CN103670632A - 用于氧化催化剂的车载性能监测的装置和方法 - Google Patents
用于氧化催化剂的车载性能监测的装置和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于氧化催化剂的车载性能监测的装置和方法。公开了废气处理系统,其可诊断废气处理氧化催化剂在转换NO为NO2方面的性能。该废气处理系统流体联接到内燃发动机,并且包括设置在发动机废气流中的氧化催化剂;用于在氧化催化剂的下游将还原剂喷射到废气流中的还原剂源;设置在还原剂源的下游的废气流中的SCR催化剂;和气体传感器,其设置在氧化催化剂的下游和还原剂源的上游的废气流中,并包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其测量在废气气体中的NO浓度和废气气体中的NO2浓度。
Description
技术领域
本发明的示例性实施例涉及监测发动机废气系统,并且更具体地,涉及用于确定在发动机废气流中的氧化催化剂(DOC)的NO到NO2的转换效力的装置和方法。
背景技术
内燃发动机废气中的某些成分的减少受到极大关注。近来,关注点被放在了柴油发动机上。柴油发动机废气通常包含气体排放物,例如二氧化碳 (“CO2”)、水蒸气(“H2O”)、未燃烧的碳氢化合物(“HC”)、一氧化碳(“CO”)、和包括NO和NO2在内的氮氧化物(“NOx”),以及固体和/或液体凝聚相材料,这被称之为微粒。对柴油发动机废气的处理可涉及各种催化设备,这些催化设备具有一个或多个设置在基体上的催化剂以减少在柴油废气中的规定的成分的水平。例如,柴油废气处理系统可包括氧化催化剂,还被称为柴油氧化催化剂(DOC),以将HC和CO转换为CO2和水;用于NOx的还原的催化剂;和微粒过滤器,还被称为柴油微粒过滤器(DPF),用于去除微粒。
特别关注的一种柴油废气处理技术是使用选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂以还原NOx。这种技术包含由氨或氨源,例如尿素,催化增强的将NOx还原为氮气和氧气。这种还原反应的效率极大地受在进入SCR反应器的废气流中的NO2:NOx比的影响。这个比对SCR效率的影响在更低的运行温度(例如,<300摄氏度)时尤其明显。对于典型的沸石基SCR催化剂,期望的NO2:NOx比约是0.5,这是快速SCR反应所要求的。但是,从发动机出来的废气经常显示出小于理想的NO2:NOx比,其小于0.2。幸运地,DOC设备,其在柴油废气处理系统中经常被放置在SCR反应器的上游,该设备能够将NO转换为NO2,使得在进入SCR反应器的废气流中的NO2:NOx比能更加紧密地接近理想比。
但是,依赖DOC设备来将NO转换为NO2以提高在进入SCR设备的废气流中的NO:NO2比的一个问题是,DOC设备的NO到NO2的转换效力可随着使用时间和/或运行条件而变化。因此,可取的是,具有车辆车载的监测DOC废气处理设备的NO到 NO2的转换效力的能力。不幸的是,大多数NOx传感器不能区分NO和NO2,因此对DOC的NO到NO2的转换效率的直接车载测量是不可行的。因此,可取的是,提供一种系统和方法,用以测量DOC废气处理设备的转换NO为NO2的效力。
发明内容
在本发明的一个示例性实施例中,流体联接到内燃发动机的废气处理系统包括:
氧化催化剂,其设置在发动机废气流中;
还原剂源,用于在氧化催化剂的下游喷射还原剂到废气流内;
SCR催化剂,其被设置在还原剂源下游的废气流中;以及
气体传感器,其在氧化催化剂的下游和还原剂源的上游被设置在废气流内,包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,并且其中如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对第一输出的贡献,并且如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对第二输出的贡献。
在本发明的另一示例性实施例中,有一种评价废气处理系统的性能的方法,该系统包括设置在发动机废气流中的氧化催化剂、用于在氧化催化剂的下游将还原剂喷射到废气流中的还原剂源、和在还原剂源的下游设置在废气流中的SCR催化剂。该方法包括:
读取气体传感器的输出,其在氧化催化剂的下游被设置在废气流内,以确定在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2的浓度,该气体传感器包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,并且其中如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对第一输出的贡献,并且如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对第二输出的贡献;以及
如果在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2的浓度中的任一个或两个或者NO含量与NO2含量的比落在目标水平或范围之外,那么生成警报信号。
