CN1037481A - 复合滑动表面轴承材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种具有塑料滑动层的用于复合滑动表面轴承
的材料,包含金属衬底层和与该衬底层粘结并且由用
于形成基体的含氟聚合物组成的滑动层,其中对氟具
有高亲合力的金属粉末得到细分散。为了延长使用
寿命,提供了一种含氟聚合物,在用Cukα-射线辐射
该物质形成的X-射线衍射图中,于双布喇格角
2θ=18.07±0.03°处产生陡峭的强度峰,其熔点范
围为320—350℃,并且含有金属氟化物和氟氧化
物。
Description
本发明涉及用于具有塑料滑动层的复合滑动表面轴承的材料,其中含有以钢、青铜或高强度铝合金为佳的金属衬底层和与该衬底层结合在一起,厚度为30-500μm且以50-250μm为佳的滑动层,滑动层由含有5-50%(重)、以30-40%(重)为佳对氟具有强亲和力且粒径小于或等于40μm的金属粉末细分散相的构成基体含氟聚合物所组成。
欧洲专利说明书0044577及德国专利说明书2928061披露了一种用于具有塑料滑动层的复合滑动表面轴承的材料,其中含有以钢为佳的金属衬底层和位于该衬底层之上的厚度为30-500μm的滑动层,滑动层由含有5-50%(体积)粒径小于或等于50μm的铅颗粒的构成基体含氟聚合物即聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)所组成。所述滑动层可以含有诸如PTFE、MoS2、石墨之类以细分散杂质形式存在且能够改善滑动特性的物质。塑料滑动层根据需要被施用于已被烧结固着于或已被喷涂于衬底层之上且厚度为250-350μm的多孔粗糙层上。该滑动层由具备良好的滑动特性的金属(以青铜为佳)材料组成,可借助滑动层的塑料填充该粗糙层的空隙。
业已发现,由复合轴承材料制作的轴承体用途广泛,但是其不合乎要求之处在于难以承受诸如液压发动机中的轴承所承受的高机械载荷。它们的使用寿命极短,因而限制了机器的使用寿命。所以,需要的是能够承受较大的机械载荷并且具备较高耐磨性和尽可能低的摩擦力的复合轴承材料。
为此,本发明的目的是提供一种与上述复合轴承材料相比在磨损率和使用寿命方面性能更为优越的复合轴承材料。
在用Cuk α-射线辐射该含氟聚合物形成的X-射线衍射图中,于双布喇格角2θ=18.07±0.03°处具有陡峭的强度峰,其熔点范围为320-350℃并且含有5-30%(重),以15-25%(重)为佳的金属氟化物和0.5-5.0%(重)、以1.0-3.0%(重)为佳的金属氟氧化物。
为此目的,对氟具备特别高的亲合力的金属粉末具体地说由铅、锡、锌、铟、铊、镉、铋、钡、铜、银或其合金组成,它们可以是单独地或组合地存在,其中包括铅基和锡基轴承合金。
本发明复合轴承材料的显著特点在于具备相对来说较低的磨损率和较高的疲劳极限,这样,即使经过很长时间的运转后,仍能确保由这种材料制作的轴承体发挥令人满意的功效。为了改善滑动特性及稳定性,基体中可含有1-20%(重),以5-15%(重)为佳由PTFE、MoS2、石墨、ZnS、BaSO4和硬脂酸盐单独地或组合地组成的细分散粉末颗粒,这种颗粒适合于粒径小于或等于40μm的金属粉末颗粒。
在本发明复合轴承材料的优选实施方案中,基体含有15-25%(重)氟化铅、1-3%(重)氟氧化铅和30-40%(重)铅和根据需要存在的5-15%(重)PTFE。
在一优选实施方案中,基体含有59%(重)含氟聚合物、8%(重)铅、24%(重)PbF2、1%(重)PbOF2和8%(重)PTFE。
在另一优选实施方案中,基体含有43%(重)含氟聚合物、18%(重)PTFE、15%(重)PbF2、4%(重)PbOF2和20%(重)铅。
在另一优选实施方案中,该基体中含有53%(重)含氟聚合物、8%(重)PTFE、15%(重)PbF2、4%(重)PbOF2和20%(重)铅。
本发明中的基体可以直接结合在经过机械方式或化学方法被粗糙化的金属衬底层表面之上。在另一实施方案中,该塑料滑动层通过一多孔中间层粘接在衬底层上,该中间层已被烧结固着于或被喷涂于衬底层之上并且由金属轴承材料,以青铜为佳所组成,滑动层填充上述孔隙从而构成覆盖层。
在制备复合轴承材料的过程中,将由30-80%(重)含氟聚合物和5-50%(重)对氟具备高亲合力的金属粉末组成的混合物施用于金属衬底层并在所述衬底层上进行滚轧,随后将其加热至330℃以上,以345-400℃为佳,并且保持此温度5-60分钟,以历时10-30分钟为佳,接着,连续地将其冷却至100℃历时0.5-10分钟,以历时1-4分钟为佳。复合轴承材料的制造过程可以通过连续涂敷带状衬底层的方式或以不连续地、分别涂敷带状区域的方式来完成。
按照特定的方法特征,待其冷却至大约180℃的温度后,再以大约50℃/分钟的速率将其连续地冷却至120-115℃。
参照实施例及附图,下文将对本发明进行更详尽的说明。
图1为实施复合轴承材料制造方法所用设备的示意图。
图2为复合轴承材料的截面图。
被缠绕在卷轴1上的带条2由被用作衬底层的钢带10和由铅青铜制作的多孔烧结粗糙底漆11所构成。带条2连续地由卷轴1上退绕下来,在具有粗糙底漆的一侧上面均匀地涂敷由具有搅拌器的料斗3提供的粉末混合物,该粉末混合物由60%(重)聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)、30%(重)铅和10%(重)聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)所组成。当带条2通过滚轧机座4时,其中粗糙底漆11上的开口孔被粉末混合物填充,从而在粗糙底漆上方形成滑动层12,被覆带条2通过连续式炉5并于345℃下被加热15分钟。其结果是PVDF被熔化并被转化为含氟聚合物,其中含有12%(重)铅、10%(重)PTFE、20%(重)氟化铅和2.5%(重)氟氧化铅,在用Cukα-射线辐射该物质形成的X-射线衍射图中,于双布喇格角2θ=18.07±0.03°处产生强度峰,其熔点为320-350℃。待带条离开炉5后,于滚轧机座6内对含氟聚合物进行再压制和展平处理,随后于连续式炉7中将其连续地冷却至大约100℃,历时5分钟。在后面的滚轧机座8中,压平已制得的复合轴承材料,最后将其缠绕在卷轴9之上。无需采用任何后处理或辅助机械加工方法便可由该带状复合轴承材料很容易地制造滑动表面轴承元件、尤其是轴承衬、轴瓦、凸缘衬套和制动盘。
