CN103857569A - 用于优化压力调节精度的方法 - Google Patents

用于优化压力调节精度的方法 Download PDF

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CN103857569A
CN103857569A CN201280048176.3A CN201280048176A CN103857569A CN 103857569 A CN103857569 A CN 103857569A CN 201280048176 A CN201280048176 A CN 201280048176A CN 103857569 A CN103857569 A CN 103857569A
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pressure
valve
overflow
hydraulic
curve
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CN103857569B (zh
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P·莱斯卡
H·科尔曼
R·格罗诺
M·瓦格纳
J·博恩泽瑟尔
E·哈恩德勒
S·费贝尔
P·亨克
A·特赖布
A·纽
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Continental Automotive Technologies GmbH
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Continental Teves AG and Co OHG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00—Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/042—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/17—Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking
    • B60T8/172—Determining control parameters used in the regulation, e.g. by calculations involving measured or detected parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/662—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems characterised by specified functions of the control system components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/68—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves
    • B60T13/686—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves in hydraulic systems or parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/04—Arrangements of piping, valves in the piping, e.g. cut-off valves, couplings or air hoses
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
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    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B60T17/221—Procedure or apparatus for checking or keeping in a correct functioning condition of brake systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/17—Using electrical or electronic regulation means to control braking
    • B60T8/1755—Brake regulation specially adapted to control the stability of the vehicle, e.g. taking into account yaw rate or transverse acceleration in a curve
    • B60T8/17551—Brake regulation specially adapted to control the stability of the vehicle, e.g. taking into account yaw rate or transverse acceleration in a curve determining control parameters related to vehicle stability used in the regulation, e.g. by calculations involving measured or detected parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/36—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition including a pilot valve responding to an electromagnetic force
