CN103878974A - 塑料管与其它塑料部件的激光熔接连接 - Google Patents

塑料管与其它塑料部件的激光熔接连接 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103878974A
CN103878974A CN201410089749.8A CN201410089749A CN103878974A CN 103878974 A CN103878974 A CN 103878974A CN 201410089749 A CN201410089749 A CN 201410089749A CN 103878974 A CN103878974 A CN 103878974A
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China
Prior art keywords
plastic tube
laser
laser welding
plastic components
plastic
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Pending
Application number
CN201410089749.8A
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English (en)
Inventor
T·恩贝勒
R·凯特尔
W·卡吉
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EMS Patent AG
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EMS Patent AG
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Publication of CN103878974A publication Critical patent/CN103878974A/zh
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
    • F16L47/02—Welded joints; Adhesive joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
    • B29C65/16—Laser beams
    • B29C65/1629—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface
    • B29C65/1635—Laser beams characterised by the way of heating the interface at least passing through one of the parts to be joined, i.e. laser transmission welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/58—Snap connection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/72—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by combined operations or combined techniques, e.g. welding and stitching
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
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    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/12—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments; Tongue and groove joints; Tenon and mortise joints; Stepped joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/1222—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a lapped joint-segment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
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    • B29C66/122—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/1224—Joint cross-sections combining only two joint-segments, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising only two joint-segments in the joint cross-section comprising at least a butt joint-segment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/21—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/23—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being multiple and parallel or being in the form of tessellations
    • B29C66/232—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being multiple and parallel or being in the form of tessellations said joint lines being multiple and parallel, i.e. the joint being formed by several parallel joint lines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/302—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators
    • B29C66/3022—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/30223—Particular design of joint configurations the area to be joined comprising melt initiators said melt initiators being integral with at least one of the parts to be joined said melt initiators being rib-like
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53—Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/534—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars
    • B29C66/5344—Joining single elements to open ends of tubular or hollow articles or to the ends of bars said single elements being substantially annular, i.e. of finite length, e.g. joining flanges to tube ends
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/61—Joining from or joining on the inside
    • B29C66/612—Making circumferential joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
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    • B29C66/723—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
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    • B29C66/826—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps without using a separate pressure application tool, e.g. the own weight of the parts to be joined
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种制备塑料管（2）与另一塑料部件（3）的连接（1）的激光熔接方法，其中塑料管（2）的一端（4）与另一塑料部件（3）的管状端部（5）搭接安装，所述塑料管端部（4）和塑料部件端部（5）各自在连接（1）的区域内具有内部尺寸（6）或外部尺寸（7），并且内端部（4、5）在连接（1）区域中的最大外部尺寸（7）大于外端部（5、4）在该区域中的最小内部尺寸（6），由此接触压力形成在两端部（4、5）之间，这加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。根据本发明的激光熔接方法的特征在于，塑料管（2）和另一塑料部件（3）的安装端部（4）主要由聚酰胺构成并且不使用心轴固定，同时将用于熔接的激光束引导在固定的管接头周围。

