CN1036186A - 吹制的塑料容器装置及方法 - Google Patents

吹制的塑料容器装置及方法 Download PDF

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CN1036186A
CN1036186A CN89100834A CN89100834A CN1036186A CN 1036186 A CN1036186 A CN 1036186A CN 89100834 A CN89100834 A CN 89100834A CN 89100834 A CN89100834 A CN 89100834A CN 1036186 A CN1036186 A CN 1036186A
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bottle
performing member
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skirt
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CN1022819C (zh
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哈尔德·巴特利
维廉·R·基艾瑟
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Broadway Companies Inc
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D1/00Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/02Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
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    • B65D1/00Containers having bodies formed in one piece, e.g. by casting metallic material, by moulding plastics, by blowing vitreous material, by throwing ceramic material, by moulding pulped fibrous material, by deep-drawing operations performed on sheet material
    • B65D1/02Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents
    • B65D1/0223Bottles or similar containers with necks or like restricted apertures, designed for pouring contents characterised by shape
    • B65D1/0261Bottom construction
    • B65D1/0276Bottom construction having a continuous contact surface, e.g. Champagne-type bottom
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C49/00Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C49/42Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C49/4242Means for deforming the parison prior to the blowing operation
    • B29C49/4247Means for deforming the parison prior to the blowing operation using spreading or extending means
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29C2949/0768Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration characterised by the shape characterised by the shape of specific parts of preform
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    • B29C2949/0772Closure retaining means