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/36—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition including a pilot valve responding to an electromagnetic force
    • B60T8/3615—Electromagnetic valves specially adapted for anti-lock brake and traction control systems
    • B60T8/363—Electromagnetic valves specially adapted for anti-lock brake and traction control systems in hydraulic systems
    • B60T8/365—Electromagnetic valves specially adapted for anti-lock brake and traction control systems in hydraulic systems combining a plurality of functions in one unit, e.g. pressure relief
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/36—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition including a pilot valve responding to an electromagnetic force
    • B60T8/3615—Electromagnetic valves specially adapted for anti-lock brake and traction control systems
    • B60T8/3655—Continuously controlled electromagnetic valves
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/40—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition comprising an additional fluid circuit including fluid pressurising means for modifying the pressure of the braking fluid, e.g. including wheel driven pumps for detecting a speed condition, or pumps which are controlled by means independent of the braking system
    • B60T8/404—Control of the pump unit
    • B60T8/4054—Control of the pump unit involving the delivery pressure control
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/48—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition connecting the brake actuator to an alternative or additional source of fluid pressure, e.g. traction control systems
    • B60T8/4809—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems
    • B60T8/4827—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems
    • B60T8/4863—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems
    • B60T8/4872—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems pump-back systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B11/00—Servomotor systems without provision for follow-up action; Circuits therefor
    • F15B11/02—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member
    • F15B11/028—Systems essentially incorporating special features for controlling the speed or actuating force of an output member for controlling the actuating force
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F15—FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS; HYDRAULICS OR PNEUMATICS IN GENERAL
