CN103889646B - 用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法 - Google Patents

用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法 Download PDF

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CN103889646B
CN103889646B CN201280050512.8A CN201280050512A CN103889646B CN 103889646 B CN103889646 B CN 103889646B CN 201280050512 A CN201280050512 A CN 201280050512A CN 103889646 B CN103889646 B CN 103889646B
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alloy
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fluid machinery
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CN103889646A (zh
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约亨·巴尼克尔
苏珊·戈勒森
哈拉尔德·克拉皮茨
英戈·赖因肯斯迈尔
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Siemens AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P6/00—Restoring or reconditioning objects
    • B23P6/002—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors
    • B23P6/007—Repairing turbine components, e.g. moving or stationary blades, rotors using only additive methods, e.g. build-up welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B22F7/064—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using an intermediate powder layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0018—Brazing of turbine parts
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    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0244—Powders, particles or spheres; Preforms made therefrom
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/28—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/325—Ti as the principal constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
    • C22C1/0458—Alloys based on titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/005—Repairing methods or devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
    • B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
    • B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
    • B22F2007/068—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts repairing articles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0047—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents
    • C22C32/0052—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ with carbides, nitrides, borides or silicides as the main non-metallic constituents only carbides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C32/00—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ
    • C22C32/0084—Non-ferrous alloys containing at least 5% by weight but less than 50% by weight of oxides, carbides, borides, nitrides, silicides or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides, whether added as such or formed in situ carbon or graphite as the main non-metallic constituent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/20—Manufacture essentially without removing material
    • F05D2230/23—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together
    • F05D2230/232—Manufacture essentially without removing material by permanently joining parts together by welding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/30—Manufacture with deposition of material
    • F05D2230/31—Layer deposition
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49316—Impeller making
    • Y10T29/49318—Repairing or disassembling

Abstract

一种用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法，所述流体机械部件具有含钛的基本材料（7）（其中基本材料具有TiAl6V4和/或纯钛），所述方法具有下述步骤：混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金和粉末，所述粉末分布在焊料中并且具有基本材料；将焊料施加在流体机械部件的存在表面损坏的部位上；将热量引入到焊料中并且引入到流体机械部件中，使得合金变成液态从而润湿所述部位；冷却焊料，使得合金变成固态。

