CN103842362B - 用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的组合物和方法 - Google Patents
用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的组合物和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供用于减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的组合物和其使用方法。
Description
相关申请案交叉参考
本申请案主张对2011年5月9日提出申请的美国临时申请案第61/483,919号的优先权,所述申请案全文以引用方式并入本文中。
技术领域
背景技术
阿尔茨海默氏病(Alzheimer's disease)是痴呆的最常见病因,且特征为失去智力和社交能力,严重程度足以扰乱日常功能。在阿尔茨海默氏病中,健康脑组织退化,导致记忆力和心智能力稳步衰退。阿尔茨海默氏病并非正常老化的一部分,但所述病症的风险随年龄而增加。年龄介于65岁与74岁之间的人约5%患有阿尔茨海默氏病,而年龄超过85的人几乎一半患有阿尔茨海默氏病。
在阿尔茨海默氏病患者中常见两种类型的神经元病理,即斑块和缠结。细胞外斑块是称为β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的正常无害蛋白质的团块,其可干扰脑细胞之间的通讯。缠结是依赖于称为τ的蛋白质的正常功能的脑细胞的内部支撑结构。在受阿尔茨海默氏病影响的人中,τ蛋白的线发生改变而使其变得缠绕。许多研究这相信,这对神经元造成严重损伤,从而使其死亡并引起记忆力降低。
发明内容
附图说明
图1A和1B概述在投与VX-745(3mg/kg,一天两次)两周后,VX-745对淀粉样蛋白斑块在皮质(图1A)和海马体(图1B)中的面积百分比的效应。
图2概述与野生型和媒剂对照相比,VX-745对IL-1β的效应。
具体实施方式
定义
载剂:术语“载剂”是指可纳入含有活性剂(例如,p38抑制剂)的组合物中且不显著干扰所述药剂的稳定性和/或活性(例如,所述药剂的生物活性)的任何化学实体。在某些实施例中,术语“载剂”是指医药上可接受的载剂。在本文中,实例性载剂是水。
组合.如本文所用术语“组合”、“经组合”和相关术语是指个体同时暴露于两种或两种以上本发明治疗剂中。例如,本发明药剂(例如,p38抑制剂)可与另一治疗剂在分开的单位剂型中同时或依序投与,或在单一单位剂型中一起投与。因此,本发明尤其提供涉及至少投与本发明药剂(例如,p38抑制剂)、额外治疗剂和医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂(医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂通常与p38抑制剂和额外治疗剂中的一者或二者结合)的投药方案。
调配物.术语“调配物”是指用于投与患者的包括至少一种活性剂(例如,p38抑制剂)以及一种或一种以上载剂、赋形剂或其它医药添加剂的组合物。一般来说,具体载剂、赋形剂和/或其它医药添加剂是根据业内知识来选择以获得活性剂适合于具体投与途径的所需稳定性、释放、分布和/或活性。
低剂量.如本文所用术语“低剂量”是指低于参照p38抑制剂在经投与以治疗除了阿尔茨海默氏病以外的疾病时的治疗有效量的剂量。在一些实施例中,术语“低剂量”是指比参照p38抑制剂在经投与以治疗除了阿尔茨海默氏病以外的疾病时的治疗有效量低一个或一个以上数量级的剂量。在一些实施例中,术语“低剂量”是指是参照p38抑制剂在经投与以治疗除了阿尔茨海默氏病以外的疾病时的治疗有效量的一半、三分之一、四分之一、五分之一、六分之一、七分之一、八分之一或更低的剂量。例如,对于治疗人类类风湿性关节炎,VX-745的治疗有效单位剂量是250mg。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在约1mg到约100mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在约1mg到约50mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在约1mg到约30mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在约1mg到约10mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在约1mg到约5mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”为约3mg。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在5-10mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在10-20mg范围内。在一些实施例中,VX-745的“低剂量”在20-30mg范围内。
神经成像.如本文所用术语“神经成像”是指使脑的结构或功能直接或间接成像的技术。在一些实施例中,术语“神经成像”是指选自以下的技术:计算机轴向体层摄影术(CAT或CT)、单光子发射计算机体层摄影术(SPECT)、正电子发射体层摄影术(PET)、磁共振成像(MRI)或功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术采用一种或一种以上成像剂,例如放射性、荧光或其它可检测配体。在一些实施例中,荧光配体是匹兹堡化合物B(Pittsburg compound B)([N-甲基-11C]2-(4'-甲基氨基苯基)-6-羟基苯并噻唑),其为硫代黄素T的荧光类似物。在一些实施例中,放射性配体是(氟贝塔帕F18(florbetapir F18))或18F-氟美他芬(18F-flutemetamol)。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是使用匹兹堡化合物B作为成像剂的PET扫描。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是使用作为成像剂的PET扫描。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是使用18F-氟美他芬作为成像剂的PET扫描。
神经图像.如本文所用术语“神经图像”是指通过神经成像技术生成的图像或图片。在一些实施例中,“神经图像”是指CAT(或CT)、SPECT、PET、MRI或fMRI扫描中的一个或一个以上。
非经肠.本文所用术语“非经肠”包括皮下、静脉内、肌内、关节内、滑膜内、胸骨内、鞘内、肝内、病灶内和颅内注射或输注技术。优选地,经口、腹膜内或静脉内投与组合物。本发明组合物的无菌可注射形式可为水性或油性悬浮液。所述悬浮液可根据业内已知技术使用适宜分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂来调配。无菌可注射制剂还可为在无毒性非经肠可接受的稀释剂或溶剂中的无菌可注射溶液或悬浮液,例如作为在1,3-丁二醇中的溶液。可采用的可接受的媒剂和溶剂尤其是水、林格氏溶液(Ringer’s solution)和等渗氯化钠溶液。另外,通常采用无菌不挥发性油作为溶剂或悬浮介质。
患者.如本文所用术语“患者”意指向其投与调配物或包含调配物的组合物的哺乳动物,且在一些实施例中包括人类。
医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂.术语“医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂”是指不破坏与其调配在一起的化合物的药理活性的无毒性载剂、佐剂或媒剂。可用于本发明组合物中的医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂和媒剂包括(但不限于)离子交换剂、氧化铝、硬脂酸铝、卵磷脂、血清蛋白(例如人类血清白蛋白)、缓冲物质(例如磷酸盐)、甘氨酸、山梨酸、山梨酸钾、饱和植物脂肪酸的偏甘油酯混合物、水、盐或电解质(例如硫酸鱼精蛋白、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸氢钾、氯化钠、锌盐)、胶体二氧化硅、三硅酸镁、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、纤维素基物质、聚乙二醇、羧甲基纤维素钠、聚丙烯酸酯、蜡、聚乙烯-聚氧丙烯-嵌段聚合物、聚乙二醇和羊毛脂。
