CN103687615A - 犬冠状病毒疫苗 - Google Patents
犬冠状病毒疫苗 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明描述了具有降低的致病性且能够引发免疫反应的新的泛嗜性犬冠状病毒(CCoV)毒株。
Description
技术领域
本发明描述了新的泛嗜性犬冠状病毒(CCoV)毒株的分离,以及包含CCoV毒株的新的免疫原性组合物的产生。尤其是通过序列分析在分子和生物学水平表征了该毒株。
背景技术
冠状病毒是在人类和鸟类中引起呼吸道和/或肠道疾病的大的有包膜单链RNA病毒(18)。在犬中,迄今已描述了三种冠状病毒。犬冠状病毒(CCoV)I型和II型是隶属于抗原组1的肠道病毒(13),而最先由Erles等在英国报道(19)的犬呼吸道冠状病毒(CRCoV)是2组冠状病毒,其尤其是在与其他病原体结合时引起呼吸性窘迫(1,9)。
I型和II型CCoV广泛分布在欧洲(7,14),通常是造成小犬中出现轻度至中度胃肠炎的原因,虽然死亡可以由于同时受两种基因型(5)或受其他病原体(3-11)感染而发生。单一CCoV感染通常限于胃肠道,导致出现食欲缺乏、腹泻和呕吐(Tennant等,1991)。
由于广泛分布的与CCoV相关的感染,存在对能够在犬中保护免受CCoV感染的疫苗的需要。
发明概述
本发明提供分离的不表达功能性辅助蛋白3c的泛嗜性犬冠状病毒(CCoV)。更具体而言,该CCoV毒株也不表达功能性辅助蛋白3b。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV毒株包含分离的与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性的多核苷酸。在另一实施方案中,通过化学处理或加热来灭活该CCoV毒株。在另一实施方案中,该CCoV毒株是减毒的。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV包含SEQ ID NO:5。
本发明还提供来自犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的分离的多核苷酸,其中该分离的多核苷酸与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性。更具体而言,该多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3c。在另一实施方案中,该多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3b。在另一实施方案中,该分离的多核苷酸由SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链组成。
本发明的另一实施方案提供来自CCoV的分离的多肽或由与SEQ IDNO:1具有至少95%同源性的多核苷酸编码的多种多肽。更具体而言,该多核苷酸不包含CB/05毒株多核苷酸。在另一实施方案中,该多肽与SEQID NO:2-10中任一个具有至少95%同源性。更具体而言,该多肽选自SEQID NO:4或5中的任一个。还更具体而言,该多肽是SEQ ID NO:5。
本发明的另一实施方案提供免疫原性组合物,其包含以下至少一种:(a)本文所述的多核苷酸、多肽或分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV);及可药用赋形剂、稀释剂、载体蛋白质或佐剂。在另一实施方案中,该免疫原性组合物包含该分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的灭活或减毒形式。在另一实施方案中,该免疫原性组合物包含分离的来自CCoV的多肽或由与SEQ IDNO:1具有至少95%同源性的多核苷酸编码的多种多肽,其中该一种或多种多肽是该分离的CCoV的亚单位抗原。在另一实施方案中,该组合物不包含辅助蛋白3c。在另一实施方案中,该组合物不包含辅助蛋白3b。
本发明的另一实施方案提供上文所述的免疫原性组合物,用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染。另一实施方案提供该免疫原性组合物在制备用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的药物中的用途。另一实施方案提供在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的方法,其包括以在犬中产生免疫原性反应的有效量施用该免疫原性组合物。
本发明的另一实施方案提供犬冠状病毒(CCoV)疫苗,其包含以下至少一种:(a)上文所述的多核苷酸;(b)上文所述的多肽;和/或(3)上文所述的分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV)毒株。
本发明的这些及其他实施方案、特征和优势将从下文所示的发明详述和所附权利要求变得明显。
附图简述
附图说明本文所述新的CCoV毒株的系统发生关系。在系统发生水平,毒株450/07在S和M/N蛋白质序列中都与毒株CB/05聚类,尽管M/N序列中还显示最近检测到的与重组CCoV/TGEV毒株(CCoV-IIb)的严格相关性。
发明详述
在2005年,从一些死去的小犬的内部器官分离了CCoV的泛嗜性变体(毒株CB/05)(2),该病毒分类为CCoV-II的高毒性(hypervirulent)生物型,其与隶属于此基因型的参考毒株具有高度遗传同源性(9-12)。已提出S蛋白中的几个aa变化(包括残基125处Asp/His至Asn的突变)和ORF3b中38nt的缺失作为毒株CB/05的高致病性的潜在标记(9-12)。通过实验性感染CCoV血清反应阴性小犬证明了该病毒分离株满足Koch的假设,该实验性感染显示严重的临床病征,包括明显的淋巴细胞减少和死亡率(13)。在随后的实验中,观察到了惊人的发现。实际上,从最近由向肠性CCoV毒株引起的感染恢复的血清反应阳性犬对随后的毒株CB/05的实验性攻击易感,显示轻度的临床病征和淋巴细胞减少(14)。这可以解释对肠道CCoV(因此,用肠道毒株制备的目前可用的CCoV疫苗)的泛嗜性变体的有限的交叉保护。
