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述合金是硬质焊料。
7.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得所述焊料的和所述流体机械部件的温度低于所述基本材料(3)的β转变温度。
8.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得所述反应剂(5)在所述化学反应中被转变。
9.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得所述反应剂(5)部分地通过扩散到达所述基本材料(3)中并且在那里与所述基本材料(3)发生化学反应以构成所述硬质材料(8)。
10.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述含碳的化合物是石墨。
11.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述钛合金是TiAl6V4。
12.根据权利要求1至2中任一项所述的方法，
其中碳作为附加材料。
13.根据权利要求3所述的方法，
其中所述带是粘接带。
14.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述硬质焊料具有在750℃和950℃之间的熔化温度。
15.一种具有抗磨层(4)的流体机械部件，
其中所述抗磨层(4)借助根据权利要求1至14中任一项所述的方法制造。
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