    • F15B—SYSTEMS ACTING BY MEANS OF FLUIDS IN GENERAL; FLUID-PRESSURE ACTUATORS, e.g. SERVOMOTORS; DETAILS OF FLUID-PRESSURE SYSTEMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F15B21/00—Common features of fluid actuator systems; Fluid-pressure actuator systems or details thereof, not covered by any other group of this subclass
    • F15B21/08—Servomotor systems incorporating electrically operated control means
    • F15B21/087—Control strategy, e.g. with block diagram
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    • G05D7/06—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D7/0617—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials
    • G05D7/0629—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials characterised by the type of regulator means
    • G05D7/0635—Control of flow characterised by the use of electric means specially adapted for fluid materials characterised by the type of regulator means by action on throttling means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于优化压力调节精度的方法，其中，借助于液压泵按照压力要求建立液压压力，其中，在使用模拟调节液压阀和所述模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线的情况下进行溢流调节，所述溢流调节反作用于由所述液压泵产生的超过所述压力要求的压力建立。该方法的特征在于：附加于所述模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线考虑至少一个另外的阀特征用于所述溢流调节。

Description

用于优化压力调节精度的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1前序部分的用于优化压力调节精度的方法、所述方法的应用以及一种根据权利要求13前序部分的液压式或电液式车辆制动设备。
背景技术
在具有液压压力调节装置的现代车辆制动系统中尽可能精确地控制和调节模拟的数字阀是多种不同调节功能和舒适性功能、例如越来越流行的距离和速度调节系统的越来越重要的前提条件。目前，通过在车轮制动缸任意一个中使用压力传感器，可进行精确的压力测量并且由此而来可进行所需制动压力的精确调整。但这对于附加压力传感器导致高成本投入并且与此相联系地导致制动系统的较高总成本，这又对这种系统的商业竞争能力产生不利影响。
现有技术中公知的避开附加压力传感器以及由此而来的附加成本的可能性可通过测量呈特性曲线形式的打开或者说闭合电流来实现，所述特性曲线使阀上所存在的压力差与激励电流相关联。这也在无附加压力传感器的情况下允许基本上精确地调节模拟的液压阀。这种方法例如在DE10224059A1中公开。特性曲线在此电子地存储在调节系统中，通过激励电流接着可有目的地调整压力差，而不必动用实际测量的压力数据。
DE102005051436A1也提出了一种用于在液压制动系统中在不使用附加压力传感器的情况下进行压力调节的方法。在此，模拟调节液压阀借助于车辆中存在的ABS车轮转速传感器来校准，所述ABS车轮转速传感器根据激励电流求得转速降低量并且由此求得制动作用。该方法允许在不使用附加测量传感器的情况下直接在车辆本身中进行阀校准。这样确定的控制特性曲线被电子存储并且用于压力调节。
DE102008060622A1中公开了一种液压式摩托车制动设备，所述液压式摩托车制动设备包括进行连续输送的压力介质泵。确定的压力要求可借助于分离阀或排出阀的溢流调节来调整。因为压力调整在此主要与调节阀的溢流特性相关并且控制特性曲线单独给不出关于阀的通流流量的推断，所以在车轮制动器的范围内使用附加压力传感器。
由现有技术公知的用于在无附加压力传感器的情况下进行校准和接着的压力调节的方法的缺点在于，仅在考虑唯一的阀性能、即控制特性曲线的情况下执行压力调节。而实际的通流或者说溢流特性以及与此相联系的压力变化速度不予考虑。如果溢流特性特别重要，在现有技术中借助于附加压力传感器获得所需的调节信息。另外，每个阀以及用于压力建立的泵和泵马达由于制造而经受一定的加工误差，也仅可以以受限制的精度进行这些装置的校准。现在，在不利的情况下出现参与压力调节的装置的不同误差的单方累加，由此，在压力引入时在系统中可出现强烈且长久保持的压力调节误差。这导致可被驾驶员声学和触觉感觉的调节振动，所述调节振动通常被认为是车辆错误功能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提供一种方法，所述方法在除了控制特性曲线之外考虑至少一个另外的阀特征的情况下并且在不使用附加压力传感器的情况下允许基本上精确的压力调整并且在此避免围绕压力引入点的压力调节误差。
根据本发明，所述目的通过根据权利要求1的用于优化压力调节精度的方法和根据权利要求13的液压式或电液式车辆制动设备来实现。