为了展示本发明复合轴承材料的摩擦特性,现在介绍对比实验,将由上述方法步骤制成的复合轴承材料所形成轴承衬与采用欧洲专利说明书0044577这一先有技术中复合轴承材料制作的轴承衬在摩擦力矩和磨损性方面相对比,后一种复合轴承由钢质衬底层、经烧结固着于衬底层上的多孔青铜层和填充青铜层开口孔并覆盖于开口孔顶部的滑动层组成,该滑动层由含有50%(重)PVDE、40%(重)铅和10%(重)PTFE的烧结混合物组成。
可借助试验机测定摩擦力矩和磨损性,待测试的轴承衬的直径为21mm,尺寸为22mm×15mm,间隙为0.03mm,带有C35型低碳钢轴颈,该轴颈的表面光洁度RA=0.2μm并且以0.3m/S的滑动速度旋转。待测试的轴承衬被压制成呈摆状的轴承体,其负荷率为3.3N/mm2。由于待测试的轴承衬发生旋转而使摆状轴承体出现偏移,可根据该偏移确定摩擦力矩。于滑动8、16、32和48km后确定磨损性。
将试验结果以图线的形式表示在图3和4之中,结果说明由本发明复合轴承材料制造的轴承衬在摩擦力矩(Nm)和与表面压力(MPa)相关的磨损率(μm/n)方面大大优于由先有技术复合轴承材料制造的轴承衬。
Claims (10)
1、用于具有塑料滑动层的复合滑动表面轴承的材料,其中含有以钢、青铜或高强度合金铝为佳的金属衬底层和与该衬底层结合在一起、厚度为30-500μm且以50-250μm为佳的滑动层,滑动层由含有5-50%(重)、以30-40%(重)为佳对氟具有强亲合力且粒径小于或等于40μm的金属粉末细分散相的构成基体含氟聚合物所组成,其特征在于在用Cukα-射线辐射该含氟聚合物形成的X-射线衍射图中,于双布喇格角2θ=18.07±0.03°处具有陡峭的强度峰,其熔点范围为320-350℃并且含有5-30%(重),以15-25%(重)为佳的金属氟化物和0.5-5.0%(重)、以1.0-3.0%(重)为佳的金属氟氧化物。
2、按照权利要求1所述的材料,其中金属粉末由铅、锡、锌、铟、铊、镉、铋、钡、铜、银或其合金组成,它们可以单独地或组合地分散于含氟聚合物之中。
3、按照权利要求1和2所述的材料,其中添加有1-20%(重)、以5-15%(重)为佳粒径小于或等于40μm并且由PTFE、MoS2、石墨、ZnS、BaSO4和/或硬脂酸盐组成的细分散粉末颗粒。
4、按照权利要求1至3所述的材料,其中,塑料滑动层直接结合在经过机械方法或化学方法粗糙化处理的衬底层表面上。
5、按照权利要求1至3所述的材料,其中塑料滑动层通过一个多孔中间层粘结在衬底层上,该中间层已被烧结固着于或被喷涂于衬底之上并且由金属轴承材料,以青铜为佳所组成,滑动层填充上述孔隙并构成覆盖层。
6、按照权利要求1至5所述的材料,其中基体含有15-25%(重)氟化铅、1-3%(重)氟氧化铅和30-40%(重)铅和根据需要存在的5-15%(重)PTFE。
7、按照权利要求1至5所述的材料,其中基体含有59%(重)含氟聚合物、8%(重)铅、24%(重)PbF2、1%(重)PbOF2和8%(重)PTFE。
8、按照权利要求1至5所述的材料,其中基体由53%(重)含氟聚合物、8%(重)PTFE、15%(重)PbF2、4%(重)PbOF2和20%(重)铅所组成。
9、按照权利要求1至5所述的材料,其中基体由43%(重)含氟聚合物、18%(重)PTFE、15%(重)PbF2、4%(重)PbOF2和20%(重)铅所组成。
10、一种制备如权利要求1-9所述复合滑动表面轴承材料的方法,其特征在于将由30-80%(重)含氟聚合物和5-50%(重)对氟具备高亲合力的金属粉末组成的混合物施用于金属衬底层并在所述衬底层上进行滚轧,随后将其加热至330℃以上,以345-400℃为佳,并且保持此温度5-60分钟,以历时10-30分钟为佳,接着,连续地将其冷却至100℃,历时0.5-10分钟,以历时1-4分钟为佳。
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DE3815264A DE3815264A1 (de) | 1988-05-05 | 1988-05-05 | Werkstoff fuer verbundlager und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
DEP3815264.9 | 1988-05-05 |
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CN1037481A true CN1037481A (zh) | 1989-11-29 |
