CN103842103A - 基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法涉及一系列技术组合,该系列技术组合通过具有两个腔室(2和3)的反应器1进行运行,能够处理任何类别的固体废弃物,各腔室包括产生温度梯度的热源(4和5),紧随其后的是供气体于其中进行快速冷却并将气体驱动至中和桶(7)的热交换器(6),而后通过风机(9)将中和桶(7)中的气体导向活性炭过滤器(8)中,气体最终进入工作于电火花下的燃烧器(10)中,经过催化剂(11)及烟道(12)以处于完全惰性的状态渗透入大气中。
Description
技术领域
本发明描述了一项发明专利,该发明专利关于一种新的基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,尤其包括一种适用于固定废弃物的毁坏领域的紧凑型方法,包括出现于巴西材料处理标准I类中的固体废弃物,根据其可传染性、物理及化学特性,以及由于其在可燃性、腐蚀性、反应性、毒性及致病性等方面的特性而对公众健康及环境带来风险,这些固体废弃物而被认为是危险的。该方法受运行于辐射源或热传导所提供的负压下的反应器中的温度梯度所导致的热解作用的影响,使得固体残余物通过其热熔而具有惰性;伴随着最少量废气的产生,该方法并不产生如二恶英及呋喃等复杂分子。
该方法可用于工业、医院、港口、机场、船只、钻井平台、海岛、公寓及其他任何需要有效及安全地彻底毁坏废弃物的地方。
背景技术
基于污染问题的复杂性,以及被认为具有危险性的I类产品的产量和消耗量的大幅度增长及进一步处理,需要在世界上多个地方,如欧盟、美国、非洲及巴西等地方制订详细的法律,这些地方并没有采取或执行强有力的程序,其环境法规需要符合对各类固体废弃物的适当处理标准以避免即将发生的环境崩溃。
在这种背景下,展望各种方向及各个方面,对废弃物填埋地点、堆肥及焚烧的重视与本发明更加相关。
基本上来讲,焚烧基于废弃物/残余物的燃烧过程,由于需要对燃烧过程中所产生的污染气体排放进行严格的控制,尤其是处理有毒的残余物而要求高额投资,焚烧这种手段仅在一定程度上被认可。总体来看,焚化炉并没有彻底解决有毒残余物,而仅是将有毒残余物转换为其他形式的物质,而这些物质中有些物质比原有毒残余物具有更大的毒性。
当前的现有技术中有一些文件涉及到固体废弃物的处理,例如专利号为n°PI0104060-0,专利名称为“关于工业废渣生产的产品焚烧方法”的巴西专利。该专利文件提供了一种基于排放产物及废水变化的焚烧温度控制方法,从而实现更大程度地及可靠地控制焚烧过程及由其产生的排放物。采用该专利方法的结果是运作及资本费用的大幅下降。
专利号为n°PI0601690-1,专利名称为“用于固体废弃物的处理及清除的集成系统”的巴西专利目的在于:将收集、处理及清除的方法集成于一体;排除环境责任的产生;在实现目的的过程中提高效率和有效性以及提高可重复使用产物的量。总体而言,该专利方法解决了处理厂对残余物的接收以及对这些残余物的预选;切碎有机物质;加速堆肥;焚烧;气体、灰烬及废水的处理;以及原材料与可重复使用产物的产生等问题。
专利号为n°PI0803036-7,专利名称为“基于等离子技术反应器的固体废弃物处理方法”的巴西专利,公开了一种传统的组合及结构,包括:燃烧室(加热炉,燃烧反应器或腔室),复燃器,气体处理及耗尽(烟道)。然而,该方法通过其具有的独特性与其他方法相区别开来,其中最主要的区别在于该方法中使用的等离子技术的反应器。
因此,以上所引用的现有技术文件涉及的是产生大量气体的燃烧,意味着对过滤系统的高投资,通常不具有有效性。
与现有技术不同的是,本发明并不利用燃烧,而是利用两个不同的热源,并且本发明两个腔室中的温度介于腔室顶部的900℃及腔室底部的1600℃之间,因此产生了温度梯度,彻底液化了所有固体废弃物。
发明内容