Description

塑料管与其它塑料部件的激光熔接连接
技术领域
本发明涉及一种制备塑料管与另一塑料部件的连接的激光熔接方法，其中塑料管的一端搭接安装于另一塑料部件的管状端部，塑料管端部和塑料部件端部在连接区域分别具有内部尺寸或外部尺寸，并且连接区域中内端的最大外部尺寸大于该区域中外端的最小内部尺寸，由此在两端部之间形成接触压力，这加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。
背景技术
塑料管和其它塑料部件之间的连接例如在汽车工业中是已知的。尤其是燃料管线，它们必须以密封和安全的方式与用来传输燃料的塑料管的安装件和/或接合件相连接。由于燃料中乙醇成份增加，在燃料管线中经常发生膨胀，燃料管线由此变得更软，因此使用例如从DE3843995C2获知的导管橄榄环（olives）或使用松果外形的传统连接点不再能承受增长的压力和密封要求。在最坏的情形下，管线和接头（例如以快速接合部件形式出现）之间的连接变松，因此它们相对于彼此产生扭曲，或者管道甚至从接头上脱落。同样，对燃油冷却管线也必须作出与燃油管线相同的考虑，由于其中传统接头（松果外形）也经常因为温度和压力的增加而失效。
如今正越来越多地制造采用旋转摩擦熔接（参见EP0635670B1）或胶合（参见DE10336494A1）的这类连接。然而，已知由于该方法所产生的磨蚀下来的微粒聚集在通过旋转摩擦熔接的管线内部并会污染管线。通过胶合的管线中也会产生干涉微粒、甚至阻塞。
塑料管使用激光熔接方法与另一塑料部件的连接可从EP1403030A1获知。另一塑料部件的塑料管端部的外层通过例如添加碳黑、硅化钙或氧化铁被做成对激光不透明的，即吸收激光。塑料管的一端搭接结合于另一塑料部件的管状端部。在其上设有由对激光透明（即激光透射）的塑料制成的适配件，以使它覆盖塑料管的一部分和另一塑料部件的管状端部的一部分，并与这两个覆盖部分形成良好的热接触。使用激光辐射对每个覆盖部分加热并因此使用在该区域熔融的适配件（adapter）通过至少一个周缘熔接缝将它们相连接。另一塑料部件可以是管、快速接头、支管、阀或管盖。
激光塑料熔接一般从瑞士工业杂志“Technischen Rundschau”(瑞士职业媒体AG,Wabern,瑞士)、2004年公布的、第23期的、Seiffert和Renner等人的题为“Laser-Kunststoffschweissen in allen Farben[Laser Plastic Welding inAll Colors]”的文章中获知。其中特别提到要被熔接组件的着色的自由度在这之前一直受到限制，并且激光辐射的吸收在多数情形下是由例如色素和/或颜料的嵌入添加剂确定，而不是由聚合母体来确定的。由于这些吸光材料一般在可见光范围内同样具有明显的本征颜色（在碳黑的情形下例如为深黑色），因此直到现在都必须在技术设计和颜色要求之间作出折衷。用于透明塑料的理想激光吸收添加剂在近红外（NIR）范围内的普通激光波长处表现出强吸收性，在可见光范围没有吸收性（即没有本征颜色、然而肉眼可见的颜色可能不形成干涉），并且没有光学散射。它不影响聚合母体的机械性质、无毒，并且即使在高注塑温度下也能被加工处理。这就是激光熔接的添加剂受到很大程度关注的原因。另一方面，如果颜料是已知的（参见来自“Technischen Rundschau”的引证文献），这反过来允许激光束通过，但在可见光范围内使颜色凸显，即激光透明颜色形成。如果塑料部件的本征颜色是最后应用所要求的，则可将这类激光透明颜料用于上端结合对应物（upper join partner）中的激光透射熔接。
德国公布的申请DE10304071公开了至少两根管子的组合体的制造，这两根管子中的一根被推入另一根以沿径向配合并进行点式激光熔接。然而，由于通过点式熔接无法实现密封连接，因此这种类型的连接不能保证在所连接的管子中液体或流体的通过。
德国公布的申请DE102005010193公开一种用来连接由塑料制成的管的节约成本的方法和装置，其中使用非相干光源（即，不是激光）。
根据类别将由塑料制成的端部件（有颜色的、具有较低密度的聚乙烯头端）连接于塑料本体（透明的、具有较高密度的聚乙烯管）的方法可从德国公开申请DE2261388中获知。端部件由内心轴支承并在熔接期间以1500rpm的转速旋转。为使彼此熔接的部件在内表面具有尽可能紧的接触，以使尽可能少的材料熔融来熔合两部件，较佳地在要被熔接的部件之间产生压配合。或者，可采用心轴上的凸肋以在头部和管本体之间形成压力接触。在任何情形下，管本体和头部被安装在旋转心轴上并定位成使要被熔接的区域位于激光束所透过的透镜的聚焦点附近。该心轴的表面被适宜地抛光，以实现激光束的最大反射。这种方法用于将直线管子或管状本体熔接于头部或塑料部件，但其缺点在于在熔接后必须移去心轴，这会造成许多问题或者尤其对非直线管子而言甚至是不可能的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种可供选择的方法，该方法可利用激光熔接方法的优势并避免现有技术中已知连接的缺点。