在根据本发明的用于避免压力波动的压力调节方法中，借助于液压泵按照压力要求建立液压压力，在使用模拟调节液压阀和模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线的情况下进行溢流调节。溢流调节在此反作用于由液压泵产生的压力波动。根据本发明的压力调节方法的特征在于：附加于模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线考虑至少一个另外的阀特征用于溢流调节。因为控制特性曲线仅仅描述模拟调节液压阀的配置给存在的压力差的打开点或者说闭合点，所以通过单独考虑控制特性曲线不可精确调控液压流体体积流量，因为每个阀由于加工误差具有个体的通流性能。但通流性能决定性地影响液压系统的压力建立和压力减低速度，已知所述压力建立和压力减低速度对于精确的压力调节非常重要。附加考虑超过控制特性曲线的阀特征由此允许更好且较精确的压力调节。
优选提出，所述至少一个另外的阀特征是溢流特性曲线族。因为根据本发明的压力调节方法实施溢流调节用于压力调整，所以液压阀的溢流特性以及由此通流性能的已知是重要的调节参量。因为与压力相关的溢流特性可从溢流特性曲线族读出，所以得到优点：可确定压力建立和压力减低速度并且据此可较精确地进行调节。
特别优选提出，溢流特性曲线族描述性能平均的液压阀的溢流特性。由此得到优点：不必对任意单个的液压阀都麻烦地个体地进行测量。而是由确定数量的抽样测量的液压阀确定一个生产批次的全部液压阀的一般特性。由此，附加测量投入以及由此附加成本保持相对低。
在本发明的一个有利实施形式中提出，借助于已知控制特性曲线依阀而定地修正溢流特性曲线族。因为控制特性曲线已经允许对特征性的阀特性进行说明，所以借助于控制特性曲线可根据控制特性曲线修正平均的溢流特性曲线族。
在本发明的另一个优选实施形式中提出，已知控制特性曲线是依阀而定的控制特性曲线。通过使用依阀而定的控制特性曲线来进行阀调节，一方面得到优点：不仅每个液压阀的个体的打开和闭合点精确已知。这改善压力调节的精度。另一方面，溢流特性曲线族可借助于个体的控制特性曲线个体地进行修正，由此也提供基本上个体的溢流特性曲线族，而不必依阀而定地测量所述溢流特性曲线族。由此，给任意单个的液压阀配置个体地修正的溢流特性曲线族，这允许进一步改善压力调节。
符合目的地提出，在液压阀接入到液压式或电液式车辆制动设备中之后确定已知控制特性曲线。这尤其是可特别简单且精确地这样实现：在制造过程结束时在试验台上测量车辆制动设备。由此取消后来必须在车辆制动设备运行期间执行并且会导致运行被中断或干扰的麻烦的校准方法。
此外有利的是，在运行期间重复地确定和/或校正已知控制特性曲线。因为阀性能在阀的寿命期间可变化，所以通过重复地重新确定或校正控制特性曲线得到优点：液压阀的打开或者说闭合点始终基本上精确已知。为了不多余地通过重新确定和/或校正来干扰车辆制动设备的运行，例如可在车辆静止时在点火装置关断时执行重新确定和/或校正。
根据本发明的另一个优选实施形式提出，已知控制特性曲线描述打开电流对液压阀上所存在的压力差的关系。由此，打开液压阀所需的电流与液压阀上所存在的压力差之间的关系已知，由此允许在任意压力差下基本上精确地控制液压阀。
此外有利的是，模拟调节液压阀是在基本位置中打开的阀。通过将模拟调节液压阀设计成在基本位置中打开的阀，车辆制动设备的可响应性在电控制和调节功能失效的情况下保持，因为驾驶员还可借助于操作制动踏板在制动缸中引起压力建立。
另外优选，用于进行溢流调节的所述模拟调节液压阀是液压式或电液式制动系统的分离阀。分离阀特别好地适用于溢流调节，因为在溢流调节的范围内流出的液压流体由此直接返回到主缸。避免了不必要地填充低压储存器。
在本发明的另一个优选实施形式中提出，溢流特性曲线族描述根据液压阀上所存在的压力差的、调节电流对液压流体体积流量的关系。由此得到优点：通过液压流体体积流量已知实际的与压力相关的溢流特性，不仅仅是液压阀的打开或者说闭合点。因为液压流体体积流量是压力建立和压力减低速度的决定性因子，所以只有已知所述液压流体体积流量才可进行基本上精确的溢流调节。
根据本发明的方法的特征优选在于，溢流特性曲线族的定量修正以在压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的打开电流与性能平均的液压阀的打开电流的偏差的值来升高或者以在压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流与性能平均的液压阀的闭合电流的偏差的值来升高。由此得到优点：不必麻烦地依阀而定地测量溢流特性曲线族，因为可利用与依阀而定地已知的控制特性曲线的简单的定量关系。
根据本发明的方法的特征特别优选在于，如果当在液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流比当在性能平均的液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时确定的闭合电流小，则在溢流特性曲线族中在调节电流相对于液压流体体积流量降低的意义上进行修正。由此得到优点：由控制特性曲线已知的情况、即液压阀在溢流调节的范围内使相对过少的液压流体流出，可以以简单的方式用于在确定的调节电流下提高液压流体体积流量。由此，液压阀的与调节电流相关的液压流体体积流量匹配于其个体特征。如果涉及常闭的液压阀，则按照液压阀的个体的打开电流进行调节电流的修正。
另外特别优选，如果当在液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流比当在性能平均的液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时确定的闭合电流大，则在溢流特性曲线族中在调节电流相对于液压流体体积流量提高的意义上进行修正。在此情况下由此得到优点：在溢流调节的范围内使相对过多的液压流体流出的液压阀经历其溢流特性曲线族的对该情况进行补偿的修正。由此，在此液压阀的与调节电流相关的液压流体体积流量也匹配于其个体特征。在常闭的液压阀中，按照液压阀的个体的打开电流进行调节电流的模拟修正。