通过参照附图阅读下面对本发明的详细描述,会很容易理解本发明的上述特征和优点以及其它特征和优点。
本发明还提供了如下方案:
方案1. 一种流体联接到内燃发动机的发动机废气处理系统,包括:
氧化催化剂,其设置在发动机废气流中;
还原剂源,用于在氧化催化剂的下游喷射还原剂到废气流内;
SCR催化剂,其被设置在还原剂源下游的废气流中;以及
气体传感器,其在氧化催化剂的下游和还原剂源的上游被设置在废气流内,包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,并且其中如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对所述第一输出的贡献,并且如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对所述第二输出的贡献。
方案2. 如方案1所述的系统,还包括:控制器,其与气体传感器通信,所述控制器被构造成确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换。
方案3. 如方案2所述的系统,其中,控制器被构造成如果氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换落在预定值以下就产生错误警报信号。
方案4. 如方案2所述的系统,其中,控制器被构造成如果氧化催化剂下游的NO2与NO比落在预定值以下就产生错误警报信号。
方案5. 如方案2所述的系统,其中,控制器被构造成计算在氧化催化剂上游的废气流中的估算的NO与NO2比,以及将所述计算的估算值与由氧化催化剂下游的气体传感器确定的NO和NO2浓度比较以确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换效力。
方案6. 如方案1所述的系统,其中,气体传感器包括NO2感测小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx泵送小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
方案7. 如方案1所述的系统,其中,气体传感器包括NO2能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
方案8. 如方案1所述的系统,还包括:微粒过滤器,其定位在SCR催化剂的下游。
方案9. 一种评价废气处理系统的性能的方法,该系统包括设置在发动机废气流中的氧化催化剂、用于在氧化催化剂的下游将还原剂喷射到废气流中的还原剂源、和在还原剂源的下游设置在废气流中的SCR催化剂,该方法包括:
读取气体传感器的输出,其在氧化催化剂的下游被设置在废气流内,以确定在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2的浓度,所述气体传感器包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,并且其中如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对第一输出的贡献,并且如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对第二输出的贡献;以及
如果在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2的浓度中的任一个或两个或者NO含量与NO2含量的比落在目标水平或范围之外,那么生成警报信号。
方案10. 如方案9所述的方法,其中,目标水平或范围是预定值。
方案11. 如方案9所述的方法,其中,如果在废气气体中的NO2含量或者NO2与NO含量的比超过了预定值,就产生警报信号。
方案12. 如方案9所述的方法,其中,目标水平或范围是基于在氧化催化剂上游的废气流中的NO和NO2浓度以及氧化催化剂的NO到NO2目标转换来计算的。
方案13. 如方案12所述的方法,其中,在氧化上游的废气流中的NO和NO2浓度是基于发动机运行参数、废气处理系统运行参数、或环境参数中的一个或多个来计算的。
方案14. 如方案9所述的方法,其中,气体传感器包括NO2感测小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx泵送小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
方案15. 如方案9所述的方法,其中,气体传感器包括NO2能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
附图说明
其它目标、特征、优点和细节仅以举例方式出现在下面对实施例的详细描述中,该详细描述参考下面附图,其中:
图1是根据本发明的示例性实施例的废气处理系统的示意图;
图2是根据本发明示例性实施例的描绘确定氧化催化剂中的NO到NO2的转换效力的方法的框图。
具体实施方式