该目的由根据独立权利要求1的特征的根据本发明的激光熔接方法实现。激光熔接方法用来准备将塑料管连接于另一塑料部件的接头，其中塑料管的一端搭接安装于另一塑料部件的管状端部，塑料管端部和塑料部件端部在连接区域内分别具有内部尺寸或外部尺寸，而连接区域中的内端部的最大外部尺寸大于该区域中的外端部的最小内部尺寸，由此在两端部之间形成接触压力，这加强了在激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。根据本发明的激光熔接方法的特征在于，塑料管和另一塑料部件的安装端部主要由聚酰胺构成并且不使用心轴固定，同时用于熔接的激光束被引导在固定的管接头周围。
在该激光熔接方法中，塑料部件的端部尤佳地具有内表面或外表面，该表面包括至少一个减少内部尺寸或增加外部尺寸的缓解结构，由此当安装两个端部时形成增加的接触压力，这加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。
根据本发明的进一步较佳特征由从属权利要求所产生。
根据本发明的方法的优点如下：
－通过使用对激光透明的管线和吸光接头（标准产品为黑色），明显增加其紧固程度和接头撕裂力。还能在燃料存储后形成极大的加强。
－对照现有技术中已知的激光熔接（参见EP1403030A1），额外的套筒——即额外的适配件——是不需要的。
－通过使用接头上的缓解结构，要被熔接的两个组件之间的热接触被加强并因此加强了熔接缝和/或熔接点。
附图说明
本发明是基于不对本发明的范围构成限制的所选示例性实施例予以说明的。在附图中：
图1示出根据第一实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图2示出根据第二实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图3示出根据第三实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图4示出根据第四实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图5示出根据第五实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图6示出根据第六实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图7示出根据第七实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图8示出根据第八实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图9示出根据第九实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图10示出根据第十实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图11示出根据第十一实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
图12示出根据第十二实施例、具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的局部轴向截面；
具体实施方式
图1示出使用根据本发明的激光熔接方法的塑料管2与预备的另一塑料部件3的连接1。塑料管2可以是单层管或多层管。塑料管2的一个端部4搭接安装于另一塑料部件3的管状端部5。塑料管端部4和塑料部件端部5在连接1区域分别具有内部尺寸6或外部尺寸7。连接1区域中的内端部5的最大外部尺寸7大于该区域中外端部4的最小内部尺寸6。该软管安装部件的最大外部尺寸7较佳地超过塑料管端部4的最小内部尺寸6至少0.05mm（例如对于由塑料制成的典型的汽车燃料管线而言，内径为6mm而外径为8mm），或者一般超过至少1%。由于最大外部尺寸7的这种冗余，在两端部4、5之间形成了在激光熔接过程中加强相互热接触的接触压力。至少5%的冗余是更佳的，至少10%的冗余是尤佳的。在图1和图3所示激光熔接连接中，将塑料管端部4推压在塑料部件端部5上。塑料部件内端部5具有实现为至少对激光基本透明的外表面8，并且塑料管端部4至少在预想的连接1区域对激光基本透明。塑料管端部4使激光（锯齿形箭头）从中透过，直到塑料部件端部5辐射外表面8和压在它上面的塑料管端部4内表面9受热并熔解，从而在塑料管2和另一塑料部件3之间至少主要地沿两安装端部4、5的周长在辐射位置形成周缘熔融的熔接区10。在根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第一和第三实施例中，实际仅形成单周缘和由此产生的密封的熔接缝（参见图1和图3）。与此相对比，根据本发明的激光熔接连接在第二实施例中具有双重周缘熔接缝（参见图2）。这两个熔接缝中的一个熔接缝或者可以实现为彼此隔开的多点熔接的链线（未示出）。
