CN103476628A - 用于机动车高压电池的充电装置、充电系统和充电系统的运行方法 - Google Patents

用于机动车高压电池的充电装置、充电系统和充电系统的运行方法 Download PDF

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CN103476628A
CN103476628A CN2012800160527A CN201280016052A CN103476628A CN 103476628 A CN103476628 A CN 103476628A CN 2012800160527 A CN2012800160527 A CN 2012800160527A CN 201280016052 A CN201280016052 A CN 201280016052A CN 103476628 A CN103476628 A CN 103476628A
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M·托梅斯
T·费尔凯尔
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
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    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
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    • H02H3/26—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents
    • H02H3/32—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors
    • H02H3/33—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to difference between voltages or between currents; responsive to phase angle between voltages or between currents involving comparison of the voltage or current values at corresponding points in different conductors of a single system, e.g. of currents in go and return conductors using summation current transformers
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于机动车（3）高压电池（4）的充电装置（2），尤其是装在机动车（3）内的充电装置（2），其中，所述充电装置（2）可通过一连接装置（7）与交流电网（6）连接，该连接装置（7）包括一检测不出至少一种故障电流类型的故障电流、尤其是直流故障电流的故障电流保护开关（8），其中，所述充电装置（2）包括一可控的部件和一用于检测所述故障电流类型的故障电流的故障电流检测装置（19），所述故障电流识别装置（19）被设计用于这样控制所述部件以改变故障电流的特性，使得该故障电流可通过所述故障电流保护开关（8）检测出。

Description

用于机动车高压电池的充电装置、充电系统和充电系统的运行方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种机动车高压电池的充电装置，尤其是一种装在机动车中的充电装置，其中，充电装置可通过一连接装置与交流电网相连接，该连接装置包括一故障电流保护开关，该故障电流保护开关检测不出至少一种故障电流类型的故障电流、即直流故障电流。此外本发明还涉及一种带有此种充电装置和连接装置的充电系统以及用于运行充电系统的方法。
背景技术
已知机动车也能够借助于电能运行，其中，不仅公开了电动车，即其驱动能仅从电蓄能器、尤其是高压电池获得的机动车，而且还公开了混合动力车辆，其中驱动能除了从高压电池获取外还可从另一种能源尤其是化石能源中获取。