选择性p38抑制剂.如本文所用片语“选择性p38抑制剂”是指引发对p38促分裂原活化蛋白质激酶(也称作p38MAPK)比对另一种激酶高至少一个数量级的生物效应(即,抑制或拮抗效应)的药剂。例如,在一些实施例中,选择性p38抑制剂是对p38MAPK而非其它蛋白质激酶或酪氨酸激酶具有选择性的抑制剂。在一些实施例中,选择性p38抑制剂对一种p38MAPK同种型而非另一同种型具有选择性。例如,在一些实施例中,选择性p38抑制剂是指针对α(α)、β(β)、γ(γ)或δ(δ)p38MAPK同种型中的一者而非另一同种型具有更强拮抗效应的抑制剂。在一些实施例中,选择性p38抑制剂是指与MPAK的p38β、p38γ和/或p38δ同种型相比,针对p38α同种型具有更强拮抗效应的抑制剂。代表性选择性p38抑制剂包括(但不限于)RWJ 67657、SCIO 469、EO 1428、Org 48762-0、SD 169、SB 203580、SB 202190、SB239063、SB 220025、VX 745、SB 242235、VX 702、SD-282、PH-797804和其它抑制剂。
治疗剂.如本文所用片语“治疗剂”是指在投与生物体时引发所需生物或药理效应的任何药剂。
治疗有效量和有效量.如本文所用,且除非另外指明,否则术语药剂的“治疗有效量”和“有效量”是指足以在疾病、病症或病况的治疗预防和/或管控中提供治疗益处(例如,延迟一种或一种以上与所治疗疾病、病症或病况相关的症状的发作或使所述症状降到最低(例如,降低其发病率和/或量值))的量。在一些实施例中,如果组合物含有在治疗方案情况下作为单一剂量投与时有效的量,那么可称所述组合物含有“治疗有效量”的药剂。在一些实施例中,治疗有效量是在作为投药方案的一部分投与时,在统计学上有可能延迟疾病、病症或病况的一种或一种以上症状或副作用的发作或使其降到最低(降低其发病率和/或量值)的量。在一些实施例中,“治疗有效量”是增强与组合物组合投与的另一药剂的治疗效力的量。在一些实施例中,用于投与人类的治疗有效量对应于与动物模型的体表面积相比针对人类的体表面积加以调整的参照量(例如,在诸如小鼠模型等动物模型中的治疗有效量),如业内已知(例如,参见里根-肖(Reagan-Shaw)等人,“再论从动物研究到人类研究的剂量转换(Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited)”,美国实验生物学学会联合会杂志(The FASEB Journal)22:659-661(2007),其全文以引用方式并入本文中)。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量是在(例如)如本文所述的小鼠模型中治疗有效的量。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.0001mg/kg到约500mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.0001mg/kg到约0.001mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.001mg/kg到约0.01mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.01mg/kg到约0.1mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.1mg/kg到约0.5mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约0.5mg/kg到约1mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约1mg/kg到约2.5mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约2.5mg/kg到约10mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约10mg/kg到约50mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约50mg/kg到约100mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约100mg/kg到约250mg/kg范围内。在一些实施例中,参照治疗有效量在约250mg/kg到约500mg/kg范围内。
治疗(Treat)或治疗(Treating).本文所用术语“治疗(treat)”或“治疗(treating)”是指部分或完全减轻、抑制病症、疾病或病况或病症、疾病或病况的一种或一种以上症状或表现、延迟其发作、降低其发病率、对其形成预防、改善其和/或解除其。
单位剂量.本文所用表达“单位剂量”是指适合于待治疗个体的调配物的物理离散单位(例如,对于单一剂量);每一单位含有预定量的所选活性剂以在根据治疗方案任选地与可以预定量提供的医药上可接受的载剂一起投与时产生所需治疗效应(应理解,可能需要多个剂量以获得所需或最佳效应)。单位剂量可为(例如)一定体积的含有预定量的一种或一种以上治疗剂的液体(例如,可接受的载剂)、预定量的一种或一种以上呈固体形式的治疗剂、含有预定量的一种或一种以上治疗剂的持续释放调配物或药物递送装置等。应了解,单位剂量除了治疗剂以外可含有多种组份。例如,可如下文所述包括可接受的载剂(例如,医药上可接受的载剂)、稀释剂、稳定剂、缓冲剂、防腐剂等。然而,应理解,本发明调配物的总日用量将由主治医生在合理的医学判断范围内决定。对于任一具体个体或生物体的特定有效剂量水平可取决于多种因素,包括所治疗病症和所述病症的严重程度;所采用特定活性化合物的活性;所采用的特定组合物;个体的年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别和饮食;所采用的特定活性化合物的投与时间和排泄速率;治疗的持续时间;与所采用的特定化合物组合或同时使用的药物和/或其它疗法;和医学界熟知的类似因素。在一些实施例中,p38抑制剂的单位剂量为约1mg、3mg、5mg、10mg、15mg、20mg、25mg、30mg、35mg、40mg、45mg或50mg。
阿尔茨海默氏病的病理
阿尔茨海默氏病病理的特征在于脑实质中的细胞外淀粉样蛋白斑块的沉积和神经元内的神经原纤维缠结。
在阿尔茨海默氏病患者脑中发现的细胞外淀粉样蛋白斑块的主要组份是异常折叠的β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ),其为通过称为分泌酶的酶对淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白质(APP)的蛋白酶解产生的36个氨基酸到43个氨基酸的肽。APP是在多种组织中表达且集中于神经元突触中的内在膜蛋白。其主要功能未知,但其作为调节剂参与突触形成、神经可塑性和铁转出。Aβ的最常见同种型是Aβ40和Aβ42;较短形式通常是通过在内质网中进行的裂解来产生,而较长形式是通过在高尔基体(Golgi)反面网络中的裂解来产生。两种形式中,Aβ40形式更常见,但Aβ42具有更高纤维生成性且因此与疾病状态相关。已注意到,APP中与早期发作阿尔茨海默氏病相关的突变可提高Aβ42的相对产量,且因此所建议的一种阿尔茨海默氏病治疗途径涉及调节β-和γ-分泌酶的活性以主要产生Aβ40。
与之相比,神经原纤维缠结是微管相关τ蛋白(MAPT)的细胞内聚集物。τ蛋白在中枢神经系统的神经元中含量高但在其它部位较少见,其可稳定微管。过度磷酸化τ(hTau)与其它τ线相关,最终在神经细胞体内形成神经原纤维缠结。在此事件发生时,微管分解,从而破坏神经元的转运系统,导致神经元之间的生物化学通讯障碍,且最终导致细胞死亡。
最新证据提出,神经炎症过程也促进阿尔茨海默氏病的病理生理。例如,参见赫尔(Hull)等人,“阿尔茨海默氏病中的炎症活化路径:疾病改良药物的潜在靶(Pathways ofInflammatory Activation in Alzheimer’s Disease:Potential Targets for DiseaseModifying Drugs)”,当今医药化学(Curr.Med.Chem.)2002,9,83-88,其全文以引用方式并入本文中。小神经胶质细胞是脑中的居留炎症细胞,人们发现其在阿尔茨海默氏病脑中呈高活化状态,包括形态改变、增殖、细胞表面受体的表达增加以及分泌炎症细胞因子和趋化因子。小神经胶质细胞在中枢神经系统(CNS)内完成多个与免疫反应和维持内稳态二者相关的不同任务。小神经胶质细胞的主要作用是吞噬作用或吞入各种材料。所吞入材料包括受损神经元、斑块、细胞碎片和传染原(例如病毒和细菌)。小神经胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默氏病脑中刚形成的Aβ沉积物的位点处积累,且可通过降解Aβ来帮助限制斑块生长。