CN1020688C CN1020688C (zh) | 1993-05-19 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN89102940A Expired - Fee Related CN1020688C (zh) | 1988-05-05 | 1989-05-04 | 复合滑动表面轴承材料及其制备方法 |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5024882A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0340839B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2785037B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR0156728B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1020688C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE106118T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU611019B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR8902100A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA1330507C (zh) |
DE (2) | DE3815264A1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2055007T3 (zh) |
Cited By (9)
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CN102046992A (zh) * | 2008-03-27 | 2011-05-04 | 株式会社东芝 | 滑动材料、制造滑动材料的方法、以及使用该滑动材料的轴承装置 |
CN102478067A (zh) * | 2010-11-25 | 2012-05-30 | 贵州红林机械有限公司 | 碳/碳复合材料与铝、铜合金构成的轴承及其制造方法 |
CN101737422B (zh) * | 2008-11-19 | 2012-10-03 | 株式会社东芝 | 复合轴承构件、复合轴承构件的制造方法、轴承装置和旋转电机 |
CN103502665A (zh) * | 2011-04-29 | 2014-01-08 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 在粘结剂层中具有fep或pfa的免维护滑动轴承 |
CN103912584A (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-09 | 大同金属工业株式会社 | 滑动构件及使用该滑动构件的轴承装置 |
US9803690B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2017-10-31 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Pampus Gmbh | Maintenance-free slide bearing with a combined adhesive sliding layer |
US9981284B2 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2018-05-29 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Method of forming a laminate |
US10113588B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2018-10-30 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Pampus Gmbh | Slide bearing comprising a primer system as adhesion promoter |
CN113853485A (zh) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-12-28 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 粘合剂和包括粘合剂的轴承 |
Families Citing this family (29)
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DE3815265A1 (de) * | 1988-05-05 | 1989-11-16 | Kolbenschmidt Ag | Werkstoff fuer verbundlager und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
JPH0735514B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-27 | 1995-04-19 | 大同メタル工業株式会社 | 摺動部材およびその製造方法 |
GB9019251D0 (en) * | 1990-09-04 | 1990-10-17 | Glacier Metal Co Ltd | Bearings |
US5217814A (en) * | 1991-02-09 | 1993-06-08 | Taiho Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Sintered sliding material |
DE4319867A1 (de) * | 1993-06-16 | 1994-12-22 | Kolbenschmidt Ag | Mehrschicht-Gleitlagerwerkstoff |