在本申请中,我们从已在全身性疾病后死亡的小犬的肺分离了新的泛嗜性CCoV毒株。在遗传水平表征了该病毒,在由病毒基因组的3’端编码的所有蛋白质中都显示与原型毒株CB/05的密切相关性(超过99%的aa同一性)。S蛋白的氨基酸125显示正如毒株CB/05的Asn残基,还确认了ORF3b中38nt的缺失,但新毒株在ORF3c中显示附加的164缺失,其可能阻止了所编码的辅助蛋白的合成。认为冠状病毒辅助蛋白基因并非体外复制所必需,但它们在感染天然宿主期间严格维持(26)。在两种泛嗜性CCoV毒株中,辅助蛋白3b是截短的(22个aa,而不是其他CCoV的相同基因编码的71个aa),在最近的一种(450/07)中,由于在基因的5’端中存在早期终止密码子而不可能合成ORF3c产物。已提出猫冠状病毒的辅助蛋白基因中相似的缺失在通过其高毒性生物型猫感染性腹膜炎病毒显示的增强的致病性中发挥某种作用(21)。在毒株CB/05和450/07之间观察到的密切的遗传相关性与该新毒株是原型病毒的直接后代的假说一致。向肠性CCoV-II毒株通常涉及近年已检测到的CB/05,但它们中没有一种在辅助蛋白基因中显示缺失(9-12)。因此,毒株450/07可以通过ORF3c中附加的164nt的缺失源自原型病毒。
在生物学水平,分离株CB/05和450/07都能够感染小犬并扩散至它们的内部器官,引起全身性疾病和淋巴细胞减少。但是,尽管它们密切的遗传相关性,这两种病毒显示不同程度的致病性。在实验条件下,原型病毒引起严重的疾病形式,所感染的五只小犬中有两只死亡,而新毒株在大多数受攻击的小犬中仅诱导轻度至中度临床病征。重要地,淋巴细胞减少在毒株CB/05感染的小犬(在所有动物中达到低于基线值的60%的淋巴细胞计数)中比在新的泛嗜性毒株攻击的那些中更显著,新的泛嗜性毒株仅在很少的小犬中显示淋巴细胞数目的明显减少。此外,与毒株CB/05相比,新病毒诱导的死后发现的严重程度较低,甚至粪便和内部器官中的病毒RNA效价也更低。此行为可以表明,就原型泛嗜性分离株而言,毒株450/07对犬的致病潜能更低。从流行病学的观点看,从死去的小犬分离新的泛嗜性CcoV毒株值得注意,因为它似乎表明此变体在犬中循环。还针对新的分离株450/07证明(虽然在较低程度上)了毒株CB/05的泛嗜性和淋巴细胞减少属性,此生物学行为暂时性地与几个独特的遗传变化(突起蛋白(spike protein)的残基125处存在Asn)相关。具有泛嗜性和淋巴细胞减少属性的CCoV簇的循环强调以肠道CCoV诱导的弱交叉保护为基础发展同源疫苗的需要(14)。
因此,本发明的一个实施方案提供包含不表达功能性辅助蛋白3c的CCoV毒株的疫苗或免疫原性组合物。另一实施方案提供分离的不表达功能性辅助蛋白3c的犬冠状病毒(CCoV)。更具体而言,该分离的CCoV包含与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性的多核苷酸。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV包含具有SEQ ID NO:5的多肽。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV包含具有SEQ ID NO:4的多肽。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV包含具有SEQ ID NO:2或6—10中任一个的多肽。在另一实施方案中,该分离的CCoV通过化学处理或加热来灭活,是减毒的或是纯化的亚单位形式。
本发明的另一实施方案提供分离的来自犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的多核苷酸,其中该分离的多核苷酸与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性。在另一实施方案中,该多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3c。在另一实施方案中,该多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3b。
在另一实施方案中,该多核苷酸由SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链组成。
本发明的另一实施方案提供包含分离的SEQ ID NO:5的多肽的组合物。
另一实施方案提供免疫原性组合物,其包含以下至少一种:(a)分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV);(b)分离的多核苷酸;和/或(c)本文所述的多肽;及可药用赋形剂、稀释剂、载体蛋白质或佐剂。
在另一实施方案中,该免疫原性组合物用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染。另一实施方案提供该免疫原性组合物在制备用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的药物中的用途。另一实施方案提供在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的方法,其包括以在犬中产生免疫原性反应的有效量施用该免疫原性组合物。
最后,另一实施方案提供犬冠状病毒(CCoV)疫苗,其包含(a)分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV);(b)分离的多核苷酸;和/或(c)本文所述的多肽。
缩略词和定义
除非另有说明,在本申请通篇中使用以下缩略词和定义。按照此发明详述,以下缩略词和定义适用。必须指出,除非文中清楚地另有说明,本文所用的单数形式“一”、“一个”和“该”包括复数指代物。因此,例如,提到“一种抗体”包括多个这类抗体,提到“该剂量”包括提到一个或多个剂量及其本领域技术人员已知的等同物,等等。
缩略词
aa 氨基酸
CaHV 犬疱疹病毒
CCoV 犬冠状病毒
CDV 犬瘟热病毒
CPE 致致细胞病变效应
CPV 犬细小病毒
CRM197 白喉类毒素交叉反应性物质197(gly52glu)
D-MEM Dulbecco极限必需培养基
EDTA 乙二胺四乙酸
FCA 弗氏完全佐剂
IFA 弗式不完全佐剂
h 小时
i.m. 肌内
IF 免疫荧光
i.p. 腹膜内
i.v. 静脉内
IgG 免疫球蛋白G
ISCOM 免疫刺激复合物
KLH 来自巨孔匙(Megathura crenulata)的血蓝蛋白(“匙孔槭血”)
KMUA N-k-马来酰亚胺基十一酸
KMUS (N-[k-马来酰亚胺基十一酰基氧基磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯)
L 液体