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    • B29C2949/00Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
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    • B29C2949/0777Tamper-evident band retaining ring
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C2949/00Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
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    • B29C2949/078Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration characterised by the shape characterised by the shape of specific parts of preform characterised by the bottom
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C2949/20Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C2949/20Preforms or parisons whereby a specific part is made of only one component, e.g. only one layer
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C2949/3032Preforms or parisons made of several components having components being injected
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

一种有耐压底部的瓶子能靠单一厚度的环形裙 围自立。这种瓶子用可双轴向拉伸的塑料预成型件 吹制。制造这种瓶子的方法有以下步骤:制做具有围 绕封闭耐压底部的环形下垂裙部的预成型件,吹制预 成型件同时撑住裙部使其向外向下扩张形成环形支 承裙围。成型瓶底裙围的机构包括伸入模腔的爪,在 吹制预成型件前,爪端伸入预成形件裙部中,把预成 型件吹入模腔,同时爪靠凸轮面的接合运动使预成型 件裙部扩张拉伸,形成瓶子的环形裙围。

Description

本发明涉及吹制的能自立塑料容器,具体来说,与装含二氧化碳饮料等的耐压容器有关,这种容器是用分子双轴定向的聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯成形的。但是本发明的原理也可以用于非压力容器,例如装葡萄酒、水等物的容器。
在美国专利3,843,005和3,949,034号中提出了整体式底部支承,这种底部支承呈双壁的下垂裙围形式,是在吹模工艺过程中,在组成料泡或预成形件的底壁的材料中钳制出,并在吹制工序中加压模塑成环形裙围。虽然从力学观点来看,这种发明构思提出了一种实用的,连续的底部支承,但是都大大降低了做为压力容器的耐压强度,并且损害了容器的整体性。使用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯材料时,尤其是这样,这是因为这种材料不易在自身上焊接,因而在构成裙围的相邻两层之间形成弱的分子联结。因此,底的强度主要取决于这种折叠的机械强度,而不主要依靠形成双轴向容器壁材料的很高的抗拉强度。
本发明涉及由塑性材料吹模法制成的能自立的瓶子或容器,涉及制造这种瓶子的预成形件,也涉及制造这种瓶子所采用的方法和装置。本发明在装含二氧化碳饮料的吹模压力容器领域中具有特殊的实用性。
用能双轴向定向的塑性材料制成的装含二氧化碳饮料的耐压瓶具有一个耐压瓶底,这种瓶底具有整体式单一厚度的下垂支承裙围。瓶子是用这种材料的预成形件吹制的,在预成形件的封闭底部周围也形成一个裙部。在把预成形件吹制成瓶形的过程中,在瓶模中,一组排成环形的爪接合预成形件的裙部,并且在吹力的作用下,在预成形运动同时使其径向拉伸,与模底面相配合。这种由爪的动作操纵的拉伸和导向运动是由于作用在模内预成形件上的吹力产生的,并发生在吹制过程中,因此在吹制瓶子的同时也形成了单一厚度的环形裙围。
本发明提供一种具有耐压底部的容器,其中实现了底部的整体性和材料的双轴向定向,预成形件最终制成瓶形时除了吹制过程中出现的自然拉伸,并没有破坏曲面形的瓶底。预成形件的下垂环形裙部最后形成瓶子的整体的单一厚度的支承裙围,预成形件的下垂环形裙部的内表面上以精确的间隔被导向和拉伸机构的爪的远端接合或接触,并使之在容器吹制过程中绕容器的中心线对称地膨胀。其后,爪从整个裙围的内表面缩回以便可以取出制成的容器。