Description

用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法。
背景技术
燃气轮机具有压缩机和涡轮机。不仅在压缩机中、而且在涡轮机中使用叶片，在此固定的导向叶片和旋转的转子叶片是不同的。
此外，作为用于转子叶片的材料使用钛合金，所述钛合金具有高强度、低密度以及良好的耐腐蚀性。缺点是，钛合金具有高的缺口敏感性和高的裂纹敏感性。
尤其地，转子叶片经受不同的磨损过程，例如通过摩擦或通过氧化引起的磨损。特别是在蒸汽轮机中，液滴撞击侵蚀作为磨损过程出现。在蒸汽轮机中，由导向叶片接收的水构成小雾滴，所述小雾滴在那里积聚并且作为水滴从导向叶片的排出缘落下。水滴具有小的绝对速度，但是由于转子叶片的旋转，所述水滴相对于转子叶片具有大的相对速度。如果水滴以其大的相对速度撞击到转子叶片上，那么这引起在转子叶片的表面上形成缺口。
为了减少液滴撞击侵蚀可以选择不同的方法。在转子叶片的表面上能够通过热喷射来施加相对于液滴撞击侵蚀稳定的层。此外，能够将硬质层通过焊接施加到转子的表面上。然而，通过所述方法不利地提高了转子叶片的裂纹敏感性，尤其是在钛合金和硬质层之间的边界面处，由此减少了转子叶片的使用寿命。此外，不利的是，层在通过液滴撞击侵蚀的损坏之后不再能够施加到转子叶片上，因为所述方法要求光滑的表面。
发明内容
本发明的目的是，实现一种用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法和一种借助所述方法修复的流体机械部件，其中所述方法能够简单地并且重复地使用以及所述流体机械部件具有长的使用寿命。
根据本发明的用于修复具有含钛的基本材料的流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法具有下述步骤：混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金和粉末，所述粉末分布在焊料中并且具有基本材料；将焊料施加到流体机械部件的存在表面损坏的部位上；将热量引入到焊料中并且引入到流体机械部件中，使得合金变成液态从而润湿所述部位；冷却焊料，使得合金变成固态。
由于不仅合金、而且基本材料具有钛并且合金混有具有基本材料的粉末，焊料在其物理特性方面与基本材料相似，使得不会出现尖锐的冶金学的缺口并且焊料良好地结合在基本材料中。尤其在转子叶片中，在流体机械运行时可能通过离心力或通过振动在基本材料和焊料之间的分界面处出现裂纹。通过焊料良好地结合于基本材料以及避免尖锐的冶金学缺口，减少了裂纹的形成，由此有利地得出流体机械部件的长的使用寿命。
借助根据本发明的方法可能的是，修复多个表面损坏，例如裂纹或表面剥蚀。通过合金变成液态的方式，所述合金能够有利地渗入到裂纹、缺口、凹口和凹部中并且将其填充。修复裂纹的前提条件是裂纹不具有氧化物。除了列举的几何形状之外也能够考虑表面剥蚀的其他任意几何形状。所述方法有利地能够简单地使用并且用于流体机械部件的任意几何形状。有利地，能够在侵蚀之后重制成流体机械部件的初始的表面轮廓，即使存在不同深度的侵蚀。此外，有利地，方法能够重复地应用。如果流体机械部件具有较老的焊料，那么这些焊料在所述方法中熔化并且本身与新施加的焊料连接。
优选地，焊料混合成，使得合金与粉末的质量比为最小3:7和最大7:3。基本材料优选地具有钛合金，尤其是TiAl6V4、纯钛和/或具有添加材料的纯钛，尤其碳作为添加材料。优选的是，焊料制造成，使得所述焊料是膏、预烧结材料（英语“presinteredperforms，PSP”）或带，尤其是粘接带。由此，有利地，焊料能够目的明确地局部施加到流体机械部件的涉及侵蚀的部位上。
合金的成分优选地选择成，使得合金的熔化温度低于基本材料的β转变温度。纯钛的β转变温度为大约880℃，TiAl6V4的β转变温度位于大约960℃至985℃。低于所述温度，钛的晶格结构是密排六方结构，高于所述温度，形成体心立方的晶格结构。晶格结构的转变不利地缩短了流体机械部件的使用寿命。通过合金的熔化温度低于β转变温度，避免了基本材料的晶格结构的转变，由此流体机械部件的使用寿命有利地是长的。
合金优选为硬质焊料，尤其是具有在750℃和950℃之间的熔化温度的硬质焊料。有利地，硬质焊料相对于液滴撞击侵蚀是稳定的。
有利的是，焊料具有非金属的、半金属的和/或陶瓷的颗粒，所述颗粒的组成部分通过扩散过程结合在液态的合金中并且在与合金的化学反应中构成硬质材料。颗粒优选地具有含碳的化合物，尤其是石墨并且由碳和合金形成硬质材料碳化钛。在出现液滴撞击侵蚀时，合金能够被损坏，由此不利地释放颗粒。由于合金是硬质的，所述合金相对于液滴撞击侵蚀是稳定的。通过在化学反应中构成硬质焊料，合金有利地变得更硬，由此流体机械部件的使用寿命有利地是长的。尤其地，通过石墨的反应生成的碳化钛具有有利地高的强度。由于颗粒至少部分地分解，所述颗粒通过扩散过程改变并且构成由硬质焊料构成的大于颗粒的区域。
颗粒优选是小板形的和/或球形的。热量和其引入时间优选确定成，使得颗粒在化学反应中发生转变。颗粒转变所必需的热量和引入时间与颗粒的粒度以及与合金和颗粒的质量比相关。
热量和其引用时间优选确定成，使得分解的颗粒部分地通过扩散到达基本材料中并且在那里与基本材料发生化学反应以形成硬质焊料。在此，合金也部分地到达基本材料中。与此类似地，基本材料中的材料通过扩散到达合金中。通过扩散并且通过也在基本材料中形成硬质焊料，在例如为弹性模量或硬度的特性方面在基本材料、硬质焊料和合金之间不再出现任何突变的差异，由此有利地避免了尖锐的冶金学的缺口并且阻止了在基本材料和合金之间形成裂纹。