在知悉现有技术的缺点及有限性的基础上,本发明的发明人,一个在本技术领域中具有专业知识的人,在经过了深入研究及学习之后,提出了一种基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,该方法涉及自动运行的一系列技术组合,其能够基于两个反应和/或感应热源所产生的温度梯度,在不需要燃烧、辅助设备或空气的情况下,处理任何类型的固体废弃物。该由两相连的腔室所构成的热反应器中的温度介于腔室顶部的900℃及腔室底部的1600℃之间,产生了温度梯度,彻底液化了所有固体废弃物,包括含铁物质、惰性物质如沙子,以及传染性的、病理性的及有机氯物质,产生了位于反应器底部并且惰性的工业应用的副产物陶瓷基。该方法为热分解类型且运行于负压下,不允许气体泄漏;因此,在缺少氧气的高温环境下,该方法并不导致生成二恶英或呋喃。反应器中产生的气体被吸入热交换器中并于其中以猝火的类型进行快速冷却,进一步以油/水分离的方式进行处理,而后在特殊的碱性沉浸桶中进行中和。基于活性炭的过滤确保了排放水平符合环境标准。在本方法的最后,可采用基于电火花技术的小燃烧器对可燃残余气体如氢气及一氧化碳等进行燃烧并实现复杂分子的分解。出于安全性的考虑,还可将燃烧催化剂添加至本方法的产出物中并将气体导向烟道中。
简而言之,本发明具有大多数普通的优点:
功能上—本发明可实现于自动操作的紧凑型装置上,任何人可通过反应器的门将废弃物添加至反应器中而无需对废弃物进行筛选;
物流上—具有快速及安全处理废弃物的方便性和实用性;
环境上—该方法在不涉及废弃物分类的基础上处理所有物质/废弃物/残余物,符合所有的环境标准,并且该方法并不产生灰烬,减少了气体排放量,并且所排放的气体并不具有毒性;
经济上—相比起采用外包服务的方法,本方法的成本更低,并且自动运行的系统使得热分解过程中所消耗的能源最小化;
安全性上—本方法的使用者对废弃物/残余物的配置具有绝对的控制权,并且不存在由于外包方的违规操作而导致被处罚的风险。
附图说明
以下,将参照以下附图对本发明进行进一步地说明,该附图代表了:
图1为本发明基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明基于由两个不同热源组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法涉及一系列技术组合,该系列技术组合通过具有两个腔室(2和3)的反应器(1)进行运行,能够处理任何类别的固体废弃物,各腔室包括产生温度梯度的热源(4和5),紧随其后的是供气体于其中进行快速冷却并将气体驱动至中和桶(7)的热交换器(6),而后采用风机(9)将中和桶(7)中的气体导向活性炭过滤器(8)中,气体最终进入工作于电火花下的燃烧器(10)中,经过催化剂(11)及烟道(12)以处于完全惰性的状态渗透入大气中。
尤其地,该方法,根据图1所示流程图,是基于温度梯度的使用原理的。在初级腔室(2)中,当废弃物通过其门(13)添加至其中之后,待处理的物质被驱动至反应器(1)的中央。废弃物在初级腔室(2)中将受慢化辐射的影响,取决于残余物及电力节省,该慢化辐射的最高温度可达1200℃且可工作于900℃。因此,固体残余物在基本没有空气且温度达1200℃的环境下发生热解作用并产生少量气体,而在该步骤中所产生的灰烬则在重力作用下被导向第二腔室(3)中。腔室(2)中设置有热源(4),热源(4)能够产生温度介于900℃及1200℃之间且因此具有计算功率的热量,从而在导致产生灰烬、气体及受热惰性物质的情况下,优化并确保非惰性残余物的完全热解。腔室(3)中亦设置有热源(5),通过自动控制功率,来自腔室1的灰烬及惰性物质在范围为1400℃-1600℃的温度下液化,其中热源(5)根据待处理物质而被调整。液化产物通过反应器(1)中的开口(14)而倒出,收容至熔炉(15)中进行冷却及玻璃化。该副产物在毒性方面都具有惰性。存在于废弃物中的含铁金属,如镍、铬、铁等同样会被液化,并且,由于这些含铁金属的密度较大,第二相液化物质会形成于反应器1的底部并通过下开口(16)而倒入熔炉(17)中。另一方面,热分解所产生的气体被吸气装置18所吸入,导致反应器(1)工作于负压下。被吸气装置18所吸入的气体被导向热交换器(6)中,并于热交换器(6)中采用通过水泵(19)所实现的循环水进行急速冷却并采用通过散热器(20)所实现的外部环境中的空气进行冷却空气所冷却。在热交换器(6)中,油和水的凝结物在重力作用下进入桶(21)。