最新研究也已显示,在阿尔茨海默氏病的小鼠模型中,炎症细胞因子IL-1β的过表达导致降低Aβ病理。然而,慢性活化的小神经胶质细胞还与包括TNFα在内的炎症细胞因子相关,所述TNFα可实质上阻断小神经胶质细胞移除或降解Aβ的能力。因此,小神经胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默氏病的病理生理中的作用很复杂,且小神经胶质细胞活化根据局部情况发挥有益或有害效应。
神经元与小神经胶质细胞通讯的一个信号传导路径是弗拉托肯(fractalkine,CX3CL1)和其同源受体(CX3CR1),其为独特的一对一配体-受体趋化因子对。已证实CX3CL1-CX3CR1信号传导在神经炎症和神经保护中具有重要作用。值得注意的是,CX3CL1在神经元中高度表达,而CX3CR1仅在小神经胶质细胞中表达。一个最新研究证实,在阿尔茨海默氏病的快速发作和逐渐发作转基因小鼠模型中,小神经胶质细胞受体CX3CR1的抑制或缺失可改善淀粉样蛋白病理。参见李(Lee)等人,“在两种阿尔茨海默氏病小鼠模型中CX3CR1缺陷改变小神经胶质细胞活化并减小β-淀粉样蛋白沉积(CX3CR1Deficiency Alters MicroglialActivation and Reduces Beat-Amyloid Deposition in Two Alzheimer’s DiseaseMouse Models)”,美国病理学杂志(The American Journal of Pathology),177(5):2549-2562(2010),其全文以引用方式并入本文中。事实上,在阿尔茨海默氏病的APPPS1小鼠模型中,CX3CR1缺陷型小鼠展现Aβ沉积的剂量依赖性降低,表明CX3CR1缺陷利用小神经胶质细胞响应Aβ活化的有益效应。此外,与对照相比,在敲除小鼠中,斑块相关小神经胶质细胞的数目减小。然而,尽管在CX3CR1缺陷型动物中在Aβ沉积物周围的小神经胶质细胞的数目减少,但观察到Aβ沉积显著减小,此与小神经胶质细胞移除Aβ的能力增强一致。因此,CX3CR1信号传导似乎可抑制小神经胶质细胞吞噬作用并阻碍有效Aβ清除。这些结果表明,CX3CL1-CX3CR1信号传导中的改变可改变小神经胶质细胞的吞噬能力。
小神经胶质细胞神经炎症还通过IL-1的过表达促进MAPT磷酸化和聚集。最近,已显示在人类化τ小鼠中,CX3CR1缺陷可增强小神经胶质细胞活化和MAPT磷酸化/聚集二者。研究者观察到,转基因人类化τ小鼠在3个月龄首先出现过度磷酸化MAPT,在9个月龄出现MAPT聚集物,且截至15个月龄出现神经元损失。值得注意的是,截至12个月龄时,人类化τ小鼠在海马体中展现具有较短过程和较圆细胞体的小神经胶质细胞,此与小神经胶质细胞活化一致。
不希望受限于任何具体理论,人们相信,小神经胶质细胞响应所述炎症信号、尤其神经炎症过程的活化延迟与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的β淀粉样蛋白斑块的积累。因此,对炎症级联的抑制或阻抑可能防止小神经胶质细胞活化,从而促进β淀粉样蛋白斑块的积累和阿尔茨海默氏病的进展。
p38MAPK抑制剂
多种细胞外刺激(包括促炎症细胞因子和其它炎症介质)通过活化促分裂原活化蛋白质激酶(MAPK)信号传导路径引发特定细胞反应。MAPK是靶向脯氨酸的丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶,其将环境刺激转导到核。在活化后,MAPK通过磷酸化活化其它激酶或核蛋白,包括潜在的转录因子和底物。新颖哺乳动物再活化蛋白质激酶(p38/RK)MAPK是应激活化的蛋白质激酶,其介导对细胞应激和炎症信号的反应。
p38MAPK活化发生在阿尔茨海默氏病的极早期,且对脑中的炎症具有重要促进作用。例如,参见贝斯克(Bhasker)等人,“通过小神经胶质细胞弗拉托肯受体调节τ病理(Regulation of Tau Pathology by the Microglial Fractalkine Receptor)”,神经元(Neuron)68:19-31(2010),其全文以引用方式并入本文中。事实上,小神经胶质细胞中的β-淀粉样蛋白原纤维刺激p38MAPK的快速瞬时活化,从而引起炎症基因表达和促炎症细胞因子上调。因此,p38MAPK路径的活化减少斑块积累并刺激小神经胶质细胞斑块降解。
此外,研究者确认,MAPT磷酸化的增强可通过将活体外神经元与特定MAPK抑制剂SB203580一起预培育来阻断,表明MAPT磷酸化的增强是通过p38MAPK依赖性路径来进行。因此,研究证实,p38MAPK在阿尔茨海默氏病中的作用很复杂,因为其既刺激Aβ斑块的小神经胶质细胞降解,同时又促进MAPT磷酸化(一种可引起神经原纤维缠结和神经元功能损失的过程)。例如,参见穆诺思(Munoz)等人,“靶向p38MAPK路径以治疗阿尔茨海默氏病(Targeting p38MAPK pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease)”,神经药理学(Neuropharmacology),58(3):561-568(2010),其全文以引用方式并入本文中。
p38MAPK在炎症各个阶段中的作用已促使人们发现若干种能抑制p38的化合物(SB203580、RWJ 67657、L-167307、VX-745、RPR200765A和其它)。例如,参见库玛(Kumar)等人,“p38MAP激酶:作为炎症性疾病治疗靶的关键信号传导分子(p38MAP Kinases:KeySignaling Molecules as Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Diseases)”,自然综述(Nature Reviews),2:717-726(2003);布朗(Brown)等人,“作为治疗关节退行性变和与骨关节炎相关的疼痛的潜在治疗剂的p38MAP激酶抑制剂(p38MAP kinase inhibitors aspotential therapeutics for the treatment of joint degeneration and painassociated with osteoarthritis)”,炎症杂志(J.Inflammation)5:22(2008),所述每一文献的全文是以引用方式并入本文中。这些药理抑制剂是细胞因子阻抑性消炎药物,其负责在体外和体内抑制脂多糖诱导的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的表达。尽管阿尔茨海默氏病研究者很久以来始终高度关注p38MAPK抑制剂,但疾病的复杂性限制了所述药剂的使用。更具体来说,在p38抑制剂阻断τ磷酸化时,预期所导致的炎症级联的降低会因缺乏小神经胶质细胞活化而增加Aβ斑块积累。
现在已令人惊讶地发现,p38MAPK抑制剂减小中枢神经系统(CNS)内的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷。因此,本发明涵盖以下认知:p38MAPK抑制剂可有效减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小中枢神经系统(CNS)内的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。
实例性p38MAPK抑制剂
如上文所概述,已对将p38MAPK抑制剂用于治疗各个炎症阶段的发现进行了广泛研究。
实例性p38MAPK抑制剂可参见(例如)迈尔(Mayer)等人,“p38MAP激酶抑制剂:炎症性疾病的未来疗法(p38MAP kinase inhibitors:A future therapy for inflammatorydiseases)”,今日药物发现:治疗策略(Drug Discovery Today:Therapeutic Strategies)3(1):49-54(2006);和里根(Regan)等人,“基于吡唑脲的p38MAP激酶抑制剂:从先导化合物到临床候选药物(Pyrazole Urea-Based Inhibitors of p38MAP Kinase:from LeadCompound to Clinical Candidate)”,医药化学杂志(J.Med.Chem.)2002,45,2994-3008,所述每一参考文献的全文是以引用方式并入本文中。表1列示代表性p38MAPK抑制剂。
表1.