DE19603353A1 (de) * | 1996-01-31 | 1997-08-07 | Glyco Metall Werke | Schichtwerkstoff für Gleitelemente, Verwendung und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
EP2278166B1 (en) * | 1998-07-29 | 2018-12-05 | Daikin Industries, Limited | Bearing for refrigerating compressor |
JP4543450B2 (ja) * | 1999-06-25 | 2010-09-15 | オイレス工業株式会社 | 滑り軸受構造 |
JP2001221231A (ja) * | 2000-02-03 | 2001-08-17 | Daido Metal Co Ltd | 摺動材 |
JP3571623B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-07 | 2004-09-29 | 大同メタル工業株式会社 | 摺動材料 |
US6911488B2 (en) | 2000-09-27 | 2005-06-28 | Shamrock Technologies, Inc. | Physical methods of dispersing characteristic use particles and compositions thereof |
DE10226266B4 (de) * | 2002-06-07 | 2005-09-15 | Ks Gleitlager Gmbh | Gleitlagerverbundwerkstoff |
WO2003103955A1 (de) * | 2002-06-07 | 2003-12-18 | Ks Gleitlager Gmbh | Gleitlagerverbundwerkstoff |
US7163368B2 (en) * | 2003-05-30 | 2007-01-16 | Russell Charles Ide | Hydrodynamic bearing runner for use in tilting pad thrust bearing assemblies for electric submersible pumps |
AT501878B1 (de) | 2005-04-29 | 2008-05-15 | Miba Gleitlager Gmbh | Lagerelement |
DE102005030047A1 (de) * | 2005-06-27 | 2007-01-11 | Eurocopter Deutschland Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines nichtmetallischen, mit Verstärkungsfasern versehenen Gleitlagerwerkstoff-Halbzeugs |
US20070029738A1 (en) * | 2005-08-05 | 2007-02-08 | Person Dennis F | MLS gasket sealability with bronze addition |
AT503986B1 (de) | 2006-08-02 | 2008-05-15 | Miba Gleitlager Gmbh | Laufschicht für ein lagerelement |
DE102007029470A1 (de) * | 2007-06-26 | 2009-01-02 | Mahle International Gmbh | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gleitlagern sowie mit diesem Verfahren herstellbare Gleitlager |
CN100449163C (zh) * | 2007-07-19 | 2009-01-07 | 北京科技大学 | 一种整体梯度自润滑轴承及其制造方法 |
JP4757853B2 (ja) * | 2007-10-10 | 2011-08-24 | 大同メタル工業株式会社 | すべり軸受 |
US7892659B2 (en) * | 2008-07-30 | 2011-02-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Coating precursor materials, turbomachinery components, and methods of forming the turbomachinery components |
DE102008055195B4 (de) * | 2008-12-30 | 2013-02-28 | Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh | Gleitelement und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
JP4983931B2 (ja) * | 2010-01-12 | 2012-07-25 | オイレス工業株式会社 | 滑り軸受構造 |
US8808848B2 (en) | 2010-09-10 | 2014-08-19 | W. L. Gore & Associates, Inc. | Porous article |
CN102049891B (zh) * | 2011-01-07 | 2013-05-08 | 江西东方豹紧固件有限公司 | 一种耐磨板材及其制作方法 |