一旦冷却下来,这些气体便被注入具有浓缩烧碱的碱性水桶(7)中进行进一步的冷却及PH中和处理。桶(7)中的水通过水泵组件(22)及过滤器(23)进行不断地重复循环,而后于散热器(24)中进行冷却并返回桶(7)中。进一步地,从桶(7)中排放出来的气体通过风机(9)吸入至活性炭过滤器(8)中,促进了颗粒及对环境有害的复杂分子,如二恶英及呋喃的彻底减少。在经过活性炭过滤器(8)之后,这些气体被进一步推送至燃烧室(10)中以使燃烧气体在其中被氧化。燃烧室(10)中具有电火花产生器以实现燃烧过程,从而完全确保这些气体在空气中进行燃烧。最后,在燃烧之后,这些气体经过催化剂(11)以确保最大程度地减少通过烟道(12)排放至大气中的氮氧化物,一氧化碳及其他气体。
可选地,出于经济目的,本发明的方法可以不包括对灰烬及惰性物质的热熔,热源(5)因此不被触发。在这种情况下,灰烬及惰性产物为本方法的副产物。
Claims (4)
1.一种基于由两个不同热源所组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,该方法包括具有两个腔室(2和3)并工作于负压下的反应器(1),由分别来自于所述热解腔室(2)及用于热熔灰烬及惰性物质的所述热熔腔室(3)的具有受控功率的两热源(4和5)所产生的温度梯度可介于900℃至1600℃之间;所产生的热解气体被吸气装置(18)所吸入并导向热交换器6,并于热交换器(6)中采用通过水泵(19)所实现的循环水进行急速冷却,以及采用通过散热器(20)所实现的外部环境中的空气进行冷却;热交换器(6)中油和水的凝结物在重力作用下进入桶(21);一旦冷却下来,这些气体被注入采用水泵组件22及过滤器23进行不断循环的碱性水桶(7)中并于散热器(24)中进行冷却;从所述桶(7)中排放出来的气体被风机(9)吸入至活性炭过滤器(8)中并被导向具有电火花产生器的燃烧室(10)中;这些气体在被燃烧过后经过催化剂(11)以确保最大程度地减少通过烟道(12)被排放至大气中的氮氧化物,一氧化碳及其他气体。
2.如权利要求1所述的基于由两个不同热源所组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,其中,液化产物通过反应器(1)中的开口(14)倒出,收容至熔炉(15)中进行冷却及玻璃化。
3.如权利要求2所述的基于由两个不同热源所组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,其中,所述固体废弃物中的含铁金属,如镍、铬、铁及其他金属,被液化后以第二相液化物质累积在所述反应器(1)的底部,并通过下开口(16)倒入所述熔炉(17)中。
4.如权利要求1所述的于由两个不同热源所组成的梯度的固体废弃物处理方法,其中,可选地,该方法可以不包括对灰烬及惰性物质的热熔,热源(5)因此不被触发。
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BRPI1104219B1 (pt) | 2013-04-02 |
EP2749362B1 (en) | 2019-01-16 |
CN103842103B (zh) | 2016-04-13 |
CA2846255A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
JP2014531299A (ja) | 2014-11-27 |
EP2749362A1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
BRPI1104219A2 (pt) | 2012-09-11 |
EP2749362A4 (en) | 2015-04-01 |
US20130341176A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
AU2012300200B2 (en) | 2016-03-24 |
KR20140074894A (ko) | 2014-06-18 |
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