这些爪的径向向外运动受凸轮控制以便配合料泡的吹制和容积的膨胀,因此,在成品上形成预定尺寸的环形裙围。裙围在轴向上超过了在裙围的范围内瓶底壁的最深点,因此,裙围的下部圆形边缘在一个公共平面上终止,从而为整个瓶子提供了稳定直立的支承。
本发明的一项内容是用吹模法制造耐压容器如装含二氧化碳饮料的瓶子所用的预成形件,它具有一个带螺纹的颈部,一个管状中部和一个圆形底部,其特征在于:一整体的下垂裙部围绕着底部,形成管状中部的轴向延伸部分。该裙部适用于形成成品瓶的支承平台。本发明的另一项内容是提供了一种用能双轴向拉伸的塑性材料吹模制成的瓶子,它具有一个耐压瓶底,其特征在于:一个单一厚度的下垂裙围做为瓶底的一个整体部分而成形,并且构成瓶子的底部支承。
本发明的另一项内容是制造能自立瓶子的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:用可双轴向拉伸的材料制成一个瓶子的预成形件,它具有一个封闭的底部和围绕该底部的一个环形下垂裙部;把该预成形件放入一个吹模的空腔;吹制该预成形件,同时撑住裙部使其相对瓶子而言向外向下拉伸以形成支承平台。
本发明还有一项内容是使用可双轴向拉伸的塑性材料模制瓶底具有整体支承的瓶子的一种装置,它包括一个拉伸机构,其中有一组爪可穿过模的底部运动并进入模腔的内部。当把预成形件放入模腔时,这些爪的端部可接合预成形件裙部的内表面。这些爪由凸轮面操纵或具有凸轮面,在把预成形件吹入模腔时,使这些爪接合预成形件裙部的同时相互散开。在吹制过程中预成形件的运动被传递到爪机构,使爪退回即向模底移动,同时,使裙部扩张,并且随着爪移向模底,这些爪就沿着预成形件的底部径向拉伸。
为便于理解本发明,将对照以下附图作详细说明:
图1是按照本发明制造的瓶子的立体图;
图2是沿图1中2-2线的瓶子的耐压底的放大剖视图;
图3是制造图1所示瓶子时采用的本发明预成形件的放大剖视图;
图4所示立体图为把图3的预成形件放入模腔时,本发明的装置,其中某些零件被截断;
图5所示与图2相似,表示在吹模操作过程中部分成形的瓶子;
图6所示与图4相似,表示模制操作中更进一步的阶段;
图7所示与图4相似,表示模制操作的最后阶段;
图8是本发明使裙围成形的机构的横剖面,表示如图4所示爪进入预成形件裙部时各零件的位置。
图9所示与图8相似,表示爪与预成形件裙部进入压紧接合时的位置;
图10所示与图8相似,但是表示相应于图6所示位置的进一步运动后的各零件的位置;
图11所示与图8相似,但是表示相应于图7所示位置的各零件的位置;
图12所示平面图表示爪处于图9所示的位置。
图1中,按照本发明的吹制的塑料耐压容器或瓶子20是由聚对苯二甲酸乙醇酯(PET)制成的,用来装含二氧化碳的饮料,瓶子20具有一个基本呈圆柱形的瓶壁部分22,一个瓶颈23和适于旋紧瓶盖的带螺纹的上端24,瓶子20也可以具有一个半球曲面的耐压底部25。底部25从其最外直径之内带有一个下垂的,整体的,环形的,单一厚度的裙围28。裙围28在基本平的底面29上终止,并且在瓶的轴向上具有的长度超过了在裙围28的环形范围之内的曲面底25的最大深度。裙围28构成了使瓶子能自立的支承。
图3是瓶子20的预成形件30的剖视图,在图3中部件的标号为图1中相应部件的标号加10。予成形件可以用任何传统的方式如注模法成形并做出一个下垂的裙部38,裙部38将变成在封闭的底部35之下轴向延伸的瓶子20的裙围28。预成形件除以下特征之外都是传统式的:它具有整体的,单一厚度的,环形裙部38,裙部38向下延伸在轴向上超过与其相连的曲面底部35的最大深度。
实行本发明的方法并把裙围28从预成形件30的裙部38扩张到图2所示位置的拉伸或扩张机构40如图4-12所示。为了识到各个部件,请参阅图8,该剖视图表示机构40处于吹模过程开始时的初始位置。图中所示的扩张机构40正处于模41的打开的底部之中,模41具有一个模腔41a(见图4),机构40实际上构成模底开口的封盖,并且机构40的各零件限定了瓶子20的底部25的形状。
机构40安装在气缸42上,气缸42在向上延伸的开槽的安装套44上从模腔向外延伸。安装套44的上端支承铝或类似材料制成的缸体45。如图4所示,缸体45的外圆柱面容纳在模腔41a的开口端中,并且实际上形成模腔的封盖。
在缸体45的底部中有一中空的螺纹套46,上面带有横销47。模销47的两端接合在安装套44上的适当锥孔中。这样,缸体45,安装套44和气缸42就装配成刚性较好的一个单元。
机械地接合预成形件30的裙部38并使裙部38在吹制瓶子的过程中到达瓶子20的裙围28的位置的装置由一组相同的细长而直立的铰接爪50组成。这组爪具有可向外翻转的远端部52,均衡地以环形阵列限定在裙部38之内,并且按照程序在吹制过程的初始阶段径向向外运动,如图9所示,与裙部相接合。
爪50的下端可摆动地安装在环形支承板55上的安装销53上。支承板55装在模腔外并装有爪50,爪50通过缸体45垂直外壁上相应的径向槽54伸入模的内部。支承板55(图9中看得最清楚)具有一中心开口,可滑动地接合在安装套44上,以便在上位和下位之间移动,上位如图8所示,此时,爪被导入裙部38内并与之接合,下位如图11所示,此时,爪被分开在压力模制瓶的底部25时使裙部到达最终位置。