如果根本没有形成完全的周缘熔接缝，并且点式熔接仅用于机械固定，则较佳地将O形环形式的橡胶密封与点式熔接的连接一起使用。对于这种密封，塑料管端部4和塑料部件端部5的搭接区域中的一个区被设计成几何上与之适应。
作为点式熔接的连接的代替或附加，一般也可采用多条短的、非周缘熔接缝。较佳地均匀分布在塑料管端部4和/或塑料部件端部5的周长周围并主要遵循这两个端部4、5中的一个端部的周长的三条短熔接缝是尤佳的。
图2示出使用根据本发明的激光熔接方法形成的连接1，其中将塑料管端部4推压在塑料部件端部5上。这里示出的塑料管端部4包括实现为至少在预想的连接1区域中对激光基本透明的内层11（例如使用碳黑的黑色和/或配置为抗静电的）。该层11的厚度较佳地适于在一旦受到辐射后藉由激光使层11与塑料部件端部5的无辐射外表面8一起受热和熔解（即仍旧那么薄），以使至少一个熔接区10形成于辐射点处塑料管2和另一塑料部件3之间。内层11较佳为ESD层（ESD＝静电放电的），它电气连接在与另一塑料部件3的整个连接1上，所述另一塑料部件3在这里一样实现为导电的。ESD层的导电性是采用本质上已知的添加剂来实现的，例如导电的碳黑、碳纤维、石墨纤维（碳纳米管）、钢纤维等。
第三实施例（参见图3）与最先两个实施例不同，尤其是采用以周缘凸肋形式出现的保持钩17。该保持钩17适于可靠地相对于较佳地形成在塑料部件端部5上的止动结构18保持塑料管端部4，直到形成熔接连接10为止。另外，完工后的连接的撕裂力因保持钩17而增加。如有必要，可省去止动结构18（未示出）的形成。
与前面的附图相同，图4示出具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第四实施例与前面实施例的区别在于，塑料部件端部5具有含至少一个用于增加外部尺寸7的缓解结构14（在这里以周缘隆起形式出现）的外表面8，由此当安装两端部4、5时形成增加的接触压力，这进一步加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。
尤其因为缓解结构14，最大外部尺寸7较为有利地超过塑料管端部4的最小外部尺寸6将近1mm－4mm（在由塑料制成的典型的汽车燃料管线中，内径为6mm而外径为8mm），或一般超过15%－70%。由于最大外部尺寸7的这种冗余，接触压力形成在两端部4、5之间，这进一步加强了激光熔接期间彼此的热接触。至少一个周缘熔接区10较佳地坐落于另一塑料部件3的缓解结构14上。
在较佳的试验中（参见下面对于连接1和接头撕裂力的描述），该软管连接部分的最大外部尺寸7超过塑料管端部4的最小外部尺寸6达2.5mm或将近41%。塑料管端部4的示例有效内径和塑料部件端部5的示例有效外径各自为6mm。由于塑料部件端部5的外表面8上的缓解结构14，本例中的最大外径7增加至8.5mm和/或大约41%。具有浮动尺寸（更大或更小的直径）的塑料管和塑料部件可取得与相应冗余或负公差尺寸（undersizes）相同的效果。
与前面的附图相同，图5示出具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。相比根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第四实施例，这里不采用保持钩17而是形成以密封熔接缝形式出现的两个周缘熔接连接10。
与前面的附图相同，图6示出具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。相比根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第四实施例，这里采用保持钩17并且将缓解结构14分成两部分。实际上结合两个缓解结构14和宽端保持钩17以密封熔接缝形式形成三个周缘熔接连接10。
与前面的附图相同，图7示出具有推动式塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。相比根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第六实施例，这里不采用保持钩17，而是将缓解结构14分成三部分，并且结合三个缓解结构14以密封熔接缝形式形成三个周缘熔接连接10。如果这三个熔接缝彼此足够靠近，则三个熔接缝可彼此熔合，如此形成一个特别宽的熔接缝。
与前面的附图相同，图8示出具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。然而，在第八实施例中，塑料管2被构造成多层的并包括对激光不透明的内层11。在塑料管端部4中，在根据本发明的预想连接1的第一区域15中去除所有对激光不透明的层，以仅使对激光基本透明的外层、在某些情形下还有塑料管2的中间层靠在塑料部件端部5上并在激光熔接时与之形成熔接区10。内层11较佳为ESD层，它在预想的连接1的第二区域16内与另一塑料部件3形成紧密的电接触。在塑料部件端部5上的第二区域16中形成保持钩17额外地提高了ESD层与导电软管连接部分的电接触。图8所示的一个实施例表示如果激光吸收内层如此厚和/或包含如此高浓度的激光吸收添加剂以致激光能量的主要部分已在内层中、而不是在与另一塑料部件3的接触点处被转化成热量的实施例。