为了能够给这种机动车的高压电池充电，建议通过通常的交流电网、例如该机动车使用者家里的电网给所述高压电池——尤其是和一低压电池一起——充电。该另外设置的低压电池（也称作车载电网电池）通常具有大约12V的电压，而高压电池具有比低压电池更高的电压，尤其是50V以上的电压。电池电压在150V到270V之间的高压电池也是已知的并被加以使用。因此需要一个专门的充电系统给高压电池——优选给高压电池和低压电池一起——充电。一充电器（下面称为充电装置）在此可以装在机动车中并具有一接口，带有充电电缆的适配插头可以插入该接口中。所述充电电缆在另一侧上尤其是通过一电箱或者类似装置与交流电网相连接，如有必要还可以设置一充电桩，该充电桩带有相应的充电电缆作为连接到交流电网的连接装置。
因为此时以高压和高电流工作，因此众所周知要在充电基础设施（以下称为连接装置）中设置一作为防止触电的保护装置的故障电流保护开关（FI-开关）。在此，一个这样的故障电流保护开关例如可以在充电桩、电箱中装在充电电缆中或者插头本身中。也可以设想，在交流电网的标准插座里或其附近已经设置了该FI-开关。出于对花费和结构空间的考虑，在这种情况下通常都使用A型的故障电流保护开关（A型FI)，然而情况表明，A型故障电流保护开关不能检测出可能在充电装置中出现的所有故障电流。在此是所谓的直流故障电流，该直流故障电流充其量可用B型故障电流保护开关检测出，然而所述B型故障电流保护开关体积非常大并且成本高，因此通常较少使用。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于，按如下方式改进充电装置，使得在不能由所设置的故障电流保护开关、尤其是A型故障电流保护开关检测出的电流方面提高了操作人员的安全性。
为了实现该目的，根据本发明在开头所述类型的充电装置中规定，该充电装置包括一可控制的部件和一用于对所述故障电流类型的故障电流进行检测的故障电流检测装置，该故障电流检测装置设计成这样控制所述部件以改变故障电流的特性，使得所述故障电流能被所述故障电流保护开关检测出。
在此，故障电流保护开关尤其为A型故障电流保护开关，相应地，不能被检测到的故障电流、也就是至少一种故障电流类型的故障电流是直流故障电流。这样的直流故障电流尤其出现在连接在给高压电池如有必要还有低压电池充电时所需的整流装置下游的部件的区域中。本发明的构思正是，在充电器也就是充电装置的内部检测出故障电流并且作为对此的反应这样改变故障电流的特性，使得故障电流保护开关尤其是A型FI可以识别故障电流并且相应地关断所述系统。这样，在无需更大更贵的故障电流保护开关尤其是B型故障电流保护开关的情况下，也可以维持充电系统所必要的安全性。
在本发明特别合宜的设计方案中，所述部件是一可以通过所述控制被去激活的功率因数校正滤波器（PFC，功率因数校正器）。在此可以规定，为了去激活功率因数校正滤波器，该功率因数校正滤波器的一节拍脉冲元件、尤其晶体管是可以被去激活的。这种大多被称为PFC的功率因数校正滤波器能将干扰的谐波成分减少到最低限度并以此使功率因数尽可能地接近1。在此在充电装置中使用一有源谐波滤波器的设计方案，该有源谐波滤波器紧接在整流器的下游并且是一升压斩波器，该升压斩波器将电压升高到例如450V的所需的中间电压。这种有源PFC是可控的，因为一开关网络部分或开关作为功率因数校正滤波器的节拍脉冲元件按照正弦形的网络电压时间曲线跟踪所接收的电流。情况表明，当所述功率因数校正滤波器是激活的时，所产生的直流故障电流（其例如在PFC之后出现）只具有直流故障电流的特性。相应地建议，使所述功率因数校正滤波器去激活，使得故障电流的特性转变成可由故障电流保护开关检测出的特性。这样在关断该功率因数校正滤波器后，连接装置中的A型故障电流保护开关仍可以识别和断开该故障电流。
在本发明其他设计方案中可以规定，把该故障电流检测装置设计成一剩余电流监视器（RCM）。这样的RCM的原理是已知的并且监控电气设备中的电流差。在规定的电流差被超过时，该RCM——尤其是通过报警触头——对临界数值的超过进行报警，从而该警报可以被用于通过相应控制所述部件来合适地改变被检测出的故障电流的特性。
在此特别有利的是，故障电流检测装置被设计用于检测多种、尤其是所有故障电流类型。这样当特性发生合适的改变时，所述故障电流检测装置形成一种返回平面/回归平面（Rückfallebene）。
除了充电装置外本发明还涉及一种包括本发明充电装置和连接装置的充电系统。关于充电装置的全部的实施例都可以类似地移用到充电系统上，从而因此也可以实现本发明的优点。在这里还要说明的是，该故障电流保护开关可以设置在连接装置的不同部件中，尤其是在电箱、充电桩、插头中，或者甚至可以被设置成家庭基础设施的一部分，例如装在一标准插座中。