VX-745是福泰制药(Vertex Pharmaceuticals)研发用于治疗类风湿性关节炎(RA)的p38MAPK的选择性小分子抑制剂。VX-745对MAPK的抑制阻断炎症细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的下游合成。由于VX-745在啮齿类动物关节炎模型中展现显著消炎活性,Vertex在人类类风湿性关节炎(RA)中开始临床试验。然而,经一天两次250mg VX-745治疗的患者经历不良事件,包括胃肠影响(例如腹泻和腹痛)和肝转氨酶升高。此外,已知VX-745可穿透动物的血脑屏障(BBB)。事实上,经受高剂量VX-745的动物经历不良神经学影响,但在人类中未观察到这些不良事件。尽管已确认作为RA治疗抑制p38MAPK的概念性验证,但VX-745仍因发生严重不良事件的可能性而被停用。
另一在关节炎模型中利用VX-745作为参照化合物的研究证实,10mg/kg剂量的VX-745对于抑制足肿胀不如所分析其它化合物有效。参见乔普拉(Chopra)等人,“p38MAP激酶的新颖有效的选择性口服活性抑制剂AW-814141的药理概况(Pharmacological profileof AW-814141,a novel,potent,selective and orally active inhibitor of p38MAPkinase)”,国际免疫药理学(International Immunopharmacology),10:467-473(2010),其全文以引用方式并入本文中。
在骨关节炎模型中,VX-745在以50mg/kg投与大鼠时,与对照动物相比,对膝盖退行性变显示统计学上显著的抑制。还在痛觉过敏模型中分析VX-745且在以30mg/kg、10mg/kg和3mg/kg剂量投与大鼠时对痛觉过敏反应显示显著抑制。研究者发现,小鼠在3mg/kg、10mg/kg和30mg/kg剂量下展现痛觉过敏。然而,研究者在3mg/kg剂量下观察到极小效应。参见布朗等人,“作为治疗关节退行性变和与骨关节炎相关的疼痛的潜在治疗剂的p38MAP激酶抑制剂”,炎症杂志,5:22(2008),其全文以引用方式并入本文中。不希望受限于理论,人们相信,p38抑制剂治疗诸如类风湿性关节炎等慢性病况的临床失败是由于炎症路径冗余所致。所述冗余在慢性抑制p38时导致反馈环上调,从而导致总体上缺乏效力。
本发明方法
如上所述,在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小CNS内的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法。在一些实施例中,减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法包含向有需要的患者投与选择性p38MAPK抑制剂。
在某些实施例中,本发明提供通过向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂来减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法。在一些实施例中,减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在一些所述实施例中,减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
药剂的治疗效力受其与血浆蛋白质结合程度的影响。只有未结合药剂部分可展现任何药理效应,因为结合蛋白质的药剂不能越过细胞膜或扩散遍及体内。因此,治疗剂结合程度越高,可用于引发所需药理反应的药剂浓度越低。然而,由于脑中蛋白质较少,能穿过血脑屏障的治疗剂将具有较高浓度的可用于引发所需药理反应的游离药剂。实际上,尽管已知VX-745是高蛋白质结合药剂,但其在狗脑中的水平是全身水平的两倍。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小与阿尔茨海默氏病相关的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供(i)减小斑块负荷和(ii)抑制MAPT磷酸化的方法。在一些实施例中,(i)减小斑块负荷和(ii)抑制MAPT磷酸化的方法包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在某些实施例中,(i)减小斑块负荷和(ii)抑制MAPT磷酸化的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,(i)减小斑块负荷和(ii)抑制MAPT磷酸化的方法包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在某些实施例中,(i)减小斑块负荷和(ii)抑制MAPT磷酸化的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
如上文所论述,尽管IL-1β过表达增强Aβ清除,但小神经胶质细胞的慢性活化降低小神经胶质细胞降解Aβ的能力。因此,在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小斑块负荷而不诱导神经炎症的方法。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不诱导神经炎症的方法包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不诱导神经炎症的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不诱导神经炎症的方法包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不诱导神经炎症的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小斑块负荷而不增加炎症细胞因子的表达和/或水平的方法。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加炎症细胞因子的表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加炎症细胞因子的表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加炎症细胞因子的表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加炎症细胞因子的表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小斑块负荷而不增加IL-1β表达和/或水平的方法。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加IL-1β表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在某些实施例中,本发明提供通过向有需要的患者投与低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂来减小斑块负荷而不增加IL-1β表达和/或水平的方法。在一些实施例中,减小斑块负荷而不增加IL-1β表达和/或水平的方法包含向有需要的患者投与VX-745。在某些实施例中,本发明提供通过向有需要的患者投与低剂量的VX-745来减小斑块负荷而不增加IL-1β表达和/或水平的方法。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供一天一次、一天两次、一周一次、一周两次或一个月一次投与p38抑制剂(例如VX-745)。在一些实施例中,本发明提供在长达一周、两周或三周或更长时间中以更短间隔(例如每天一次、两次、三次或四次)投与p38抑制剂,之后实施渐减投药方案以维持所需水平的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供在长达一个月、两个月或三个月或更长时间中以每天一次、两次、三次或四次的间隔投与p38抑制剂,之后实施渐减投药方案以维持所需水平的p38抑制剂。更具体来说,在一些实施例中,本发明提供用于以足以在脑中获得治疗水平的间隔投与p38抑制剂,之后剂量渐减的投药方案。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的VX-745。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与VX-745。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的β淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的β淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的VX-745。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块Aβ42的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供防止淀粉样蛋白斑块积累的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供防止淀粉样蛋白斑块积累的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与治疗有效量的低剂量的p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供防止淀粉样蛋白斑块积累的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与治疗有效量的VX-745。