LPS 脂多糖
LT 不耐热毒素
MDP 胞壁酰二肽,也称为N-乙酰-胞壁酰-L-丙氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺
min 分钟
NO 未观察到
orf 可读框
p.o. 口服
PBS 磷酸缓冲盐溶液
PBST 含吐温20的PBS
Poly rA:Poly rU 聚-腺苷酸-聚-尿苷酸复合物
POP-POE 聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯
PT 百日咳毒素
RAS RibiTM佐剂系统
RPM 转/分钟
s.c. 皮下
TCID50 半数组织培养感染剂量
TGEV 传染性胃肠炎冠状病毒(Purdue毒株)
TNF 肿瘤坏死因子
WBC 白细胞
wk 周
wt 重量
定义
除非另有说明,本文中使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本领域普通技术人员的通常理解相同的含义。下文提供以下术语。
“免疫原性组合物”是含有免疫原(包括例如蛋白质;肽;全细胞;灭活、亚单位或减毒的病毒;或多糖;或其组合)的制剂,施用其来针对存在于该免疫原性组合物中的一种或多种抗原刺激受体的体液和细胞免疫系统。“免疫”是施用免疫原性组合物并在宿主中刺激对抗原的免疫或免疫原性反应的过程。
“免疫反应”指免疫系统与抗原接触后的活动,包括特异性细胞毒性T细胞和B细胞的激活和增殖,导致抗原特异性抗体产生。
“抗原”是引发免疫反应的任意物质,例如蛋白质(或蛋白质的免疫原性片段,如黏附蛋白的片段)、肽或肽缀合物、免疫原、或多糖。在这种情况下,抗原优选包含冠状病毒抗原。免疫原性组合物可以包含一种或多种冠状病毒抗原或免疫原。
“单位剂量”是免疫原性组合物的确定和预定的浓度或量,其对在该组合物的受体中引发免疫反应安全和有效。
术语“亚单位”指从毒性宿主生物分开的抗原性物质的悬液。
本文所用的术语“治疗”意指处理和/或预防。通过抑制、缓解、预防或消除由CCoV引起的疾病状态来获得疗效。
本文所用的术语“有效量”意指通过诸如本领域已知的接种和/或治疗冠状病毒感染(例如CCoV感染)的考虑确定的量,其中它对在所处理的个体中提供可测量的减轻有效,如显示改善,其包括但不限于改善的存活率、更快的恢复、症状的改善或消除、感染后并发症的减少及(在合适的情况下)抗传染物的抗体效价或提高的效价和本领域技术人员已知的其他测量(例如通过血液样品测量)。
术语“分离的”指处于基本上纯的形式(例如纯度高于约95%)或以某种方式从它的天然环境纯化的物质。“分离的”毒株(例如CCoV)指从它的天然环境(如从宿主动物/犬)取出和/或在生长培养基中的毒株。术语“分离的”涵盖与其他物质/稀释剂/赋形剂/佐剂一起处在溶液中的免疫原或CCoV毒株。
免疫原性组合物的“胃肠外”施用包括例如皮下(s.c.)、静脉内(i.v.)、肌内(i.m.)或胸骨内注射或输注技术。
“可药用的”意指并非在生物学上或在其他方面不希望的物质,即可以对个体施用而不引起不可接受的生物学作用(即死亡),或不以有害方式与它所包含在其中的组合物的任意其他成分相互作用的物质。
“佐剂”意指对增强免疫原性组合物的免疫原性的物质。因此,常提供佐剂来加强免疫反应,且为本领域公知。希望得到的佐剂的特征包括:(1)毒性的缺乏;(2)刺激持久的免疫反应的能力;(3)制备的简单性和长期保存的稳定性;(4)针对通过多种途径(如果需要)施用的抗原引发细胞介导免疫(CMI)和体液免疫反应(HIR)的能力;(5)与其他佐剂的协同;(6)与抗原呈递细胞的群体选择性相互作用的能力;(7)特异性引发适当的Th1或Th2细胞特异性免疫反应的能力;和(8)选择性提高抗抗原的适当抗体同种型水平(例如IgA)的能力。
因此,在某些实施方案中,本文所述的免疫原性组合物还包含一种或多种佐剂。佐剂是在与免疫原或抗原一起施用时增强免疫反应的物质。已显示许多细胞因子或淋巴因子具有免疫调节活性,并因此用作佐剂,其包括但不限于:白细胞介素1-α、1-β、2、4、5、6、7、8、10、12(见例如美国专利号5,723,127)、13、14、15、16、17和18(及其突变体形式);干扰素-α、-β和-γ;粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)(见例如美国专利号5,078,996和ATCC检索号39900);巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF);粒细胞集落刺激因子(G-CSF);及肿瘤坏死因子α和β。用于本文所述的免疫原性组合物的其他佐剂还包括趋化因子,其非限制性地包括MCP-1、MIP-1α、MIP-1β和RANTES;黏附分子,如选择蛋白,例如L-选择蛋白、P-选择蛋白和E-选择蛋白;黏蛋白样分子,例如CD34、GlyCAM-1和MadCAM-1;整联蛋白家族的成员,如LFA-1、VLA-1、Mac-1和p150.95;免疫球蛋白超家族的成员,如PECAM、ICAM(例如ICAM-1、ICAM-2和ICAM-3)、CD2和LFA-3;共刺激分子,如CD40和CD40L;生长因子,包括血管生长因子、神经生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子、B7.2、PDGF、BL-1和血管内皮生长因子;受体分子,包括Fas、TNF受体、Flt、Apo-1、p55、WSL-1、DR3、TRAMP、Apo-3、AIR、LARD、NGRF、DR4、DR5、KILLER、TRAIL-R2、TRICK2和DR6;及胱天蛋白酶(ICE)。
用来增强免疫反应的适宜佐剂进一步非限制性地包括描述于美国专利号4,912,094中的MPLTM(3-O-脱酰单磷酰脂质A,Corixa,Hamilton,MT)。同样适合用作佐剂的是合成的脂质A类似物或氨基烷基葡糖胺磷酸酯化合物(AGP),或其衍生物或类似物,其可从Corixa(Hamilton,MT)获得,且描述于美国专利号6,113,918中。一个这种AGP是2-[(R)-3-十四酰氧基十四酰胺基]乙基2-脱氧-4-O-磷酰-3-O-[(R)-3-十四酰氧基十四酰]-2-[(R)-3-十四酰氧基十四酰-氨基]-b-D-吡喃葡糖苷,其还称为529(之前称为RC529)。将此529佐剂配制为水性形式(AE)或配制为稳定乳剂(SE)。