热量和其引入时间优选确定成，使得焊料的和流体机械部件的温度低于基本材料的β转变温度。由此能够有利地避免基本材料的晶格结构的转变。
根据本发明的流体机械部件具有修复层，所述修复层借助根据本发明的方法制造。
附图说明
在下文中，根据所附的示意附图阐明根据本发明的用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法。附图示出：
图1示出新的流体机械部件的表面区域的剖面与撞击的液滴，
图2示出在液滴撞击侵蚀之后的表面区域的剖面，
图3示出在通过根据本发明的方法进行修复之后的表面区域的剖面。
具体实施方式
流体机械部件、例如蒸汽轮机的转子叶片具有表面区域1。如从图1中可看出的，表面区域1具有基本材料7以及上部的表面2。在液滴撞击侵蚀开始之前，表面2是光滑的。示出多个通常类似的液滴3，其中液滴3在其前侧宽地并且凸形地成形，而所述液滴朝向其后侧变尖。液滴3在表面2上的飞行方向进而击中角度取决于转子叶片的几何形状并且能够如在图1中示出的那样是尖角的。只要液滴撞在表面2上，就在表面2上构成液滴撞击侵蚀。
如在图2中示出的，表面区域1的表面2在液滴撞击侵蚀之后裂开并且表面区域1具有多个缺口4。缺口4基本上沿图1中液滴3的飞行方向定向并且缺口4具有不同的深度。然而，能够考虑任意形状的侵蚀，例如凹口或裂纹。流体机械部件由于通过液滴撞击侵蚀的材料剥蚀比在图1中窄。
如同从图3中可见的，将由焊料构成的修复层5施加到图2中的受到侵蚀的表面区域1上。能够考虑的是，焊料作为粘接带施加到受到侵蚀的表面区域1上。通过借助引入热量将焊料变成熔化液态的方式，所述焊料将缺口4完全填充并且在冷却和凝固之后制成修复层5。焊料进而修复层5在此具有合金和没有示出的具有基本材料的粉末。在基本材料7和修复层5之间构成边界面6。通过修复层6良好地结合于基本材料7，边界面相对于裂纹形成是稳定的。流体机械部件的初始的表面轮廓通过所述方法重制，其中原则上能够重制流体机械部件的任意成形的表面2。
能够考虑的是，通过材料通过扩散从修复层5到达基本材料7中或者通过材料从基本材料7到达到修复层5中，在边界面6处构成扩散层。此外，能够考虑的是，除了具有基本材料的粉末之外，在焊料中还分布有由石墨构成的颗粒，所述颗粒在热量输入期间在焊料的合金中分解并且在与合金的化学反应中形成硬质材料碳化钛。
虽然通过优选的实施例详细地图解说明并且描述本发明的细节，但是本发明不限制于公开的实例并且其他的变型形式能够由本领域技术人员从中推导出，而不偏离本发明的保护范围。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于修复流体机械部件的表面损坏的方法，所述流体机械部件具有含钛的基本材料(7)，其中所述基本材料(7)具有TiAl6V4和/或纯钛，所述方法具有下述步骤：
-混合焊料，所述焊料具有含钛的合金和粉末，所述粉末分布在所述焊料中并且具有所述基本材料，其中所述合金的成分选择成，使得所述合金的熔化温度低于所述基本材料的β转变温度，并且所述焊料混合成，使得所述合金与所述粉末的质量比为最小3:7和最大7:3；
-将所述焊料施加到所述流体机械部件的存在表面损坏的部位上；
-将热量引入到所述焊料中并且引入到所述流体机械部件中，使得所述合金变成液态从而润湿所述部位；
-冷却所述焊料，使得所述合金变成固态。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，
其中所述焊料制造成，使得所述焊料是膏、预烧结材料或带。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，
其中所述带是粘接带。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述合金是硬质焊料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，
其中所述合金是具有在750℃和950℃之间的熔化温度的硬质焊料。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，
其中所述焊料具有非金属的、半金属的和/或陶瓷的颗粒，所述颗粒的组成部分通过扩散过程结合在液态的所述合金中并且在与所述合金的化学反应中构成硬质材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述颗粒具有含碳的化合物并且由碳和所述合金形成硬质材料碳化钛。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法，
其中所述含碳的化合物是石墨。
9.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述颗粒是小板形的和/或球形的。
10.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得所述颗粒在所述化学反应中发生转变。
11.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得分解的颗粒部分地通过扩散到达所述基本材料中并且在那里与所述基本材料(7)发生化学反应以构成硬质材料。
12.根据权利要求6所述的方法，
其中所述热量和其引入时间确定成，使得所述焊料的和所述流体机械部件的温度低于所述基本材料(7)的β转变温度。
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