另外有利的是，借助于气动校准方法求得已知控制特性曲线。这允许简单且快速地求得控制特性曲线，而不必用液压流体填充待校准系统。
此外优选，借助于阀杆位置检测方法求得已知控制特性曲线。本身公知的阀杆位置检测方法在此提供优点：在任意时间即使在装入到车辆制动设备中之后也可用简单的方式液压地或气动地测量液压阀。
此外符合目的的是，借助于脉宽调制的电流控制和/或调节模拟调节液压阀。借助于脉宽调制可通过接通阶段与关断阶段的比例用简单方式调整一般的电流值。由此可模拟控制和调整阀的中间位置，这总地导致灵敏的压力调节。
在本发明的另一个优选实施形式中提出，在液压式或电液式车辆制动设备的制动系中实施该方法。由于越来越复杂的驾驶员辅助系统以及车辆制动设备中的越来越灵敏的控制和调节要求，如根据本发明的方法所允许的尽可能精确的压力调节精度在此非常有利。
附加地提出，车辆制动设备还包括至少一个进入阀、至少一个排出阀、至少一个低压储存器、至少一个配置给车辆制动器的车轮制动缸、至少一个主缸和至少一个压力传感器。这些装置典型地是液压式或电液式车辆制动设备的固定组成部分。由此，根据本发明的方法可有利地在所有流行的车辆制动设备中使用。
另外，本发明还涉及一种液压式或电液式车辆制动设备，所述液压式或电液式车辆制动设备尤其是实施根据本发明的方法。所述液压式或电液式车辆制动设备包括至少一个用于储备液压流体的主缸、至少一个用于使压力进入到至少一个配置给车辆制动器的车轮制动缸中的进入阀和至少一个用于使压力从所述至少一个配置给车辆制动器的车轮制动缸排出的排出阀。此外，根据本发明的车辆制动设备包括至少一个液压泵、至少一个电子控制和调节单元和至少一个模拟调节分离阀，其中，液压泵根据电子控制和调节单元的压力要求建立液压压力，电子控制和调节单元借助于分离阀和分离阀的所存储的控制特性曲线实施溢流调节，所述溢流调节反作用于由液压泵产生的超过压力要求的压力建立。液压式或电液式车辆制动设备的特征在于：电子控制和调节单元附加于模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线考虑另外的阀特征用于溢流调节。由此得到关于压力调节改善方面的已经描述的优点。
符合目的地提出，电子控制和调节单元考虑所存储的溢流特性曲线族作为模拟调节液压阀的另外的阀特征用于溢流调节。由此，通流性能以及由此压力建立和压力减低速度已知，这允许较精确的压力调节。
另外，符合目的的是，电子控制和调节单元根据所存储的控制特性曲线依阀而定地修正所存储的溢流特性曲线族。这允许液压阀的个体匹配的并且由此在最大程度上最佳的溢流调节。
优选提出，电子控制和调节单元借助于分离阀实施溢流调节。如已所述，分离阀特别好地适用于溢流调节，因为在溢流调节的范围内所排出的液压流体可直接返回到主缸，这避免不必要地填充低压储存器。
另外优选，电子控制和调节单元在运行期间重复地确定和/或校正分离阀的所存储的控制特性曲线。由此，阀性能的在寿命期间产生的变化可得到补偿。另外，使用压力传感器信息还提供优点：对于重新确定和/或校正控制特性曲线存在基本上精确的测量数据，所述测量数据表明阀特性的特征。
在另一个优选实施形式中提出，电子分离阀是在基本位置中打开的阀。由此，驾驶员在电控制和调节功能失效的情况下保持通过操作制动踏板在制动缸中如通常那样建立制动压力的可能性。
另外，本发明还涉及使用根据本发明的压力调节方法来避免机动车的距离和速度调节系统中的压力波动。
附图说明
由从属权利要求和对实施例的下述说明借助于附图得到其它优选实施形式。附图表示：
图1具有不同特性的液压阀的控制特性曲线，
图2在压力小时性能平均的液压阀的被依阀而定修正的溢流特性曲线族，以及
图3性能平均的液压阀的溢流特性曲线族的依阀而定的修正与液压阀的依阀而定的控制特性曲线之间的关系。
具体实施方式
图1中示例性地对于三个不同的个体的液压阀（未示出）示出了闭合电流I0对在液压阀上所存在的压力差p的关系。特性曲线11、12和13是三个液压阀的依阀而定的控制特性曲线并且已经借助于阀杆位置检测方法直接在液压阀接入到液压式或电液式车辆制动设备中之后求得。特性曲线11在所存在的压力差p=0时具有最小的闭合电流I0,1，特性曲线12在p=0时具有一般水平的闭合电流I0,2>I0,1，特性曲线13在p=0时具有一般水平以上大小的闭合电流I0,3>I0,2。随着阀入口与阀出口之间的压力差p增大，三个液压阀的特性逐渐彼此趋同。通过依阀而定的控制特性曲线11、12和13，三个液压阀的与压力相关的打开和闭合点已知。此外，依阀而定的控制特性曲线11、12和13允许对所属液压阀的依阀而定的溢流特性进行说明。
图2示例性地示出了性能平均的液压阀（未示出）的溢流特性曲线族，包括曲线21、22、23和24。可以看到在不同的压力差p1<p2<p3<p4时与压力相关的液压流体体积流量Q与根据压力选择的补偿电流Ioff的关系，调节电流IR在相同方向上地被加载所述补偿电流。从溢流特性曲线族可获知，在压力差大时比在压力小时需要更大的补偿电流Ioff来获得确定的液压流体体积流量Q。因为曲线21、22、23和24描述性能平均的、即一般水平的液压阀的溢流特性，所以所述曲线相应于以图1中的控制特性曲线12为特征的液压阀的特性。为了在阀性能有偏差时避免过大或过小的液压流体体积流量Q通过液压阀流出，根据图1中示例性地示出的控制特性曲线依阀而定地修正溢流特性曲线族。虚线所示的曲线25和26表示用于具有相对小的例如由图1中的控制特性曲线11所示的闭合电流I0的液压阀的这种个体修正。因为具有控制特性曲线11（图1）和闭合电流I0,1（图1）的液压阀在未修正的溢流调节的范围内会使过小的量的液压流体流出，所以溢流特性曲线族对于这种液压阀如下地进行修正：曲线21和22朝较小的补偿电流Ioff移动。所述修正例如导致在压力p1和p2时根据虚线所示的曲线25和26对液压阀进行溢流调节。由于在大的压力时即使不同的液压阀也表现出逐渐近似的特性，在大的压力（p3，p4）时在该实施例中不需要修正。曲线23和24由此对于精确调节不必修正。