在一些实施例中,本发明提供防止淀粉样蛋白斑块积累的方法,其包含向有需要的患者投与治疗有效量的低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约1mg到约50mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约1mg到约20mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约1mg到约10mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约1mg到约5mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约5mg到约10mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约10mg到约20mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约20mg到约30mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约30mg到约40mg之间。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的方法,其包含向患者投与治疗有效剂量的p38抑制剂,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于约40mg到约50mg之间。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供淀粉样蛋白斑块清除机制,其包含向有需要的个体投与p38MAPK抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小有需要的患者的斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含在少于约6个月的时期内向所述患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小有需要的患者的斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含在少于约4个月的时期内向所述患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小有需要的患者的斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含在少于约2个月的时期内向所述患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小有需要的患者的斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含在少于约1个月的时期内向所述患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小有需要的患者的斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含在少于约2周的时期内向所述患者投与p38MAPK抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含:
(i)使个体的脑成像以产生神经图像;
(ii)比较所述神经图像与参照图像以确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积;和
(iii)如果在与所述参照图像比较时确定所述个体具有增加量的淀粉样蛋白斑块,那么投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含:
(i)使个体的脑成像;
(ii)确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积;和
(iii)如果所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,那么投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,参照图像是对照个体的图像。在一些实施例中,参照图像是具有正常认知功能的个体的图像。在一些实施例中,参照图像是个体脑的基线图像。在一些所述实施例中,参照图像是个体脑的先前扫描。在一些实施例中,个体具有发生阿尔茨海默氏病的风险。
在一些实施例中,以一个或一个以上预定间隔重复(i)成像、(ii)比较淀粉样蛋白斑块与参照图像和/或确定淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积以及(iii)投与p38抑制剂的步骤。在一些所述实施例中,预定间隔是一个月、两个月、三个月、四个月、五个月、六个月、七个月、八个月、九个月、十个月、十一个月、十二个月。在一些实施例中,预定间隔是一年、两年、三年、四年或五年。在一些实施例中,预定间隔是六(6)个月。
在一些实施例中,个体是具有发生阿尔茨海默氏病的风险或患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者。
在一些实施例中,使用一种或一种以上神经成像技术使个体的脑成像。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术选自由以下组成的群组:计算机轴向体层摄影术(CAT或CT)、单光子发射计算机体层摄影术(SPECT)、正电子发射体层摄影术(PET)、磁共振成像(MRI)或功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是计算机轴向体层摄影术(CAT或CT)。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是正电子发射体层摄影术(PET)。在一些所述实施例中,用于PET扫描中的成像剂选自amyvid或匹兹堡化合物B。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是磁共振成像(MRI)。在一些实施例中,神经成像技术是功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)。
所属领域技术人员理解如何在神经图像中确定或测量淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积。例如,参见泽曼(Zeman)等人,“使用核医学成像模式诊断痴呆(Diagnosis ofDementia Using Nuclear Medicine Imaging Modalities)”,第8章,关于核医学的12章(12Chapters on Nuclear Medicine),高拉雷赞哈(Gholamrezanezhad)编辑,199-229(2011年12月22日)和萧(Hsiao)等人,“早期18F-氟贝塔帕(AV-45/Amyvid)PET图像与FDG图像的关联:初步研究(Correlation of early-phase 18F-florbetapir(AV-45/Amyvid)PETimages to FDG images:preliminary studies)”,欧洲核医学与分子成像杂志(EuropeanJournal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging),39(4),613-620(2012),所述每一参考文献的全部内容是全文以引用方式并入本文中。
在一些实施例中,在少于六(6)个月的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于四(4)个月的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于两(2)个月的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于一(1)个月的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于三(3)周的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于两(2)周的时期内投与p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,在少于一(1)周的时期内投与p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,预定阈值是具体个体的基线。例如,在一些实施例中,使具有发生阿尔茨海默氏病的风险的个体的脑成像并确定和/或测量淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积。所述斑块的数目和/或面积是所述个体的基线或预定阈值,将所有后续脑图像与其进行比较。
在一些实施例中,预定阈值是基于通常在患有阿尔茨海默氏病的脑中发现的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积。在一些所述实施例中,预定阈值是通常在患有阿尔茨海默氏病的脑中发现的淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积的平均值。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病或具有发生阿尔茨海默氏病的风险的个体的淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的方法,所述方法包含:
(iv)使个体的脑成像;
(v)确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积;和
(vi)如果所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,那么投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供治疗遭受淀粉样蛋白斑块之苦的个体的方法,其中淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,所述方法包含向所述个体投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供治疗遭受淀粉样蛋白斑块之苦的个体的方法,其中淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,所述方法包含:
(i)在少于六(6)个月的时期内投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂;
(ii)以定期间隔使所述个体的脑成像;和
(iii)如果淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过先前测量的淀粉样蛋白斑块水平,那么投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
在一些所述实施例中,在少于四(4)个月、少于两(2)个月、少于一(1)个月或少于两(2)周的时期内向个体投与p38抑制剂。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供治疗遭受淀粉样蛋白斑块之苦的个体的方法,其中如通过一种或一种以上神经成像技术所测量,淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,所述方法包含在少于六(6)个月的时期内投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。在一些所述实施例中,神经成像技术是PET扫描。在一些实施例中,所述方法进一步包含(i)以定期间隔使所述个体的脑成像;和(ii)如果淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过先前测量的淀粉样蛋白斑块水平,那么投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂。
组合疗法
在某些实施例中,本发明提供治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的方法,其包含向个体投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂以及一种或一种以上额外治疗剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的方法,其包含向个体投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂以及一种或一种以上选自以下的额外治疗剂:胆碱酯酶抑制剂、N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸拮抗剂、维生素E、抗抑郁药、抗焦虑药、抗精神病药、情绪稳定剂和助眠剂。
代表性胆碱酯酶抑制剂包括(但不限于)多奈哌齐(donepezil,)、利斯的明(rivastigmine,)、加兰他敏(galantamine,)和他克林(tacrine,)。
代表性抗抑郁药包括(但不限于)安非他酮(bupropion,)、西酞普兰(citalopram,)、氟西汀(fluoxetine,)、米氮平(mirtazapine,)、帕罗西汀(paroxetine,)、舍曲林(sertraline,)、曲唑酮(trazodone,)、文拉法辛(venlafaxine,)、去甲替林(nortriptyline,)和地昔帕明(desipramine,)。
代表性抗焦虑药包括(但不限于)劳拉西泮(lorazepam,)和奥沙西泮(oxazepam,)。
代表性抗精神病药包括(但不限于)阿立哌唑(aripiprazole,)、氯氮平(clozapine,)、氟哌啶醇(haloperidol,)、奥氮平(olanzapine,)、喹硫平(quetiapine,)、利哌立酮(risperidone,)和齐拉西酮(ziprasidone,)。
代表性情绪稳定剂包括(但不限于)卡马西平(carbamazepine,)和双丙戊酸钠(divalproex,)。
代表性助眠剂包括(但不限于)唑吡坦(zolpidem)、扎来普隆(zaleplon)和水合氯醛(chloral hydrate)。
代表性N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸拮抗剂包括(但不限于)美金刚(memantine,)。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的方法,其包含向个体投与治疗有效量的p38抑制剂以及一种或一种以上选自由以下组成的群组的额外治疗剂:依泽那太(exenatide,)、瓦伦尼克林(varenicline)、PF-04360365、利斯的明、LY450139、ST101、苔藓抑素(bryostatin)、EVP-6124、阿托西汀(atomoxetine)、HF0220、白藜芦醇(resveratrol)、加兰他敏、PF-01913539、司马西特(semagacestat)、3APS、免疫球蛋白、狄米邦(dimebon)、α-生育酚、BAY85-8101、雌激素、孕酮、ACC-001、银杏素(ginko biloba)、尼麦角林(nicergoline)、吡拉西坦(piracetam)、NIC5-15、扎利罗登(xaliproden,SR57746A)、吲哚美辛(indomethacin)、DMXB-A、LY2062430、11-C PIB、巴品珠单抗(bapineuzumab)、依那西普(etanercept)、雷米普利(ramipril)、干扰素β-1a、斯伐他汀(simvastatin)、硫辛酸(lipoic acid)、鱼油、姜黄素(curcumin)、PF-04447943、叶酸酯、维生素B6、维生素B12、亮丙瑞林(leuprolide)、INM-176、AH110690、色氨酸、SK-PC-B70M、BMS-708163、依地普仑(escitalopram)、TRx0014、BAY94-9172、施普善(cerebrolysin)、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、SB-742457、锂、罗格列酮(rosiglitazone)、双丙戊酸钠、SAR110894D、PRX-03140、CX516(安帕来斯(Ampalex))、烟酰胺、雷沙吉兰(rasagiline)、AC-1202吲度酰胺(enduramide)、奈美胺(neramexane)、阮泽达恩(razadyne)、NS2330他米巴罗汀(tamibarotene)、阿维A(acitretin)、哌醋甲酯(methylphenidate)、米非司酮(mifepristone)、ZT-1、AFFITOPE AD01、AFFITOPE AD02、GSK239512、GSK933776、SR57667B、PPI-1019、MPC-7869、AZD3480、PAZ-417、茄尼醇单抗(solanezumab)、马赛替尼(masitinib,AB1010)、BAY1006578、二十二碳六烯酸、QS-21、MNI-558、氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释片(reminyl retard)、氟美他芬、雌二醇、甲羟孕酮、丙戊酸盐(valproate)、T-817MA、AZD1446、AAB-003(PF-05236812)、莫达非尼(modafinil)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)、阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin)、多西环素(doxycycline)、曲唑酮(trazadone)、羟丁酸钠(sodium oxybate)、石杉碱A(huperzine A)、叶黄素(lutein)、玉米黄素(zeaxanthin)、AC-3933、右苯丙胺(dextroamphetamine)、EPAX 1050TG、SRA-333、MNI-168、CAD106、SGS742、NP031112、SSR180711C、GSI-953、哌唑嗪(prazosin)、MEM 1003、AndroGel、AVE1625、环磷酰胺酯(cyclophosphamate)、TC-5619-238、MK0249、来考佐坦(lecozotan)、缓释褪黑激素(circadin)、MEM 3454、PPI-1019、UB 311、PF-04494700、ABT-089、LY451395、E2020、罗非昔布(Rofecoxib)、PF-03654746、EHT 0202依他唑酯(etazolate)、DCB-AD1、ONO-2506PO、罗氏单抗(gantenerumab)、氟贝塔帕、ELND005、泼尼松(prednisone)、诺瓦索(novasoy)、人参(ginseng)、吡格列酮(pioglitazone)、辛炔(caprylidene)、ABT-288、ABT-384、奈非西坦(nefiracetam)、AQW051、匹伐他汀(Pitavastatin)、萘普生钠(naproxen sodium,)、氯诺昔康(lornoxicam)、AN-1792、SR57667B、褪黑激素(melatonin)、SAM-531、MK0952、MK0677、IFN-α2A、BAY 94-9172、PYM50028、来考佐坦SR、沙立度胺(thalidomide)、曲米沙特(tramiprosate)、FK962、IVIG、RO5313534、联苯芦诺(bifeprunox)、LNK-754、ELND005、NSA-789、雷美尔通(ramelteon)、弗洛贝他苯(Florbetaben)、SRA-444、VP4896、塞来昔布(celecoxib)、氢可酮(hydrocodone)、GSI-136、唑吡坦、MK3328、二甲双胍(metformin)、CTS21166、依隆曲(elontril)、布洛芬(ibuprofen)、珀西芬酒石酸酯(posiphentartrate)、JNJ-39393406、睾酮、BRL-049653、BMS-708163、SAM-315、酮康唑(ketoconazole)、氟康唑(fluconazole)、华法林(warfarin)、E2609、AZD0328、LY2886721、CHF 5074、E2212、醋氨酚(acetaminophen)、LY2811376、ABT-126、褪黑激素、GSK1034702、阿莫达非尼(armodafinil)、双丙戊酸钠(depakote)、吉非贝齐(gemfibrozil)、AL-108、左乙拉西坦(levetiracetam)和奎纳克林(quinacrine)。