与前面的附图相同，图9示出具有推压塑料管的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。然而，在第九实施例中，塑料管实现为波纹管19。连接1区域中的内端部5的最大外部尺寸7大于该区域中波纹管19的外端部4的最小内部尺寸。软管连接部分的最大外部尺寸7也较佳地超过塑料管端部4的最小内部尺寸6至少前面已规定的百分比值。由于最大外部尺寸7的这种冗余，接触压力形成在两端部4、5之间，这加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。如果波纹管19用来传递流体（即液体、蒸气或气体，例如新鲜空气），两个熔接连接10（或至少其中之一）较佳地实现为周缘熔接缝。相反，如果波纹管19仅用作电线的保护管，例如不需要塑料管端部4和塑料部件端部5之间的密封连接；在这种情形下，波纹管19的可靠固定（较佳地完成在波谷中）是使用一行点式熔接完成的，所述点式熔接至少主要遵循波纹管的周长和/或彼此不充分连续的几条短熔接缝。将缓解部14安装于塑料部件5的外表面8也加强了在制备熔接连接10的过程中与波纹管19的热接触。
相比目前为止示出的附图，图10-图12示出其中塑料管端部4被推压入塑料部件端部5的软管连接部分的轴向局部截面。在使用根据本发明的激光熔接方法形成的连接1的第十实施例中，塑料管端部4被推压入塑料部件端部5，内塑料管端部4具有实现为对激光基本不透明的至少一个外表面12。相反，塑料部件端部5至少在预想的连接1的区域内对激光基本透明。在制备熔接区10的过程中，塑料部件端部5使激光（锯齿形箭头）从中透过，直到塑料管端部4受到辐射的外表面12和压靠在其上的塑料部件端部5的内表面13受热和熔融为止，从而在辐射点处塑料管2和另一塑料部件3之间形成熔接区10。
在第十一可选实施例中（参见图11），塑料部件端部5在一端还包括内保持钩（周缘凸肋）17。
在图12所示的第十二实施例中（其功能上对应于第十实施例的相反形式），塑料部件端部5具有内表面13，内表面13包括减小内部尺寸6的至少一个缓解结构14，由此在两端部4、5的组装时形成增大的接触压力，这进一步加强了激光熔接过程中相互的热接触。如根据本发明的激光熔接连接的第十实施例所示那样，保持钩17形成于此（这次是形成在内部）。
关于彼此连接的两部件的搭接直径的冗余和负公差尺寸，与具有推压管的实施例相同的较佳百分比值也适用于具有插入管的变例。
在所有附图中都示出具有回转对称的横截面的塑料管端部4和塑料部件端部5。因此最小内部尺寸6是内径而最大外部尺寸7是外径。然而，应当特别注意管不一定在每种情形下都具有圆形横截面。因此，还可构想出橄榄形、椭圆形、三角形、矩形、六边形、八边形、任意多边形、还有与圆形不同的弯曲管横截面并可从现有技术中获知。另外，在特殊情形下，塑料部件3还可固定在塑料管2的轴线附近或与之斜交。参照EP1705050A1，它作为特殊中空外形的非圆形管线的一个例子，其中接头局部地不安装于轴线上。
在附图中，相似的部件分别被标以相同的附图标记，如果不是在每一情形下对所有部件都作详细描述的话。本领域内技术人员熟知的所图示和/或描述的实施例的任何组合均落在本发明的范围内。
通过激光透射熔接的热塑模制化合物的具体化学式可从欧洲专利EP1240243B1获知。作为单一激光透明颜料的代替，这里可将至少两种激光透明颜料用于聚合母体中，较佳以互补颜色形式出现，根据颜色理论它对视觉产生灰色和/或深色印象。因此，（激光吸收的）碳黑颜料可用两种激光透明颜料的组合来代替，如果在加工完成的物品中要求深色和/或带黑色的色泽印象。则可在所述激光熔接方法中使用这类模制化合物及其它。
对本发明而言，本领域内技术人员熟知的聚酰胺，即均聚酰胺、共聚酰胺和它们的混合物和掺合物较佳地主要用作塑料和/或聚合物。这些聚酰胺可使用激光透明的颜料着色，以使如此制成的塑料管从视觉上与已知塑料管仅略微不同或完全相同。额外的添加剂，例如稳定剂（例如热、水解和UV稳定剂）、增强剂（例如玻璃纤维）以及本领域内技术人员熟知的填充料可根据需要混入聚合物混配料。聚酰胺可用于与由其它聚合物制成的层（例如与燃料管线中的阻挡层）一起构成的多层组合物。
试验例：
通过将具有三个凸肋和/或缓解结构14的标准松果外形的特征（情形A、B和C，参见图7）与在具有强膨胀效果的媒介的影响下具有尤佳的缓解结构的软管连
接部件的特征（情形D，参见图5）作比较，来测试连接1的紧密度和接头撕裂力。
这四种情形根据缓解结构和安装条件区别如下。
表1：
情形 缓解结构接头 安装条件管
A 松果外形(标准1) 推压
B 松果外形(标准2) 推压
C 松果外形(标准1) 推压和激光熔接
D 尤佳的缓解结构 推压和激光熔接
在情形C中，在所有三个凸肋上执行激光熔接（参见图7）。情形C和D是根据本发明的实施例。由聚酰胺PA12制成的塑料管的单层激光透明部件和由具有30%纤维玻璃加强结构和碳黑填料的聚酰胺PA12制成的另一吸收激光的黑色塑料部件（接头）被选作试验样件。