图3示例性地示出了在压力差p=0时液压阀的溢流特性曲线族的修正与所求得的打开电流I0之间的呈线性关系31形式的关系。ΔIoff描述在压力差p=0时根据闭合电流I0对补偿电流Ioff进行的定量修正。在该实施例中，闭合电流I0,2相应于一般水平并且性能平均的液压阀。闭合电流I0,3相应于闭合电流I0为一般水平以上大小的液压阀的闭合电流。液压阀的闭合电流I0越大，则溢流特性曲线族朝较大补偿电流Ioff越强烈地修正——液压阀按照所述溢流特性曲线族受到调节。与此不同，闭合电流I0,1是一般水平以下的闭合电流I0，这导致在所使用的溢流特性曲线族中液压阀的相应的与压力相关的补偿电流Ioff降低。由此，在该实施例中使用在压力差p=0时溢流特性曲线族的依阀而定的定量的修正与依阀而定的闭合电流I0之间的线性关系。

Claims (17)

1.一种用于优化压力调节精度的方法，其中，借助于液压泵按照压力要求建立液压压力，其中，在使用模拟调节液压阀和所述模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线的情况下进行溢流调节，所述溢流调节反作用于由所述液压泵产生的超过所述压力要求的压力建立，其特征在于：附加于所述模拟调节液压阀的已知控制特性曲线考虑至少一个另外的阀特征用于所述溢流调节。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述至少一个另外的阀特征是溢流特性曲线族。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于：所述溢流特性曲线族描述性能平均的液压阀的溢流特性。
4.根据权利要求2和3至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：借助于所述已知控制特性曲线依阀而定地修正所述溢流特性曲线族。
5.根据权利要求1至4至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：所述已知控制特性曲线是依阀而定的控制特性曲线。
6.根据权利要求1至5至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：在所述液压阀接入到液压式或电液式车辆制动设备中之后确定所述已知控制特性曲线。
7.根据权利要求1至6至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：用于进行所述溢流调节的所述模拟调节液压阀是液压式或电液式制动系统的分离阀。
8.根据权利要求1至7至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：所述溢流特性曲线族描述根据所述液压阀上所存在的压力差的、调节电流对液压流体体积流量的关系。
9.根据权利要求1至8至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：所述溢流特性曲线族的定量修正以在压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的打开电流与性能平均的液压阀的打开电流的偏差的值来升高或者以在压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流与性能平均的液压阀的闭合电流的偏差的值来升高。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于：如果当在所述液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流比当在性能平均的液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时确定的闭合电流小，则在所述溢流特性曲线族中在所述调节电流相对于液压流体体积流量降低的意义上进行修正。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于：如果当在所述液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时依阀而定地确定的闭合电流比当在性能平均的液压阀上所存在的压力差基本上为0bar时确定的闭合电流大，则在所述溢流特性曲线族中在所述调节电流相对于液压流体体积流量提高的意义上进行修正。
12.根据权利要求1至11至少之一所述的方法，其特征在于：借助于阀杆位置检测方法求得所述已知控制特性曲线。
13.一种液压式或电液式车辆制动设备，所述液压式或电液式车辆制动设备尤其是实施根据权利要求1至11至少之一所述的方法，所述液压式或电液式车辆制动设备包括至少一个用于储备液压流体的主缸、至少一个用于使压力进入到至少一个配置给车辆制动器的车轮制动缸中的进入阀和至少一个用于使压力从所述至少一个配置给车辆制动器的车轮制动缸排出的排出阀，此外，所述液压式或电液式车辆制动设备包括至少一个液压泵、至少一个电子控制和调节单元和至少一个模拟调节分离阀，其中，所述液压泵根据所述电子控制和调节单元的压力要求建立液压压力，所述电子控制和调节单元借助于所述分离阀和所述分离阀的所存储的控制特性曲线实施溢流调节，所述溢流调节反作用于由所述液压泵产生的超过所述压力要求的压力建立、即压力波动，其特征在于：所述电子控制和调节单元附加于所述分离阀的所存储的控制特性曲线考虑所述分离阀的另外的阀特征用于所述溢流调节。
14.根据权利要求13所述的车辆制动设备，其特征在于：所述电子控制和调节单元考虑所存储的溢流特性曲线族作为所述分离阀的另外的阀特征用于所述溢流调节。
15.根据权利要求13和14至少之一所述的车辆制动设备，其特征在于：所述电子控制和调节单元根据所存储的控制特性曲线依阀而定地修正所存储的溢流特性曲线族。
16.根据权利要求13至15至少之一所述的车辆制动设备，其特征在于：所述电子控制和调节单元在运行期间重复地确定/校正所述分离阀的所存储的控制特性曲线。
17.根据权利要求1至12至少之一所述的方法在机动车的距离和速度调节系统中的压力调节的应用。
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