其他佐剂还包括胞壁酰肽,如N-乙酰-胞壁酰-L-苏氨酰-D-异谷氨酰胺(thr-MDP)、N-乙酰-去甲胞壁酰-L-丙氨酸-2-(1’-2’二棕榈酰-sn-甘油-3-羟磷酰氧基)-乙胺(MTP-PE);水包油型乳剂,如MF59(国际PCT公开号WO90/14837)(包含5%角鲨烯、0.5%Tween80和0.5%Span85(可选地包含多种量的MTP-PE),用诸如Model110Y高压微射流设备(microfluidizer)(Microfluidics,Newton,MA)的高压微射流设备配制为亚微米粒子)和SAF(包含10%角鲨烯、0.4%Tween80、5%普卢兰尼克(pluronic)嵌段聚合物L121和thr-MDP,高压微射流为亚微米乳剂或涡旋来产生更大颗粒大小的乳剂);弗式不完全佐剂(IFA);铝盐(明矾),如氢氧化铝、磷酸铝、硫酸铝;白榴石(Amphigen);Avridine;L121/角鲨烯;D-交酯-聚交酯/糖苷;普卢兰尼克多元醇;灭活的博德特杆菌属(Bordetella);皂苷,如描述于美国专利号5,057,540中的StimulonTM QS-21(Antigenics,Framingham,MA.)、描述于美国专利号5,254,339中的ISCOMATRIX(CSL Limited,Parkville,澳大利亚)和免疫刺激复合物(ISCOMS);结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis);细菌脂多糖;合成多核苷酸,如含有CpG基序的寡核苷酸(例如美国专利号6,207,646);描述于欧洲专利号1,296,713和1,326,634中的IC-31(Intercell AG, Vienna,奥地利);百日咳毒素(PT)或其突变体、霍乱毒素或其突变体(例如国际PCT公开号WO00/18434、WO02/098368和WO02/098369);或大肠杆菌(E. coli)不耐热毒素(LT),尤其是LT-K63、LT-R72、PT-K9/G129;见例如国际PCT公开号WO93/13302和WO92/19265。
示例性常规载体蛋白质也可以与本文所述的免疫原性组合物/抗原/CCoV毒株一起使用。载体蛋白质优选是无毒性和无致反应性且可以以足够的量和纯度获得的蛋白质。载体蛋白质应顺从标准缀合方法。在具体实施方案中,用CRM197作为载体蛋白质。在其他实施方案中,本发明的载体蛋白质是无酶促反应活性的链球菌C5a肽酶(SCP)(例如,描述于美国专利号6,270,775、6,355,255和6,951,653中的SCP变体中的一种或多种)。其他适宜的载体蛋白质包括灭活的细菌毒素,如破伤风类毒素、百日咳类毒素、霍乱类毒素(例如描述于国际PCT公开号WO2004/083251中的CT E29H)、大肠杆菌LT、大肠杆菌ST、大肠杆菌DnaK蛋白质和来自铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)的外毒素A。还可以使用细菌外膜蛋白,如外膜复合物c(OMPC)、孔蛋白、转铁蛋白结合蛋白、肺炎球菌溶血素毒素(例如美国专利号5,565,204)、肺炎球菌溶血素类毒素(例如国际PCT公开号WO2005/108580)、肺炎球菌表面蛋白质A(PspA)、肺炎球菌黏附素蛋白质(PsaA)或流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilusinfluenzae)蛋白D。还可以使用细菌热休克蛋白,如分枝杆菌hsp-70。还可以使用其他蛋白质,如表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)蛋白质SdrG、SitC和铬铁结合蛋白,及金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)蛋白质ClfA、ClfB和FnbA。还可以用其他蛋白质作为载体蛋白质,如卵清蛋白、钥孔槭血蓝蛋白(KLH)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、半乳糖激酶(galK)、泛素、β-半乳糖苷酶、流感NS1蛋白质或结核菌素的纯化的蛋白质衍生物(PPD)。还可以使用例如来自轮状病毒VP6或来自噬菌体Qβ的病毒样颗粒。
本领域技术人员可以容易地选择适当的载体用于此背景。用于将化合物偶联至载体蛋白质的方法为本领域已知,见例如Ed Harlow and DavidLane,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(1988);和Greg T.Hermanson,Bioconjugate Techniques(Academic Press1996)。
所公开的组合物可以以多种方式施用。应指出,含有一种或多种免疫原的药物组合物可以单独施用,或与一种或多种可药用载体、稳定剂、防腐剂、着色剂、调味剂和赋形剂组合施用。
可以用按照通常实施选择的常规载体和赋形剂配制所公开的CCoV和相关组合物。水性制剂以无菌形式配制,且在预期用于通过口服施用之外的途径递送时通常是等渗的。所有制剂可选地包含赋形剂,如例如Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients(第5版,Raymond C.Rowe等,编辑,2006)中提供的那些。赋形剂包括抗坏血酸和其他抗氧化剂、螯合剂(例如EGTA和EDTA)、糖类(例如糊精)、羟烷基纤维素、羟烷基甲基纤维素、硬脂酸等。制剂的pH在约3至约11的范围内,但通常为约7至约10。
用于口服施用之外的给药途径的生理可用载体的实例包括但不限于盐溶液(例如正常盐水、林格液、PBS(磷酸缓冲盐溶液);多乙氧基醚;L-精氨酸;聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;α-d-吡喃葡糖基(glucopyranosyl);α-d-吡喃葡糖苷(海藻糖);及其组合。例如,海藻糖可以以组合物的从约2%至10%重量/体积的量存在于组合物中。在另一实例中,在海藻糖和多乙氧基醚都存在于组合物中时,海藻糖可以以约4%至约6%重量/体积的量存在,多乙氧基醚可以以约0.001%至0.01%(重量/体积)的量存在,且通常是多种生理上相容的盐(包括钾盐和磷酸盐)的混合物,含或不含糖添加剂(例如葡萄糖)。
适合用于免疫原性制剂的赋形剂是例如水、盐水、葡萄糖、甘油和乙醇。还可以向组合物加入无毒性的助剂,如湿润剂、缓冲剂、稳定剂或乳化剂。
如果使用,则胃肠外施用通常表征为注射。无菌注射物可以以常规形式制备,作为液体溶液或悬液,适于在注射前溶解或悬浮在液体中的固体形式,或作为乳剂。
治疗和施用的方法