在每种情形下安装一个接头和一个塑料管部件以及在情形C和D中激光透射熔接后，将如此获得的管状试验样件填满E50-混合燃料，使用止动结构在两侧封闭，并在100℃的温度和如此形成在试验样件中的各种蒸气压力下静止地存储500小时。燃料混合物由E50（50%乙醇）、5%水、1%甲醇和44%无铅正规汽油（都是体积％规格）构成。能使用该燃料混合物来检查极限条件下的连接质量，这种混合物由于其高乙醇含量而在聚酰胺上具有强烈的膨胀效果。
在燃料存储后，根据SAE标准J2260测试试验样件的接头撕裂力（将塑料管从软管连接部件撕下所需的力）。根据SAE标准J2044和J2045的最小可接受撕裂力必须大于300N。通过将空气注入固定在水下的试验样件并从视觉上建立逸出气泡来测试紧密度。用来注入空气的压力为2巴（过压）。并将所有测试与相应的尚未被存储在燃料中的（原始）试验样件比较。另外，手动测试接头连接的强度。得出下列结果。
表2
Figure BDA0000476252000000091
作为这些测试的结果，可以宣布所有原始连接都满足要求而不长期暴露于燃料。然而，首先在使试验样件长期暴露于具有高乙醇含量的燃料后，使传统连接松开所需的撕裂力急剧下降。相比而言，激光熔接连接一直提供可靠的连接，并且即使在试样长期暴露于燃料后，撕裂力在一定范围内仍然明显高于所需的极限值。即使固定作为容许极限的小于300N的撕裂力也足以松开传统连接（情形A和B），因此这些传统接头连接在用于具有高乙醇含量的燃料时被视为不可靠的。
另外，使用激光熔接连接固定的塑料管不可移动地固定，即扭锁在接头和/或软管连接件上。事实上，当试图将熔接的管线拉离软管连接件时，将会观察到塑料管甚至连接件断裂。为了获得扭锁，通过一些激光点式熔接的传统插入式连接的固定是足够的。然而，必须施加更高的撕裂力以松开使用熔接缝固定的插入式连接，因此这种连接是较佳的。
如前面提到的那样，由于因乙醇引起的试验样件膨胀尤为明显，这种测试代表测试连接的极限应变。这些结果也可转用于例如生物柴油、油、糖醇的其它膨胀流体或非膨胀流体的管线，以获得更高的承载容量。根据本发明的激光熔接连接当然也可用于典型的场合，并具有更大的安全储备和紧密度提高的优点。
聚酰胺主要用作塑料管2和塑料部件3的塑料。术语“聚酰胺”被理解为均聚酰胺、共聚酰胺和它们的混合物和掺合物。由脂肪族、环脂族和部分芳香族的聚酰胺（后者例如以聚邻苯二甲酰胺的形式出现）构成的组是尤佳的，如本身为本领域内技术人员所熟知的那样（由于作为它们的单体，它们依赖于所选聚酰胺的类型而使用）。从包括脂肪族聚酰胺PA6、PA610、PA612、PA11和PA12以及聚邻苯二甲酰胺的组中选择的聚酰胺对于塑料管2和另一塑料部件3的安装端部4是尤佳的。
使用这种类型的聚酰胺制成的塑料管2和塑料部件3尤为适用于制造机动交通工具的燃料管线，所述机动交通工具例如为汽车、摩托车、船和飞机。根据本发明的激光熔接方法尤为适用于连接机动交通工具的燃料管线的塑料管2和塑料部件3，由于这些塑料管2和塑料部件3经常具有复杂的几何形状（尤其这些管子经常不是直线模制的）并且在激光熔接过程中不可移动或转动。因此，如果根据本发明移动激光束而不移动要被熔接的部件，这是非常有利的。
一种可能性包括在管连接周围移动激光源。然而，光学器件（透镜、棱镜和/或镜子）——尤其是锥形镜——用来令用于熔接的激光束移动和/或偏转在由塑料管2和另一塑料部件3的安装端部4构成的固定的管连接周围。因此，仅仅是激光束，而不是激光源本身，相对于要被熔接的管连接移动。
然而，不采用心轴来制备塑料管2与另一塑料部件3的连接1的根据本发明的激光熔接方法是尤为有利的。因此在完成熔接后省去去除心轴。尤其是当燃料管线的连接塑料管2和塑料部件3用于机动交通工具时，甚至在多数情形下不毁坏管子就无法去除支承心轴。这是因为，取决于发动机隔间和燃料罐中所提供的空间或安装条件，这类用于机动交通工具的燃料管线经常具有适于安装在交通工具内并通过例如加热成形而产生的沿两个或三个方向弯曲的复杂几何形状。
附图标记列表：
1  连接
2  塑料管
3  塑料部件
4  塑料管的端部、塑料管端
5  另一塑料部件的端部、塑料部件端
6  内部尺寸
7  外部尺寸
8  5的外表面
9  4的内表面
10 熔接区
11 内层
12 4的外表面
13 5的内表面
14 缓解结构
15 1的第一区域
16 1的第二区域
17 保持钩
18 止动结构
19 波纹管

Claims (16)

1.一种用于制备塑料管(2)与另一塑料部件(3)的连接(1)的激光熔接方法，
其中，塑料管(2)的一端(4)与另一塑料部件(3)的管状端部(5)搭接安装，所述塑料管端部(4)和塑料部件端部(5)各自在连接(1)区域内具有内部尺寸(6)或外部尺寸(7)，并且内端部(4、5)在连接(1)区域中的最大外部尺寸(7)大于外端部(5、4)在所述区域中的最小内部尺寸(6)，由此接触压力形成在两端部(4、5)之间，这加强了在激光熔接过程中相互的热接触，并且
其中，所述塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)的安装端部(4)主要由聚酰胺构成，其特征在于，