SI24472A (sl) | 2013-09-19 | 2015-03-31 | Institut "Jožef Stefan" | Fluoro-polimerni nanokompoziti s prilagojenimi tornimi lastnostmi |
DE102013227188A1 (de) * | 2013-12-27 | 2015-07-02 | Federal-Mogul Wiesbaden Gmbh | Selbstschmierende thermoplastische Schichten mit Zusatz von PTFE mit polymodalem Molekulargewicht |
JP7136734B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-28 | 2022-09-13 | 大同メタル工業株式会社 | 摺動部材 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE2436424A1 (de) * | 1974-07-29 | 1976-02-05 | Kurokawa Masao | Verfahren zum verbinden eines fluorkunststoffes und eines substrates |
JPS5486041A (en) * | 1977-12-14 | 1979-07-09 | Daido Metal Co Ltd | Bearing material |
MX153452A (es) * | 1979-07-12 | 1986-10-16 | Glyco Metall Werke | Recubrimiento en capas mejorado |
DE2928081C2 (de) * | 1979-07-12 | 1982-08-19 | Glyco-Metall-Werke Daelen & Loos Gmbh, 6200 Wiesbaden | Verbund-Schichtwerkstoff und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
DE3027409A1 (de) * | 1980-07-19 | 1982-02-25 | Karl Schmidt Gmbh, 7107 Neckarsulm | Verbundgleitlagerwerkstoff |
JPS59103022A (ja) * | 1982-12-03 | 1984-06-14 | Daido Metal Kogyo Kk | 耐摩耗性にすぐれた軸受材料 |
JPS60258297A (ja) * | 1984-06-05 | 1985-12-20 | Daido Metal Kogyo Kk | 耐摩耗性にすぐれた摺動材料 |
GB8426637D0 (en) * | 1984-10-22 | 1984-11-28 | Ae Plc | Plain bearing |
DE3815265A1 (de) * | 1988-05-05 | 1989-11-16 | Kolbenschmidt Ag | Werkstoff fuer verbundlager und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
-
1988
- 1988-05-05 DE DE3815264A patent/DE3815264A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1989
- 1989-04-22 EP EP89201046A patent/EP0340839B1/de not_active Revoked
- 1989-04-22 ES ES89201046T patent/ES2055007T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-04-22 AT AT89201046T patent/ATE106118T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-04-22 DE DE58907705T patent/DE58907705D1/de not_active Revoked
- 1989-05-02 US US07/346,059 patent/US5024882A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-05-02 JP JP1113516A patent/JP2785037B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-05-04 CN CN89102940A patent/CN1020688C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-05-04 KR KR1019890006026A patent/KR0156728B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-05-04 BR BR898902100A patent/BR8902100A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-05-04 CA CA000598740A patent/CA1330507C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-05-04 AU AU33995/89A patent/AU611019B2/en not_active Ceased