现在参照图1,本发明的示例性实施例涉及废气处理系统10,其用于减少来自内燃发动机,例如柴油发动机12,的发动机废气的规定成分。该系统包括废气导管13,其收集来自柴油发动机12的废气并将其输送给系统中的处理设备,例如氧化催化剂14、SCR催化剂16、和微粒过滤器18。气体传感器22测量在氧化催化剂14下游的废气气体中的NO和NO2的浓度值。其它的传感器(未示出),例如温度传感器、氧传感器、氨传感器等,可被包含在废气处理系统中的不同位置,这在本领域中是已知的。
还原剂源34被连接到还原剂喷射器32以在SCR催化剂16的上游将还原剂喷射到发动机废气流内从而提高SCR催化剂在还原NOx排放物方面的效力。还原剂可包括任何已知的还原药剂,例如氨或尿素。尿素通常被用作用于机动车废气SCR处理方案的还原药剂,并且还被US EPA称为柴油废气流体(DEF)。
控制模块30接收来自气体传感器22和任选地来自其它的传感器部件的输入并将输出设置通信给还原剂喷射器32。控制模块30还接收输入数据并将输出设置通信给发动机12内的各种部件,以及在其它车载车辆系统中的其它传感器和设备。控制模块30可以是任何已知类型的控制模块,例如微处理器,其与包含数据和指令的存储介质联接,这些数据和指令用于控制系统10并执行根据本发明的示例性实施例的方法。
根据本发明的示例性实施例,控制模块30诊断氧化催化剂14的NO到NO2转换效力,其可进而提供关于SCR在还原NOx排放物方面的效率的有用信息并且可控制发动机运行参数以实现有效的废气预热和相应地尿素溶液(DEF)按剂量供给速度的最优化。这样做时,控制模块30依赖于在氧化催化剂下游的废气气体中的NO和NO2的相对量。
现在参照图2,图示了说明根据本发明的示例性实施例的控制算法的一部分的流程图,以用于执行诊断以确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换效力。在这个示例性实施例中,控制算法100被实施为在车辆的运行期间由电子控制模块(ECM)开始的诊断的结果,在这种情况下,该算法在步骤101检查条件是否存在以引起确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换效力的诊断例程的开始。这些条件可根据发动机和其废气系统的特定设计和运行参数而变化,并且可包括,例如,经过了累积时间的发动机运行、合适的DOC进口和/或出口温度、异常传感器读数,例如在SCR催化剂下游的废气流中的氨的意外的浓度、或者本领域技术人员能认识到的其它因素。
算法逻辑路径此后移动到决定节点102,在那里该算法评价是否满足了继续进行诊断的条件。如果条件没有满足,那么逻辑路径沿着路径104循环回到框101。如果条件得到满足,那么逻辑路径沿着路径106前进到框108,其可用于监测在气体传感器22下游的废气气体中的NO和NO2水平(图1)。氧化催化剂的热响应曲线(即,进口和出口温度),以及确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换效力所需的任何其它数据,包括但不限于催化剂的老化信息(例如,累积运行小时数和/或在喷射之后期间内的累积运行小时数)、废气流速、和喷射后的燃料量。
从框108,逻辑路径前进到决定节点112,其将废气气体中的NO和NO2比与预定值比较,例如SCR催化剂16的期望性能所需的值(图1),或者可由控制模块30或其它的系统水平的控制微处理器基于发动机、废气、或其它系统参数,例如废气温度、废气流速、上游NOX浓度等计算或从查询表确定的值。如果废气气体中的NO2到NO比落在目标水平或范围之外,那么控制沿着路径114前进到步骤118,在那里控制模块30(图1)产生错误警报通知或其它合适的系统水平通信信号,接着返回到框101以等待或开始下一诊断例程。如果在废气气体中的NO2到NO比满足目标水平或范围,那么控制沿着路径122前进到框101以等待或开始下一诊断例程。
在另一示例性实施例中,决定节点112可将氧化催化剂下游的NO和NO2的相应水平与氧化催化剂上游的水平比较并且与目标值或范围进行比较。上游NO和NO2水平可由在氧化催化剂上游的第二气体传感器(未示出)直接测量或者它们可基于系统信息,例如发动机运行参数,来被估计。
在本发明的实践中使用的气体传感器包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度。如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对第一输出的贡献。另外,如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对第二输出的贡献。这样的传感器是本领域技术人员已知的并且例如被公开在美国专利申请公开 US 2010/0077833 A1和/或US 2010/0161242 A1中,这两个文献的公开通过引起全部并入本文。
在示例性实施例中,气体传感器包括NO2感测小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx泵送小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO和NO2的组合浓度。这种气体传感器例如在上述US 2010/0161242 A1中被公开。如果发动机能够在一些运行条件下产生包含可测量水平的氨的废气气体,那么该气体传感器也能包括NH3感测小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中NH3的浓度。这种NH3感测小隔室将允许NH3含量被从由NOX泵送小隔室产生的读数中减去,其通常不区分在废气气体中的NO、NO2和NH3含量。