i)所述塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)的安装端部(4)不使用心轴固定，同时将用于熔接的激光束引导在固定的管接头周围，
ii)使用光学组件在固定的管连接周围引导激光束，
iii)所述塑料管的端部(4)和塑料部件的端部(5)具有回转对称的横截面，其最小内部尺寸(6)为内径而最大外部尺寸(7)为外径，
iv)在所述塑料部件端部(5)上推动所述塑料管端部(4)，
v)所述塑料部件内端部(5)具有实现为至少对激光不透明的外表面(8)，而所述塑料管端部(4)至少在预想连接(1)的区域内对激光透明，所述塑料管端部(4)使激光从中透过，直到塑料部件端部(5)的辐射外表面(8)和压在其上的塑料管端部(4)的内表面(9)受热和熔解，因此在辐射点形成塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)之间的熔接区(10)，
vi)其中，所述塑料管(2)被构造成多层的并且包括对激光不透明的内层(11)，其特征在于，对激光不透明的所有层从预想连接(1)的第一区域(15)中的塑料管端部(4)被去除，以仅使塑料管(2)对激光透明的层压向塑料部件端部(5)并在激光熔接时与之形成熔接区(10)。
2.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述内层(11)是ESD层，所述ESD层在整个连接(1)上或在预想连接(1)的第二区域(16)中电连接于另一塑料部件(3)。
3.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述塑料部件端部(5)具有包括至少一个缓解结构(14)的外表面(8)，所述缓解结构(14)增加外部尺寸(7)，由此当安装两个端部(4、5)时形成增加的接触压力，这进一步加强了激光熔接过程中的相互热接触。
4.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，沿两个安装端部(4、5)的周长形成多个点状熔接区(10)和／或非周缘熔接缝。
5.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，沿两个安装端部(4、5)在塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)之间形成至少一个周缘熔接区(10)。
6.如权利要求3至5中任一项所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，多点熔接区(10)和／或非周缘熔接缝或至少一个周缘熔接区(10)位于另一塑料部件(3)的缓解结构(14)上。
7.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述最大外部尺寸(7)超过所述最小内部尺寸(6)至少1％。
8.如权利要求7所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述最大外部尺寸(7)超过所述最小内部尺寸(6)超过至少5％。
9.如权利要求8所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述最大外部尺寸(7)超过所述最小内部尺寸(6)超过至少10％。
10.如权利要求7所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述最大外部尺寸(7)超过所述最小内部尺寸(6)15％一70％。
11.如权利要求10所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述最大外部尺寸(7)超过所述最小内部尺寸(6)41％。
12.如权利要求4所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，除点状熔接区和／或非周缘熔接缝外，橡胶密封件用于塑料管端部(4)和塑料部件端部(5)的搭接区。
13.如权利要求12所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，除点状熔接区和／或非周缘熔接缝外，呈O形环形式的橡胶密封件用于塑料管端部(4)和塑料部件端部(5)的搭接区。
14.如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)的安装端部(4)的聚酰胺是从由脂肪族、环脂族和部分芳香族构成的组中选择的。
15.如权利要求14所述的激光熔接方法，其特征在于，所述塑料管(2)和另一塑料部件(3)的安装端部(4)的聚酰胺是从脂肪族聚酰胺PA6、PA610、PA612、PA11和PA12以及聚邻苯二甲酰胺构成的组中选择的。
16.使用如权利要求1所述的激光熔接方法来连接机动交通工具的燃料管线的塑料管(2)和塑料部件(3)。
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