对于每个受体,施用必要的组合物总量可以衍生自免疫流程。取决于犬的品种、年龄、重量和一般条件,它的施用方式,是否与另一抗原、佐剂一起施用等,所需的这类免疫原性组合物的精确量可以在犬和犬之间不同。通常,剂量将近似施用其他免疫原性组合物的典型剂量。
免疫原性组合物通常作为无菌组合物施用。可以通过任意适宜的手段,例如胃肠外(包括皮下、肌内、静脉内、真皮内、外淋巴、鼻内、胸膜内、肺内、鞘内和硬膜上)或口服来施用免疫原性组合物。其他途径包括直肠、鼻、鼻内、局部(包括口和舌下)和阴道。应理解,优选的途径可以例如随受体的条件而不同。用于递送免疫原性组合物的时间和方法的适当评价良好地处于临床医生/兽医的技术之内。例如,可以在选定的日期施用第一剂量,第二剂量可以在第一剂量后几周至几个月施用。必要时可以施用最初的免疫原性组合物或修饰形式的附加加强剂量(例如每年)。
虽然可能单独施用活性成分,但可以优选作为免疫原性制剂提供它们。制剂可以包含与可接受的载体、赋形剂、佐剂和/或可选地与其他非活性和/或活性成分一起的至少一种活性成分。
制剂包括适合用于前述施用途径的那些。制剂可以方便地以单位剂量形式提供,且可以通过药学领域公知的任意方法来制备。技术和制剂通常见于Remington′s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA)中。这类方法包括使活性成分与载体(其构成一种或多种助剂)结合的步骤。通常,通过均匀地和紧密地使活性成分与液体载体或细碎的固体载体或二者结合并在必要时成形产物来制备制剂。
本发明的乳剂的油相可以以已知的方式从已知的成分构成。虽然该相可以仅包含乳化剂(或称为乳化剂(emulgent)),但希望包含至少一种乳化剂与脂肪或油或与脂肪和油二者的混合物。优选地,与作为稳定剂的亲脂性乳化剂一起包含亲水性乳化剂。还有选包含油和脂肪二者。
适合用于鼻施用的制剂具有例如0.1至500微米的范围内的颗粒大小(包括以逐渐增加的微米数(如0.5、1、30、35等)在0.1和500微米之间的范围内的颗粒大小),其通过鼻道快速吸入来施用。适宜的制剂包括活性成分的水性或油性溶液。角鲨烯是示例性载体。
适合用于胃肠外施用的制剂包括水性和非水性、等渗、无菌注射溶液,其可以包含使得制剂与预期受体的血液等渗的抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂和溶质,及水性和非水性无菌悬液,其可以包含悬浮剂和增稠剂。
制剂以单位剂量或多剂量容器(例如密封的安瓿和小管)提供,且可以保存在冷冻干燥(冻干)条件下,仅需在使用前加入无菌液体载体,例如注射用水。从无菌粉剂及前述种类的颗粒剂制备注射溶液和悬液。
兽用载体是用于施用组合物的目的的物质,且可以是固体、液体或气体物质,其是惰性的或在兽医领域中可接受,且与活性成分相容。这些兽用组合物可以口服、胃肠外或通过任意其他希望的途径施用。
本发明的制剂可以在包含任意相容载体(如多种载体、佐剂、添加剂和稀释剂)的可注射制剂中对患病犬施用;或者用于本发明的化合物可以以缓释皮下植入物或靶向递送系统(如聚合物基质、脂质体和小球体)的形式对患者胃肠外施用。适合用于本发明的植入物可以采用在植入后缓慢溶解的片或本领域技术人员公知的生物相容性递送模块的形式。这样设计这类公知的剂型和模块,使得活性成分在几天至几周的时期内缓慢释放。
化合物和组合物还可以与其他活性成分组合使用。根据待治疗的病症、成分的交叉反应性和组合的药理学特性来选择这类组合。此外,本文所述的组合物和化合物还可以与用来治疗病毒感染的其他常规药物(如抗病毒药、解热药、免疫原和镇痛药)结合施用。这些化合物和组合物可以与使用本文所述的化合物和组合物的疗法一起施用,或在与使用本文所述的化合物和组合物的疗法相同的过程中施用。组合的单种成分可以在分开或组合的药物制剂中顺次或同时施用。
被动免疫疗法
本文提供的另一方面是用于处理个体来诱导被动免疫的方法和组合物。可以制备包含抗医源性感染的免疫治疗剂的组合物,并对个体动物施用。然后收集来自免疫的动物的血浆,并从包含抗-CCoV的血浆收获超免疫球蛋白和(如果包含)其他抗载体蛋白质的抗体。超免疫球蛋白可以用来诱导对冠状病毒感染的被动免疫。
对个体犬施用免疫原性组合物来诱导体液免疫反应。然后受体作为响应免疫原性组合物而产生的免疫球蛋白(即超免疫球蛋白)的来源。免疫的个体犬献出血浆,然后例如通过常规血浆分级分离技术从该血浆获得超免疫球蛋白。然后对另一个体犬施用包含抗-CCoV抗体的级分,以赋予对犬冠状病毒感染的抗性或治疗犬冠状病毒感染。
为了更清楚的理解,且为了更清楚地说明本发明,下文显示其具体实施例。以下实施例仅是说明性的,不理解为以任意方式限制本发明的范围和潜在的原理。
实施例
A.临床病例
60日龄的迷你品犬(miniature pinscher)在显示表征为发热(39.5-40℃)、白细胞减少((4.7×109细胞/升,参考范围6-17×109细胞/升)、主要为淋巴细胞减少(0.5×109细胞/升,参考范围1.0-4.8×109细胞/升)、嗜睡、食欲缺乏、呕吐和出血性腹泻的全身性疾病后死亡。小犬在死亡前十天已施用单剂疫苗,该疫苗包含犬细小病毒、犬瘟热病毒、犬腺病毒2型、钩端螺旋体(Leptospira canicola)和出血性黄疸钩端螺旋体(Leptospira icterohaemorrhagie)。抗生素(羟氨苄青霉素/棒酸)和流体(乳酸林格液)的支持性疗法未成功获得临床病症的任何改善,其持续恶化,直至小犬死亡。
尸体剖检显示消化道(出血性肠炎)、扁桃体(坏死区域)、肺(纤维蛋白性肺炎)、肝(肿大和坏死区域)、脾(肿大)和肾(皮质变性)中的眼观病变。在死后检查期间,从脑、肺、脾、肝、肠系膜淋巴结、肾和肠内容物收集样品。
B.RNA/DNA提取
对于RNA纯化,用Tissue lyser(QIAGEN S.p.A.,米兰,意大利)在Dulbecco极限必需培养基(D-MEM)中匀化(50%w/v)组织样品,而通过涡旋在D—MEM中匀化(10%wt/vol)肠内容物。8,000×g短暂离心3分钟后,用Viral RNA Mini Kit(QIAGEN S.p.A.)对140μl上清进行RNA提取。通过DNeasy Tissue Kit和QIAamp Viral RNA MiniKit(QIAGEN S.p.A.,米兰,意大利)从组织样品和肠内容物提取DNA。
C.病毒学研究
针对犬的主要病毒病原体(如CCoV(4,5)、呼吸道肠道病毒(Leary等,2002)、轮状病毒(20)、杯状病毒(24)、犬细小病毒2型(CPV-2)(7,8)、犬腺病毒1型和2型(23)、犬瘟热病毒(CDV)(17)、犬疱疹病毒1型(CaHV-1)(31))的分子检测测试了从死亡犬收集的肠内容物和组织样品。