医药组合物
在一些实施例中,本发明提供医药组合物,其包含p38MAPK抑制剂以及一种或一种以上治疗剂以及医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供医药组合物,其包含低剂量的p38MAPK抑制剂以及一种或一种以上治疗剂以及医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的医药组合物,其包含p38抑制剂和一种或一种以上医药上可接受的赋形剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的医药组合物,其包含选自以下的p38抑制剂和一种或一种以上医药上可接受的赋形剂:VX-702、VX-745、BIRB 796、TAK-715、SCIO 469、RWJ 67657、SB 681323、SB242235、SB 203580、L-167307、RPR-203494、RPR-200765A、PD 169316、SB 200025、JX 401、CMPD1、SKF 86002、SX 011、SD 282、EO 1428、SD 169、SB 220025、SB 202190、SB 239063、Org 48762-0、LY2228820、长春瑞滨、PH-797804和亚细亚酸。在一些所述实施例中,用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的医药组合物包含低剂量p38抑制剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供用于治疗阿尔茨海默氏病的包含VX-745的医药组合物。在一些所述实施例中,医药组合物包含低剂量的VX-745。
在一些实施例中,本发明提供医药组合物,其包含VX-745以及一种或一种以上治疗剂和医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供医药组合物,其包含低剂量的VX-745、一种或一种以上治疗剂和医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂。在一些实施例中,本发明提供医药组合物,其包含低剂量的VX-745、一种或一种以上选自以下的治疗剂和医药上可接受的载剂、佐剂或媒剂:多奈哌齐利斯的明加兰他敏他克林安非他酮西酞普兰氟西汀米氮平帕罗西汀舍曲林曲唑酮文拉法辛去甲替林地昔帕明劳拉西泮奥沙西泮阿立哌唑氯氮平氟哌啶醇奥氮平喹硫平利哌立酮齐拉西酮卡马西平双丙戊酸钠唑吡坦、扎来普隆、水合氯醛、美金刚依泽那太瓦伦尼克林、PF-04360365、利斯的明、LY450139、ST101、苔藓抑素、EVP-6124、阿托西汀、HF0220、白藜芦醇、加兰他敏、PF-01913539、司马西特、3APS、免疫球蛋白、狄米邦、α-生育酚、BAY85-8101、雌激素、孕酮、ACC-001、银杏素、尼麦角林、吡拉西坦、NIC5-15、扎利罗登(SR57746A)、吲哚美辛、DMXB-A、LY2062430、11-C PIB、巴品珠单抗、依那西普、雷米普利、干扰素β-1a、斯伐他汀、硫辛酸、鱼油、姜黄素、PF-04447943、叶酸酯、维生素B6、维生素B12、亮丙瑞林、INM-176、AH110690、色氨酸、SK-PC-B70M、BMS-708163、依地普仑、TRx0014、BAY94-9172、施普善、表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、SB-742457、锂、罗格列酮、双丙戊酸钠、SAR110894D、PRX-03140、CX516(安帕来斯)、烟酰胺、雷沙吉兰、AC-1202吲度酰胺、奈美胺、阮泽达恩、NS 2330他米巴罗汀、阿维A、哌醋甲酯、米非司酮、ZT-1、AFFITOPE AD01、AFFITOPEAD02、GSK239512、GSK933776、SR57667B、PPI-1019、MPC-7869、AZD3480、PAZ-417、茄尼醇单抗、马赛替尼(AB1010)、BAY1006578、二十二碳六烯酸、QS-21、MNI-558、氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释片、氟美他芬、雌二醇、甲羟孕酮、丙戊酸盐、T-817MA、AZD1446、AAB-003(PF-05236812)、莫达非尼、雷洛昔芬、阿托伐他汀、多西环素、曲唑酮、羟丁酸钠、石杉碱A、叶黄素、玉米黄素、AC-3933、右苯丙胺、EPAX 1050TG、SRA-333、MNI-168、CAD106、SGS742、NP031112、SSR180711C、GSI-953、哌唑嗪、MEM 1003、AndroGel、AVE1625、环磷酰胺酯、TC-5619-238、MK0249、来考佐坦、缓释褪黑激素、MEM 3454、PPI-1019、UB 311、PF-04494700、ABT-089、LY451395、E2020、罗非昔布、PF-03654746、EHT 0202依他唑酯、DCB-AD1、ONO-2506PO、罗氏单抗、氟贝塔帕、ELND005、泼尼松、诺瓦索、人参、吡格列酮、辛炔、ABT-288、ABT-384、奈非西坦、AQW051、匹伐他汀、萘普生钠氯诺昔康、AN-1792、SR57667B、褪黑激素、SAM-531、MK0952、MK0677、IFN-α2A、BAY 94-9172、PYM50028、来考佐坦SR、沙立度胺、曲米沙特、FK962、IVIG、RO5313534、联苯芦诺、LNK-754、ELND005、NSA-789、雷美尔通、弗洛贝他苯、SRA-444、VP4896、塞来昔布、氢可酮、GSI-136、唑吡坦、MK3328、二甲双胍、CTS21166、依隆曲、布洛芬、珀西芬酒石酸酯、JNJ-39393406、睾酮、BRL-049653、BMS-708163、SAM-315、酮康唑、氟康唑、华法林、E2609、AZD0328、LY2886721、CHF 5074、E2212、醋氨酚、LY2811376、ABT-126、褪黑激素、GSK1034702、阿莫达非尼、双丙戊酸钠、吉非贝齐、AL-108、左乙拉西坦和奎纳克林。
在某些实施例中,本发明医药上可接受的组合物经调配用于经口投与。本发明医药上可接受的组合物可以任何经口可接受的剂型经口投与,所述剂型包括(但不限于)胶囊、小胶囊、片剂、水性悬浮液或溶液。在经口使用的片剂情形中,常用载剂包括乳糖和玉米淀粉。通常还添加润滑剂,例如硬脂酸镁。对于以胶囊形式经口投与,可用稀释剂包括乳糖和干玉米淀粉。在经口使用需要水性悬浮液时,可将活性成份与乳化和悬浮剂组合。如果需要,还可添加某些甜味剂、矫味剂或着色剂。
与载剂材料组合产生单一剂型组合物的本发明化合物的数量将取决于患者和具体投与模式。优选地,所提供组合物应经调配以使得可向接受这些组合物的患者投与介于1-50mg/天之间的剂量的p38抑制剂(即,VX-745或另一p38抑制剂)。组合物的实例包括经调配以向接受这些组合物的患者投与介于每天1-10mg、10-25mg或25-50mg之间的剂量的p38抑制剂的组合物。在本发明其它实施例中,组合物包括经调配以向接受这些组合物的患者投与介于每天3-5mg、5-10mg、10-20mg、20-30mg、30-40mg或40-50mg之间的剂量的抑制剂的组合物。在一些实施例中,将组合物调配为含有1mg、3mg、5mg、10mg、20mg、25mg、30mg或50mg活性组合物的剂量。用于这些调配物的投药方案可包括(但不限于)单次投与投药、每天一次、两次或三次投药、每周投药和每个月投药。
在一些治疗方案中,患者将首先经较大剂量的本发明化合物(“负荷剂量”)治疗一段时期(“负荷时期”)以获得药物的高组织浓度,之后经较低剂量的活性组合物(“维持剂量”)治疗较长时期(“维持时期”)以维持活性组合物的血清或组织浓度。
在一些治疗方案中,暂停向患者投与抑制剂(“药物假期”)。在一些实例中,患者可在一个月内进行每天给予抑制剂的周期,之后是一个月假期。在另一实例中,患者可在6个月内每天给予抑制剂,之后是一个月假期。在另一实例中,患者可在三周内每天给予抑制剂,之后是一周假期。在另一实例中,患者可在一周内每天给予药物,之后是三周假期。在另一实例中,患者可在6周内进行每周给予药物的周期,之后是三周假期。
还应理解,用于任一具体患者的特定剂量和治疗方案将取决于多种因素,包括所采用特定化合物的活性、年龄、体重、一般健康状况、性别、饮食、投与时间、排泄速率、药物组合和治疗医师的判断以及所治疗具体疾病的严重程度。组合物中本发明化合物的量还将取决于组合物中的具体化合物。
范例
实例1
研究的目的是评估在阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)转基因Tg2576小鼠模型中,2周一天两次经口VX-745治疗对β淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)积累和斑块负荷和炎症的效应。
动物.在26个月龄开始,用媒剂或VX-745将转基因小鼠治疗2周。在治疗2周后,杀死动物,且在生物化学和免疫组织学分析中使用脑通过Aβ1-42ELISA和Aβ免疫组织化学获得不溶淀粉样蛋白β水平和斑块负荷。通过腹侧皮质IL-1β和TNF-αELISA分析炎症,且通过CD11b免疫组织化学分析小神经胶质增生。在终点收集血浆并发送给用户端以供PK分析。
所有动物实验都是根据国立卫生研究院(National Institute of Health,NIH)关于看护和使用实验室动物的准则来实施的,且已由南芬兰省国家地方办公室(StateProvincial Office of Southern Finland)批准。实验使用购自泰康尼克(Taconic)的雌性转基因Tg2576小鼠(n=12)和野生型小鼠(n=5)。在标准温度(22±1℃)下和光控环境(在7am到8pm开灯)中饲养动物,且食物和水可随意获得。Tg2576转基因品系是通过将具有‘瑞典’双重突变和仓鼠朊病毒蛋白质粘粒载体的hAPP695构筑物插入C57B6/J×SJL宿主中来产生;朊病毒启动子将突变体APP的过表达限制于脑神经元中。因此,Tg2576小鼠截至6–8个月龄出现脑水平升高的可溶Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42,且截至10–16个月在新皮质和海马体中出现含Aβ神经炎斑块。如下所述将小鼠分为多个治疗组:
·5个经媒剂治疗的野生型对照小鼠
·6个经媒剂治疗的Tg2576小鼠
·6个经VX-745(3mg/kg)治疗的Tg2576小鼠
化合物储存和调配指导.由资助人将VX-745以干化合物形式递送到塞拉布肯(Cerebricon)。待利用媒剂是1%普流尼克(Pluronic)F108。由资助人提供储存和溶解指导。由资助人提供化合物的材料安全性数据单或类似文件。根据资助人提供的指导(溶液的储存条件和到期日)储存溶液。由资助人/塞拉布肯提供媒剂。
药物递送.在26个月龄开始且持续14天,一天两次通过经口管饲法(10ml/kg)经口投与VX-745或媒剂。在终止当天,在终止前2小时给予治疗。
一般健康状况和人道终点.实验室人员一天两次监控动物(8am和4pm)。在动物的一般健康状况显著恶化的情形中,通过过量CO2杀死小鼠,断头并如下文所详述处理脑。可接受的终点的定义包括:在24-h观察期中无自发移动且不能饮食,大量出血,自发炎症,解剖结构损毁,肿胀或肿瘤。
血浆和脑样品的收集.在最后一次投药后2小时,用戊巴比妥钠(sodiumpentobarbital)(60mg/kg戊巴比妥(Mebunat),猎户座制药(Orion Pharma),芬兰)将小鼠深度麻醉。小鼠经受心脏穿刺并将血样收集到预冷却(冰浴)EDTA管中。将管保持在冰上且尽可能快地通过以2000g(+4℃)离心分离血浆。将每只小鼠的150-200μl血浆转移到预冷却的聚丙烯管中,并在-80℃下保持冷冻直到发送给资助人以供PK分析。
向脑灌注未肝素化盐水。通过浸入4%PFA的0.1M PB溶液中对右半球进行后固定。在用磷酸盐缓冲液短暂洗涤后,将其在30%蔗糖的PB溶液中低温保护2-3天,之后将其在液氮上冷冻并储存在-80℃下以供进一步分析(免疫组织化学)。将左半球(在冰上解剖为海马体、腹侧和背侧皮质以及其余部分)在干冰上新鲜冷冻且储存在-80℃下以供生物化学分析(ELISA)。将小脑新鲜冷冻并储存在-80℃下以供后续可选PK/其它分析。
免疫组织化学.用低温恒温器从经固定、低温保护和冷冻的半球制备20μm厚的冠状切片且将其安置在SuperFrost Plus载玻片上。使用所选切片进行免疫组织化学分析。用淀粉样蛋白β免疫组织化学染色来分析皮质和海马结构中的斑块负荷和淀粉样蛋白聚集物程度。
用CD11b免疫组织化学从相邻切片分析小神经胶质增生程度。
Aβ和CD11b免疫组织化学:简单来说,将用于免疫组织化学中的组织切片解冻并风干。在阻断内源过氧化物酶活性和非特异性结合并洗涤后,使切片在RT下与以下物质反应过夜:
·抗Aβ(小鼠抗Aβ[4-10],遗传学公司(Genetics Company)AB02,1:20,000,克隆W0-2)
·抗CD11b(大鼠抗CD11b,AbD Serotec公司MCA711,1:500)
此后,将切片分别与适当生物素化二级抗体和抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物(Vectastain Elite试剂盒,矢量实验室(Vector Laboratories),柏林格姆,加利福尼亚州)一起培育2h。使用镍强化DAB作为底物使含有抗生物素蛋白-生物素复合物的过氧化物酶可视化。最后,冲洗切片,脱水,盖上盖玻片并用Leica 3000RB显微镜检验。
图像分析.通过ImagePro Plus软件分析沿海马体前后轴的等距冠状组织切片(每只动物3-4个组织切片)的免疫染色强度。在配备有彩色CCD照相机的亮视野显微镜中,在确定的灯和滤光片设定下捕获免疫反应染色的图像。将所捕获Aβ-免疫反应斑块沉积物和神经元内Aβ聚集物的图像以及CD11b免疫反应图像转化为灰度图像,用描绘功能处理以锐化边缘,从而允许精确分段。用自动阈值命令将图像分段(ImageProPlus,媒体控制论(MediaCybernetics))。结果表示为面积分数(染色面积tot/测量面积tot,以%表示)且呈现为每一个别转基因小鼠的所分析组织切片的平均值±SEM。从冠状切片(在背侧海马体的AP位准)分析腹侧皮质和背侧海马体。
不溶和可溶淀粉样蛋白β1-42ELISA.施用淀粉样蛋白β1-42ELISA分析以检测腹侧皮质中Aβ1-42的不溶和可溶形式。
将腹侧皮质组织样品匀浆化并根据制造商的详细指导制备样品(遗传学公司,瑞士,hAmyloid B42Brain ELISA)。简单来说,用杜恩斯(Dounce)匀浆器(在冰上2×10次行程)在裂解缓冲液中以1:10的比率(组织重量:裂解缓冲液)将组织匀浆化。裂解缓冲液是含有蛋白酶抑制剂的Tris缓冲盐水(TBS;20mM Tris碱和137mM NaCl,pH7.4)。将匀浆物在+4℃下以13,000rpm离心10min,且将上清液分为多个等份并在分析前在-20℃下冷冻储存(=可溶Aβ)。
将沉淀物在70%蚁酸的蒸馏水冷溶液中再次匀浆化,超声处理10min,用15×体积的1M Tris pH 7.4中和,且在+4℃下以13,000rpm离心10min。将上清液在-20℃下冷冻储存(=不溶Aβ)。
根据制造商的指导用ELISA使用淀粉样蛋白β1-42ELISA试剂盒(hAmyloidB42Brain ELISA,遗传学公司,瑞士)分析脑组织样品的不溶和可溶部分中的Aβ1-42水平。标准曲线范围为25pg/ml到500pg/ml。图1A和1B绘示在两周一天两次投与3mg/kg VX-745后,转基因小鼠的Aβ1-42淀粉样蛋白斑块的面积百分比。特别注意,本发明研究是对较老小鼠(26个月龄)实施。其它研究尝试防止淀粉样蛋白斑块积累且因此是对约4和/或8个月龄的小鼠实施(例如,参见朱(Zhu)等人,神经科学杂志(J.Neuroscience),31(4):1355-136(2011),其全文以引用方式并入本文中)。26个月龄的Tg2576小鼠截至6-8个月龄时具有升高脑水平的可溶淀粉样蛋白斑块。本发明实验经设计以评估p38抑制剂(即,VX-745)的淀粉样蛋白斑块清除能力。值得注意的是,与媒剂相比,VX-745显示皮质中的淀粉样蛋白斑块面积减小32.5%(对照中的平均27.7%淀粉样蛋白斑块面积对经VX-745治疗的动物中的平均18.7%淀粉样蛋白斑块面积)。与媒剂相比,VX-745显示海马体中的淀粉样蛋白斑块面积减小61.8%(对照中的平均13.6%淀粉样蛋白斑块面积对经VX-745治疗的动物中的平均5.2%淀粉样蛋白斑块面积)。
IL-1β和TNF-αELISA.根据制造商的指导用小鼠IL-1β和TNF-αELISA试剂盒(Quantikine M细胞因子小鼠IL-1β和TNF-αELISA试剂盒,RND-Systems,MLB00和MTA00,R&D系统(R&D Systems),明尼苏达州,美国)从可溶背侧皮质脑组织部分分析IL-1β和TNF-α水平。图2绘示在两周一天两次投与3mg/kg的VX-745后,转基因小鼠中的IL-1β水平。已知炎症、尤其神经炎症的增加可通过IL-1过表达触发MAPT磷酸化和聚集。图2绘示经治疗小鼠对对照和野生型小鼠中的IL-1β水平。值得注意的是,与野生型或对照动物相比,经VX-745治疗的小鼠显示IL-1β水平没有增加。
统计学分析.所有数据都呈现为平均值±标准偏差(SD)或平均值的标准误差(SEM),且认为在P<0.05水平下,差异在统计学上显著。使用StatsDirect统计学软件来执行统计学分析。通过使用非成对t测试来分析组平均值之间的差异。
Claims (9)
1.一种根据式的化合物的用途,其用于制造用于减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的个体的脑淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的医药。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物以1mg至50mg之间的剂量投与。
3.一种根据式的化合物的用途,其用于制造用于减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的个体的脑淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的医药,其中如果通过以下步骤确定个体具有增加量的脑淀粉样蛋白斑块,那么将所述医药投与所述个体:
(i)使所述个体的脑成像以产生神经图像;
(ii)比较所述神经图像与参照图像以确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积;和(iii)在与所述参照图像相比时确定所述个体是否具有增加量的淀粉样蛋白斑块。
4.一种根据式的化合物的用途,其用于制造用于减小脑淀粉样蛋白斑块负荷的医药,其中如果通过以下步骤所述脑淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积超过预定阈值,那么将所述医药投与个体:
(i)使所述个体的脑成像;
(ii)确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积;和
(iii)确定所述淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或面积是否超过预定阈值。
5.根据权利要求4所述的用途,其中所述个体是患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者。
6.一种治疗有效剂量的根据式的化合物的用途,其用于制造用于减小患有阿尔茨海默氏病的患者的脑淀粉样蛋白斑块的数目和/或体积的医药,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于1mg到50mg之间。
7.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于1mg到20mg之间。
8.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于1mg到10mg之间。
9.根据权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述治疗有效剂量介于1mg到5mg之间。
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