Cited By (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102046992A (zh) * | 2008-03-27 | 2011-05-04 | 株式会社东芝 | 滑动材料、制造滑动材料的方法、以及使用该滑动材料的轴承装置 |
CN102046992B (zh) * | 2008-03-27 | 2013-12-18 | 株式会社东芝 | 滑动材料、制造滑动材料的方法、以及使用该滑动材料的轴承装置 |
CN101737422B (zh) * | 2008-11-19 | 2012-10-03 | 株式会社东芝 | 复合轴承构件、复合轴承构件的制造方法、轴承装置和旋转电机 |
CN102478067A (zh) * | 2010-11-25 | 2012-05-30 | 贵州红林机械有限公司 | 碳/碳复合材料与铝、铜合金构成的轴承及其制造方法 |
CN103502665B (zh) * | 2011-04-29 | 2016-11-02 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 在粘结剂层中具有fep或pfa的免维护滑动轴承 |
CN103502665A (zh) * | 2011-04-29 | 2014-01-08 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 在粘结剂层中具有fep或pfa的免维护滑动轴承 |
US9981284B2 (en) | 2011-12-28 | 2018-05-29 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Method of forming a laminate |
US10113588B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2018-10-30 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Pampus Gmbh | Slide bearing comprising a primer system as adhesion promoter |
US10563696B2 (en) | 2012-06-29 | 2020-02-18 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Pampus Gmbh | Slide bearing comprising a primer system as adhesion promoter |
US9803690B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2017-10-31 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Pampus Gmbh | Maintenance-free slide bearing with a combined adhesive sliding layer |
CN103912584A (zh) * | 2012-12-28 | 2014-07-09 | 大同金属工业株式会社 | 滑动构件及使用该滑动构件的轴承装置 |
CN113853485A (zh) * | 2019-05-17 | 2021-12-28 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 粘合剂和包括粘合剂的轴承 |
US11976688B2 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2024-05-07 | Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation | Adhesive and bearing including the adhesive |
CN113853485B (zh) * | 2019-05-17 | 2024-06-04 | 美国圣戈班性能塑料公司 | 粘合剂和包括粘合剂的轴承 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR890017379A (ko) | 1989-12-15 |
ATE106118T1 (de) | 1994-06-15 |
JP2785037B2 (ja) | 1998-08-13 |
AU611019B2 (en) | 1991-05-30 |
CN1020688C (zh) | 1993-05-19 |
EP0340839A2 (de) | 1989-11-08 |
DE3815264A1 (de) | 1989-11-16 |
US5024882A (en) | 1991-06-18 |
CA1330507C (en) | 1994-07-05 |
EP0340839B1 (de) | 1994-05-25 |
EP0340839A3 (de) | 1991-05-02 |
KR0156728B1 (ko) | 1998-12-01 |
BR8902100A (pt) | 1989-12-05 |
ES2055007T3 (es) | 1994-08-16 |
AU3399589A (en) | 1989-11-09 |
JPH0216141A (ja) | 1990-01-19 |
DE58907705D1 (de) | 1994-06-30 |
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