D.用于CCoV表征的实时RT-PCR测定
利用类型特异性实时RT-PCR测定(5,6)进行了CCoV基因型的表征。按CCoV检测进行反转录和实时PCR扩增,但使用不同组的引物/探针:引物对CCoVI—F(CGTTAGTGCACTTGGAAGAAGCT)/CCoVI-R(SEQ ID NO:11)(ACCAGCCATTTTAAATCCTTCA)(SEQ ID NO:12)和探针CCoVI—Pb(FAM—CCTCTTGAAGGTACACCAA—TAMRA)(SEQID NO:13)用于CCoV I型检测,而引物对CCoVII—F(TAGTGCATTAGGAAGAAGCT)/CCoVII-R(SEQ ID NO:14)(AGCAATTTTGAACCCTTC)(SEQ ID NO:15)和探针CCoVII-Pb(FAM-CCTCTTGAAGGTGTGCC-TAMRA)(SEQ ID NO:16)用于CCoV-II检测。热曲线图由以下组成:在95℃激活iTaq DNA聚合酶10分钟,然后是95℃变性15秒、53℃(CCoV I型特异性测定)或48℃(CCoVII型特异性测定)退火30秒和60℃延伸1分钟的45个循环。
E.来自CCoV阳性肺样品的基因组3’端的扩增和序列分析
按之前所述(9,10,11)用SuperScriptTM One-Step RT-PCR for LongTemplates(Life Technologies,Invitrogen srl,米兰,意大利)扩增在肺中检测到的泛嗜性CCoV毒株的基因组的3’端。扩增涵盖ORF2(S基因)、3a、3b、3c、4(E基因)、5(M基因)、6(N基因)、7a和7b的七个部分重叠的片段。由Genome Express(Meylan,法国)测序PCR扩增产物,组装获得的序列,并用BioEdit软件包(22)及NCBI(htttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)和EMBL(http://www.ebi.ac.uk)的分析工具分析。此研究中获得的核苷酸序列在检索号GU146061下保藏于GenBank数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)。将不同ORF的核苷酸(nt)序列转化为氨基酸(aa)序列,用氨基酸序列进行与原型泛嗜性CCoV毒株CB/05(GenBank检索号DQ112226)和参考冠状病毒毒株的比较分析。用Mega3(25)进行系统发生和分子进化分析。用简约法(parsimony)和邻接法二者制作基于毒株450/07的S和M-N蛋白的系统树,用超过1000个重复的bootstrapping提供统计学支持。
F.病毒分离
与抗生素(青霉素5000IU/ml、链霉素2500μg/ml、两性霉素B10μg/ml)一起在D-MEM中匀化(10%w/v)死亡小犬的肺,并接种入犬纤维瘤(A-72)细胞。每天针对致细胞病变效应(CPE)的出现监测感染的细胞,孵育5天后,用靶向N蛋白的单克隆抗体(Gill Chappuis博士惠赠,Merial,法国)通过免疫荧光(IF)测定来针对CCoV抗原测试它们。
G.犬的实验性感染
七天的驯化期后,用来自同一窝的九只10-11周龄抗体谱确定的猎兔犬来进行此攻击研究。该研究按照动物健康和福利法规在Animal Hospital,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari(意大利)的分离单位进行,且由意大利卫生部批准(批准号57/2006-C)。来自研究开始前(第-10天和第-1天)采集的直肠拭子的ELISA和PCR测试显示所有动物为CCoV血清反应阴性。犬还是来自直肠拭子的CPV脱落PCR测试阴性,但已在犬舍中进行抗CPV接种,并测试为CPV血清抗体阳性。在它们到达时将犬饲养在三个分开的房间中的单笼中进行驯化,然后在第-3天通过随机化入两个不同组(T01和T02,表1)来重新分配。
表1.研究设计:处理组和攻击物质
每只犬单独饲养用于施用攻击,并监测临床病征。在研究第-3、-1、3和5天称重所有动物。在研究第0天,用含有105TCID50/mL的毒株450/07(A-72细胞上的第3代)的4mL(3.0mL口服,1.0mL鼻内;每个鼻孔0.5mL)总体积攻击处理组T02中的6只犬。T01组中的三只对照犬通过相同的施用途径接受相同体积的未感染的A-72细胞的冷冻裂解物。从第-1天(攻击前)开始,只要动物仍在研究中,由主治兽医每天监测所有犬的临床病征。用表2中所述的评分系统评估每只动物的一般性健康。用评分来评估个体动物及其处理组的一般性健康。
表2.攻击试验期间一般性健康观察的评分系统
从每只犬采集血液样品。在研究第-3、0(攻击前)、3和5(尸体剖检的日子)天从颈静脉采集EDTA血液和血清样品分别进行全血细胞计数和血细胞分类计数及CCoV抗体的检测。在到达时、在研究第-3天、然后每天直至研究第5天测量直肠温度(℃)。在研究第-3、-1、3和5天采集鼻和直肠拭子。
攻击五天后,通过静脉内施用10mg/kg体重的100(VirbacS.r.l.,意大利)来使所有犬镇静,并通过静脉内施用0.5mL/kg体重的(Intervet Italia,意大利)来使其安乐死。尸体剖检期间,从小肠、肠系膜淋巴结、下颌间淋巴结和腘淋巴结、肺、肝、脾和肾采集用于病毒分离和实时RT-PCR的样品。将新鲜组织样品采集在D-MEM和RNALater Solution(QIAGEN S.p.A.)中分别用于病毒分离和实时RT-PCR测定,并保存在-70℃,直至使用。
通过A-72细胞上的病毒分离(9,13)和/或通过实时RT-PCR(3,4)来针对CCoV测试生活期间采集的EDTA血液样品和粪便拭子,以及在尸体剖检时采集的组织样品。通过之前所述(29;13)的ELISA和病毒中和测试来在血清样品中搜索CCoV抗体。
结果
H.死亡犬的内部器官中CB/05样毒株的鉴定
死亡犬(450/07)的肠内容物和组织样品除CCoV外的所有病毒病原体都测试为阴性。通过实时RT-PCR(Decaro等,2004),在肺样品中发现了最高的病毒RNA负荷(5.81x106RNA拷贝/μL模板),但在肠内容物(8.57x105RNA拷贝/μL模板)、肠系膜淋巴结(2.31x105RNA拷贝/μL模板)、脾(1.78x104RNA拷贝/μL模板)、肝(3.43x103RNA拷贝/μL模板)、肾(7.09x103RNA拷贝/μL模板)中也检测到了病毒。在脑样品中仅检测到痕量的CCoV RNA(4.36x101RNA拷贝/μL模板)。利用基因型特异的TaqMan测定(5,6)将该病毒(毒株450/07)表征为CCoV-II。