一个开槽的环形保持平板56安装在支承板55的上表面,保持爪下端的位置,并把横销53保持在支承板55上表面的槽57中。压簧58安装在槽57的底部和相应的爪50的底部之间,以便使爪绕横销53转动地向外压。
每个爪都有基本上是直的,通过槽54的第一段50a以及向内斜的第二段50b。这两段的内外缘上都有凸轮接合面,因此,可按程序控制爪的运动达到预期的效果。支承板55借助十字头60与气缸42相连接。十字头60可简便地呈一螺母形式,旋在气缸42的驱动杆63的端部,并可旋接一组长的止动螺栓65的螺纹端。螺栓65的内端旋入十字头60,并且穿过安装套44侧壁上的长槽66,还穿过支承板55。槽66都具有相同的长度,由其长度限定支板55在安装套44上的运动范围。
在模腔中成形瓶子的底部25的过程中,爪50按照程序控制裙部38的扩张。如图5所示,在瓶子20的底部25成形之前,预成形件被基本上吹制成模壁的形状。如图5所示,在最初的吹制阶段与上述吹制过程同时发生的是预成形件在膜腔中的轴向拉长。由扩张机构40控制,爪50在图5所示的吹制操作位置开始最初的径向扩张,这一扩张与瓶子底部的吹制同时完成。凸轮与各爪的内外缘上的凸轮面配合动作从而完成上述运动。
首先,需要撤回爪,以便使端部52排列成直径小于裙部38内径的一个圆,从而使接触端部52易于插入裙部,如图8所示。爪向内反抗压簧59的这一运动是靠爪50的直段50a上的外部锥形凸轮面70与外部环绕的扣环72的相互接合而完成的。扣环72通过隔块73安装于缸体45的上平面,并且有环形的光滑内表面。扣环72限定爪在槽54中的扩张运动的程度,并且保持爪在槽中的装配关系。较短的斜凸轮面70只在图4和8所示的位置时才与扣环72相接合,在接合时接触端部52插入裙部38,支承板55抵住缸体45的底部。
在吹制中,预成形件在内部气压的作用下向下即沿模腔的轴向移动,这一运动被传递到扩张机构40。为了帮助实现这一运动向包括支承板55的机构40的传递,机构40可设有一个中心销80。中心销80具有加大的头部82,其外表面适于与预成形件30的曲面底部35相接合。中心销80的下端旋入十字头60,并可随十字头和支承板55作轴向移动。加大的头部82在吹制中把预成形件运动的力传递到支承板55,从而实现支承板和装配在一起的爪沿图9-11中箭头83所示方向的运动。
预成形件的最初运动使各零件占据图9所示位置,爪50的远端52向外移动开始与裙部38的内表面实现最初的接触并被其限制位置。这一最初的向外接触运动是靠缸体45上的内部环形凸轮90实现的。内凸轮90接合每个爪50的内斜面92,使爪在各自的槽54内绕支承销53摆动。扣环72与爪的直段50a留有足够的间隙从而保证爪在凸轮90和内斜面92的限制下的向外运动。然后,在直段50a的整个范围内,内凸轮90将与内斜面92接触并继续限制爪的这一位置。
为了说明扩张机构40在趋近于吹制收尾时的动作,在图10中以虚线画出与爪有关各零件的幻像。该幻像处于图9所示的位置,图中实线位置表示爪50径向向外的运动,这一运动使裙部38在预成形件吹制到大约如图6所示位置时在一圆周上同时得到扩张。
按照程序,爪50的第二个主要扩张运动是靠着爪的50b段上内斜面95与缸体45上表面上的开槽凸轮或扩张板96相接合而实现的。扩张板96有凹的上表面96a,在瓶底的最后成形中,预成形件的底部35将抵着这个凹上表面96a运动。扩张板96上带有一组边缘槽97,槽数与爪50的数目相应,并且槽与缸体上的槽54轴向对准。扩张板上的槽在与爪的接触内表面98上终止。吹制过程中,随着爪50,销80和支承板55在模内的向下运动,表面98接合爪的斜面95。这使爪,因而也使裙部随着瓶底的扩张同时在图10所示的虚线位置和实线位置之间得到扩张,与此同时,各个爪50发生径向向外的运动。
已经发现,最好要加装一个依托件,如图中所示的稳定环100。环100上有一个上模面102构成板96上表面96a的延续,并且与缸体45有相同的直径。稳定环100在上模面102处有一内径使得该环依托在爪50的倾斜段50b的外斜面上。当爪扩张到图10所示的最终位置,稳定环100向下套住扩张板96的外表面,其最终位置如图11所示。稳定环100的外圆上有一组槽106为空气提供通路,在吹制过程的最后阶段,当预成形件的底部开始接触表面97和102时空气可通过稳定环逸出,否则空气就会滞留在模腔中。
在运动的最后阶段,可以有一个大约等于裙围28的轴向长度的轴向运动范围,在这一过程中最好没有进一步的扩张运动,这是依靠爪50接触端52处的内部直段110与扩张板96的凸轮面98的接合而实现的。这一接合在图10中刚开始,而在图11中已经完成。在这个运动的最后阶段中,底部25成形完毕,裙围28处于稳定环100的内圆柱形上模面102和爪的远端52之间。
爪组件包括爪的支承板55和爪50,使爪组件以箭头83的方向在第一和第二位置之间轴向运动的动力是预成形件本身吹入模内压在销80的加大头部82上,从而由预成形件作用在爪组件上的力。这个力也使头部82把挤压口留在底部35外表面上的乳头状塑料隆起压平。销80和头部82也起到防止底部在吹制过程中过度膨胀的作用。