在另一示例性实施例中,气体传感器包括NO2能斯特(Nernst)小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx能斯特(Nernst)小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。这种气体传感器例如在上述US 2010/0077833 A1中被公开。
虽然已经参照示例性实施例描述了本发明,但是本领域技术人员应该理解,在不脱离本发明范围的情况下,可以进行各种修改并且等同方式可用来替换本发明中的元件。而且,在不脱离本发明的实质范围的情况下,可进行许多改进以使特定的情况或材料适应本发明的教导。因此,并不意图将本发明限定为所公开的特定的实施例,而本意是本发明将包括所有落入本申请的范围内的实施例。
Claims (10)
1.一种流体联接到内燃发动机的发动机废气处理系统,包括:
氧化催化剂,其设置在发动机废气流中;
还原剂源,用于在氧化催化剂的下游喷射还原剂到废气流内;
SCR催化剂,其被设置在还原剂源下游的废气流中;以及
气体传感器,其在氧化催化剂的下游和还原剂源的上游被设置在废气流内,包括多个感测或泵送小隔室,其中第一小隔室能够产生第一输出,该第一输出单独地指示NO2的浓度或者指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,以及第二小隔室能够产生第二输出,该第二输出单独地指示NO的浓度或者指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,并且其中如果第一输出指示NO2与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么该传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO2浓度对所述第一输出的贡献,并且如果第二输出指示NO与一个或多个其它成分的组合的浓度,那么传感器包括带有感测能力的小隔室,该感测能力足以分离出NO浓度对所述第二输出的贡献。
2.如权利要求1所述的系统,还包括:控制器,其与气体传感器通信,所述控制器被构造成确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换。
3.如权利要求2所述的系统,其中,控制器被构造成如果氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换落在预定值以下就产生错误警报信号。
4.如权利要求2或3所述的系统,其中,控制器被构造成计算在氧化催化剂上游的废气流中的估算的NO与NO2比,以及将所述计算的估算值与由氧化催化剂下游的气体传感器确定的NO和NO2浓度比较以确定氧化催化剂的NO到NO2转换效力。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的系统,其中,气体传感器包括NO2感测小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx泵送小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
6.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的系统,其中,气体传感器包括NO2能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的NO2浓度;以及NOx能斯特小隔室,其产生的输出指示在废气气体中的组合的NO和NO2的浓度。
7.一种评价根据权利要求1-6中任一项的废气处理系统的性能的方法,包括:
读取气体传感器的输出以确定在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2浓度;以及
如果在氧化催化剂下游的废气流中的NO和NO2的浓度中的任一个或两个或者NO含量与NO2含量的比落在目标水平或范围之外,那么生成警报信号。
8.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,目标水平或范围是预定值。
9.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,如果在废气气体中的NO2含量或者NO2与NO含量的比超过了预定值,就产生警报信号。
10.如权利要求7所述的方法,其中,目标水平或范围是基于在氧化催化剂上游的废气流中的NO和NO2浓度以及氧化催化剂的NO到NO2目标转换计算的,其中在氧化上游的废气流中的NO和NO2浓度是基于发动机运行参数、废气处理系统运行参数、或环境参数中的一个或多个计算的。
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