将具有最高病毒的肺样品用于病毒分离尝试,如通过CPE的出现和IF测定的阳性染色确认,该尝试在第一代就已经成功。进行了三个系列代次,以获得毒株450/07的病毒原液用于攻击实验,该病毒原液具有105TCID50/mL病毒悬液的效价。针对犬的其他病毒病原体的存在及需氧和厌氧细菌、支原体和真菌的缺乏测试病毒原液,且未检测到污染物质。
通过扩增七个重叠片段来从肺物质扩增毒株450/07的基因组的3’端。获得的序列长度为8,618nt,且包含ORF2、3a、3b、3c、4、5、6、7a和7b的全长。S蛋白(ORF2产物)长度为1454aa,与原型毒株CB/05的长度完全一样,新的泛嗜性分离株在此水平上与原型毒株CB/05高度相关(99.5%aa同一性)。还在其他结构蛋白中发现了高度的遗传相关性,包括分别由ORF4、5和6编码的E(82aa,100%同一性)、M(262aa,99.2%同一性)和N(382aa,99.7%同一性)蛋白。就原型毒株CB/05而言,ORF3a(71aa)、3b(22aa)、7a(101aa)和7b(213aa)的产物是完整的。在毒株450/07中也检测到了见于毒株CB/05中的ORF3b中38nt的缺失,毒株CB/05在ORF3c中显示附加的164nt的缺失。此缺失负责移码的变化,结果在所测序的基因组区域的nt4824处引入非常早的终止密码子,其应阻止ORF3c产物的合成。
在系统发生水平,毒株450/07在S和M/N蛋白序列二者中都与毒株CB/05聚类,尽管M/N序列中还显示最近检测(16)到的与重组CCoV/TGEV毒株(CCoV-IIb)的严格相关性(图)。
I.实验性感染的犬中的临床、死后和病毒学发现
表3中显示每天记录的所有临床病征的总结。
表3.对照犬(T01)中及用毒株450/07实验性感染的犬(T02)中在研究日(D)观察到的临床病征的总结
NO,未观察到。
1S,软;L,液体。
2M,中度;S,严重。
与它们在第-1天(攻击前)的(基线)体重相比,T02中的全部六只犬和T01中的三只对照犬中的一只在攻击后第3天体重减轻。攻击前,从第-8天至第0天,T01和T02犬中的直肠温度在37.6℃和38.9℃之间的范围内。对于T01犬,攻击后的直肠温度在37.6℃至38.4℃的范围内,而对于T02犬,攻击后的范围提高至37.6℃和39.5℃之间。但是,只有一只来自T02组的犬(9319)在第4天发烧,但T02组中三只以上的犬在攻击后显示其直肠温度在正常范围内的数值提高。在T01对照犬中未观察到此范围变化。发现T02中用毒株450/07攻击的两只犬在攻击后第3和4天沮丧或昏睡,同一组的两只犬在攻击后笫3和4天轻度至严重脱水。攻击后第3和4天在四只T02犬中观察到了软粪便或腹泻。T02中全部六只犬都出现淋巴结肿大(lymphadenomegalia),第3、4或5天在这些犬的一只(9322)中,第4和5天在两只犬(9314和9319)上,在第5天在其他三只犬中。犬9322还在攻击后第0、1和4天具有鼻分泌,犬9314在第5天具有减少的毛细管再充盈和苍白黏膜。根据表2中报道的评分系统,三只对照小犬中的两只具有0的临床评分,因为它们未显示任何临床病征。T01犬中的一只在攻击后第3和5天体重减轻,但未显示任何其他临床病征。此小犬因此具有4的评分,它的组显示1.3的平均评分。但是,T02组中的全部六只小犬都显示多种临床病征,该病征持续一至三天,因此它们的评分在2至9的范围内(平均值5.7)。
将第-3天和第0天每μL的淋巴细胞和WBC计数平均,并用作基线水平来与攻击后第3天的水平相比较。淋巴细胞计数在T02中的五只犬中减少≥30%,但在T02和T01中其余的犬中低于30%。WBC计数在T02中的六只犬中的四只中减少≥30%,但在T02中其余的犬中及在所有对照犬(T01)中低于≥30%(表4)。对于犬9322,淋巴细胞计数的减少尤其显著(就基线值而言为75%),犬9322是更早开始显示临床病征且还显示最严重的临床病征的犬。
表4.对照犬(T01)中及用毒株450/07实验性感染的犬(T02)中攻击后第3天淋巴细胞和WBC计数的百分比减少
在尸体剖检时,四只感染的小犬在一个或多个肠节段中显示轻度至严重肠炎,五只显示肠系膜淋巴结肿大,其充血且具有分散的出血(表5)。分别在一只(9314)和两只小犬(9314和9322)中观察到脾肿大和腘淋巴结和/或下颌间淋巴结的涉及。仅在小犬9314中检测到肺充血和胸腺上的出血,而在四只小犬中存在大量腹水。因此,还从病变采集了胸腺样品和腹水的整分试样。
表5.对照犬(T01)及用毒株450/07实验性感染的犬(T02)a的死后发现和组织样品中的病毒检测的总结
LN,淋巴结;P,腘;Neg,阴性;NC,未采集。
a CCoV效价表示为每μL模板的RNA拷贝数。
b通过病毒分离测试为阳性的组织。
c在死后检查时显宏观病变的组织。
通过实时RT-PCR,三只T02小犬在第3和/或5天在其粪便中排出病毒,效价在每μL模板2.75x103至1.07x107CCoV RNA拷贝的范围内,仅在T02中的小犬的一份第5天血液样品中检测到病毒RNA(每μL模板5.73x101RNA拷贝的效价)。如基于病毒负荷所预期,仅从T02组中的9314号小犬的第3天直肠拭子分离了CCoV。通过实时RT-PCR测试从五只感染的小犬采集的几种组织为阳性,在淋巴组织中检测到最高的效价(表5)。在三只犬中从肠系膜淋巴结、在一只犬中从十二指肠和空肠及在来自T02的两只犬中从回肠分离了CCoV。来自T02犬的鼻拭子和来自T01犬的任意样品都没有通过实时RT-PCR或病毒分离测试为CCoV阳性。
通过ELISA和VN测试二者,在任意对照犬或攻击的犬中都未检测到抗CCoV的血清转化。
在上文相关部分中讨论的以下参考文献在此引入作为参考,就如同在本文中全文显示一样。
参考文献
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Claims (21)
1.分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV),其不表达功能性辅助蛋白3c。
2.权利要求1的分离的CCoV,其包含与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性的分离的多核苷酸。