气缸42是双向的,其主要作用是当模打开时向瓶子提供推出的力,使扩张机构回到如图8所示的第一位置即起始位置。气缸42也可以通过适当的阀门系统(未画出)在吹制操作中提供一个气垫以便有助于控制预成形件在模腔中的运动速度。
本发明的操作过程从前面的描述和图4-7和图8-11中已作介绍。一个图3所示的预成形件模制出一个环状的下垂裙部38,把预成形件以传统的方式插入模腔的颈部以便吹制。扩张机构40移动到图4所示的高位即起始位置,稳定环100坐落在爪的直段50a和斜段50b接合处的肩部,此时正处于图4所示位置。爪50与裙部的接触端部52如图8所示基本排列在一个圆周上,并且受到预成形件裙部38的限位。这一位置是由于外斜面70和外凸轮72的接合而限定的。
在最初的吹制运动中,销80的头部82把爪的支承板55以及十字头60沿箭头83的方向向下移动,脱开凸轮面70与第一个凸轮即外部凸轮72的接合,同时使第二个凸轮,即内凸轮90开始接合爪的内表面92。这一运动使接触端部52向外运动与下垂裙部38牢固接触。
继续吹制预成形件时,包括爪的支承板55和爪50的爪组件以箭头83的方向继续运动,如图10所示,爪的内斜面90和扩张板96的凸轮面98接合,而最后的运动限定了耐压底部25的最终位置,使新成形的下垂裙围28进入稳定环100,到达图11所示位置。这样就形成了图1和图2所示的基本呈圆形的、连续的、整体的,单一厚度的支承裙围,该裙围有一个平的下缘29。下缘29在瓶的轴向上的位置低于耐压底部25的最低点。这个裙围为整个瓶子20提供了一个稳定而牢靠的支承。

Claims (8)

1、一种用吹模法制耐压容器如含二氧化碳饮料的瓶子用的预成形件(30)具有一个带螺纹的颈部(34),一管状中部(32)和一圆形底部(35),其特征在于:一个整体的,环形下垂裙部(38)围绕着瓶子底部(35)并构成管状中部(32)的轴向延伸,该裙部(38)适于形成成品瓶的支承裙围(28)以便把瓶子支承于直立位置。
2、一种吹模法制成的瓶子(20),由可双轴向拉伸的塑料制成并且具有一个耐压底部(25),其特征在于:一个单一厚度的下垂裙围(28)构成所述底部(25)的一个整体部分并且构成把所述瓶子保持在直立位置的支承。
3、一种制造能自立的瓶子(20)如含二氧化碳饮料的瓶子的方法,其特征在于这种方法具有以下步骤:
用能够双轴向拉伸的塑料做成一个瓶子的预成形件,该预成形件具有一个封闭的底部(35)和一个围绕所述底部的环形下垂裙部(38);把所述预成形件插入一个吹制模腔;吹制预成形件,同时撑住所述裙部相对于瓶子向外向下扩张使所述裙部形成一个使瓶子能直立的支承平台。
4、按照权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于:对预成形件(30)的吹制提供扩张所述预成形件裙部(38)的力。
5、按照权利要求3或4所述的方法,其特征在于:所述预成形件裙部(38)在拉伸过程中是在其内圆周上被撑住并以一组相互间隔开的拉伸位置被拉伸的。
6、用可双轴向拉伸的塑料预成形件模制底部(25)上有一整体支承裙围(28)的瓶子的一种机构(40),其中预成形件具有一封闭的底部(35)和在底部上形成的环形下垂裙部,预成形件从模(41)部分地伸入一个中空的瓶子模腔,这种机构的特征在于:
一组爪(50)可通过模底移入模腔内,爪的端部52当预成形件在模腔内放好后接合预成形件裙部(38)的内表面;
在模腔中吹制预成形件的过程中当爪与预成形件裙部接合时,凸轮面95使爪(50)相互扩张开来;
在吹制过程中预成形件的运动使爪退向模底,并且随着爪移向模底使裙部扩张,沿预成形件底部径向拉伸。
7、按照权利要求6所述的机构,其特征在于:模底的一部分(100)设置在爪的包围之中从而限定了被吹制的容器的底部形状。
8、按照权利要求6或7所述的机构,其特征在于使爪退入预成形件裙部中的凸轮面(20、22),使爪扩张开以接合裙部的凸轮面(90、92)以及使爪在其运动过程中扩张开来进入模底凸轮面(95、97)。
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EP0367806A1 (en) 1990-05-16
US4861260A (en) 1989-08-29
WO1989007554A1 (en) 1989-08-24
EP0367806B1 (en) 1993-10-06
EP0367806A4 (en) 1991-10-02
CN1022819C (zh) 1993-11-24
US4952134A (en) 1990-08-28
DE68909740D1 (de) 1993-11-11
KR900700347A (ko) 1990-08-13
BR8905997A (pt) 1990-11-20
DE68909740T2 (de) 1994-05-05
KR970010905B1 (ko) 1997-07-02

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