3.权利要求1或2的分离的CCoV,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:5的多肽。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项的分离的CCoV,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:4的多肽。
5.权利要求1-3中任一项的分离的CCoV,其包含具有SEQ ID NO:2或6-10中任一个的多肽。
6.权利要求1-5中任一项的分离的CCoV,其是灭活的。
7.权利要求1-5中任一项的分离的CCoV,其是减毒的。
8.权利要求1-5中任一项的分离的CCoV,其处于纯化的亚单位形式。
9.来自犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的分离的多核苷酸,其中所述分离的多核苷酸与SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链具有至少95%同源性,条件是所述多核苷酸不包含CB/05毒株多核苷酸。
10.权利要求9的分离的多核苷酸,其中所述多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3c。
11.权利要求9或10的分离的多核苷酸,其中所述多核苷酸不编码功能性辅助蛋白3b。
12.权利要求9—11中任一项的分离的多核苷酸,其由SEQ ID NO:1或其互补链组成。
13.组合物,其包含分离的SEQ ID NO:5的多肽。
14.免疫原性组合物,其包含以下至少一种:(a)权利要求1至8中任一项的分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV);(b)权利要求9至12中任一项的分离的多核苷酸;或(c)权利要求13的多肽;及可药用赋形剂、稀释剂、载体蛋白质或佐剂。
15.权利要求14的免疫原性组合物,其包含灭活或减毒形式的分离的CCoV。
16.权利要求14的免疫原性组合物,其包含权利要求13的多肽,其中所述多肽是所述分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV)的亚单位抗原。
17.权利要求14-16中任一项的免疫原性组合物,其中所述组合物不包含功能性辅助蛋白3c。
18.权利要求14-17中任一项的免疫原性组合物,其用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染。
19.权利要求14-17中任一项的免疫原性组合物的用途,用于制备用于在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的药物。
20.在犬中治疗或预防冠状病毒感染的方法,其包括以在所述犬中产生免疫原性反应的有效量施用权利要求14-17中任一项的免疫原性组合物。
21.犬冠状病毒(CCoV)疫苗,其包含(a)权利要求1至8中任一项的分离的犬冠状病毒(CCoV);(b)权利要求9至12中任一项的分离的多核苷酸;或(c)权利要求13的多肽。
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PCT/EP2012/062347 WO2013000905A1 (en) | 2011-06-28 | 2012-06-26 | Canine coronavirus vaccine |
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EP (1) | EP2726096A1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN103687615A (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2012277893A1 (zh) |
BR (1) | BR112013031760A2 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2839506A1 (zh) |
HK (1) | HK1197189A1 (zh) |
IT (1) | ITMI20111182A1 (zh) |
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Cited By (9)
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CN104906542A (zh) * | 2015-06-12 | 2015-09-16 | 天农大(天津)生物科技有限公司 | 一种治疗犬冠状病毒感染的中药组合物及其制备方法 |
CN109765384A (zh) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-05-17 | 北京勤邦生物技术有限公司 | 一种犬冠状病毒抗体荧光检测试纸条及其制备方法和应用 |
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CN113817054B (zh) * | 2021-10-09 | 2023-09-01 | 武汉科前生物股份有限公司 | 一种特异性结合猪轮状病毒vp6蛋白的鼠单克隆抗体5b11及其应用 |
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WO2013000905A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
BR112013031760A2 (pt) | 2016-12-13 |
MX2013015198A (es) | 2014-08-18 |
US9200259B2 (en) | 2015-12-01 |
AU2012277893A1 (en) | 2014-01-09 |
EP2726096A1 (en) | 2014-05-07 |
CA2839506A1 (en) | 2013-01-03 |
HK1197189A1 (zh) | 2015-01-09 |
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US20140205621A1 (en) | 2014-07-24 |
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