最后本发明还涉及一种用于运行用于机动车高压电池的充电系统、尤其是本发明充电系统的方法，该充电系统因此包括一有利地可以装在机动车本身中的充电装置。一连接装置能够将用于给高压电池充电的充电装置与交流电网连接，其中，连接装置包括一故障电流保护开关，该故障电流保护开关不能检测出至少一种故障电流类型的故障电流，尤其是直流故障电流。根据本发明的方法，在充电装置内部测量故障电流，并且在存在不能由故障电流保护开关检测出的故障电流的情况下这样改变该故障电流的特性，使得该故障电流被故障电流保护开关检测出。因此在本发明方法的框架范围内，将不能被检测出的故障电流类型的故障电流转换成可以通过故障电流保护开关检测出的故障电流类型的故障电流，所述故障电流保护开关因此断开并且将充电系统与交流电网分离。关于本发明充电装置的全部的实施例也都可以移用到本发明的方法上。
附图说明
由以下所示的实施例以及借助附图给出本发明的其他优点和具体细节。
在此，唯一的附图示出本发明充电系统的原理图。
具体实施方式
图1示出本发明充电系统1的原理图。所述充电系统包括装在未详细示出的机动车3中的充电装置2。该充电装置2用于给设置在机动车3内的高压电池4充电，该高压电池在当前所示的实例中需要在200V范围内的充电电压。所述机动车3此外还包括一同样可通过充电系统1充电的低压电池5（车载电网电池）。该低压电池5在此以12V的电池电压工作，高压电池通常来说以更高的电池电压工作。
充电装置2以来自通常的交流电网6、例如在德国通用的220V交流电网的交流电运行。为了能将装在机动车3内的充电器2与交流电网6连接，设置有一连接装置7，这里仅示意性示出该连接装置的重要部件。所述连接装置7可包括一在两侧都配备有插头的充电电缆，其中一个插头可插入充电装置2的一相应的、这里未详细示出的接口内，另一个插头例如可插入交流电网6的一通常的插座内。为了避免在操作人员身上发生触电，所述连接装置包括一故障电流保护开关8，该故障电流保护开关在这里设计成A型的故障电流保护开关。所述故障电流保护开关例如可以设置在连接装置7的插头、连接装置7的电箱、连接装置7的充电桩或类似装置内，然而也可以将该故障电流保护开关例如设置在交流电网6的用于连接充电电缆或者充电桩的插座内或该插座附近，为了本发明的目的，所述插座被视作为连接装置7的部件。
当前所示的是一种单相充电。在这种情况下还要指出的是，如在这种充电系统1中常见的，自然也设置有一安全引线9（PE）。
所述充电装置2如常见的那样首先包括一输入端滤波器10，在该输入端滤波器下游连接有整流器11。紧接在整流器11后面的是一功率因数校正滤波器12（PFC），该功率因数校正滤波器在这儿实现为带有节拍脉冲元件13的有源PFC。所述功率因数校正滤波器12通常在充电装置中使用，因为可以保证从基础设施中获得正弦的载荷。
在所述功率因数校正滤波器12的下游连接有一ZWK-电容器14（中间电路-电容器）。在该电容器之后如常见的那样是一DC-DC-转换器（直流-直流-转换器），该转换器提供在接口16和17上所需的充电电压。
用A型的故障电流保护开关8不可以检测出充电装置2内部的、例如在位置18上的直流故障电流。为了保证提高的安全性，所述充电装置2因此包括一可以检测出直流故障电流的故障电流检测装置19。在本实施例中故障电流检测装置19是剩余电流监视器（RCM）。如果所述剩余电流监视器测量故障电流，则规定，功率因数校正滤波器12自动被去激活。这通过关断例如可设计为晶体管的节拍脉冲元件13来发生。通过故障电流检测装置19而导致的功率因数校正滤波器12的去激活具有以下结果，即：直流故障电流的不能由故障电流保护开关8检测出的特性改变成，使得另一种故障电流类型存在于故障电流保护开关8上，所述另一种故障电流类型可以通过该故障电流保护开关检测出。相应地，该故障电流保护开关8对由其检测出的故障电流作出反应并且触发与交流电网6的分离，从而不会由于直流故障电流而出现触电并且保证了操作人员的安全性。
从本说明书中可知，所示的充电系统也被设计用于执行本发明的方法。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于机动车（3）高压电池（4）的充电装置（2），尤其是装在机动车（3）中的充电装置（2），其中，所述充电装置（2）能通过一接口与交流电网（6）连接，连接装置（7）的一外部插头能插入该接口内，所述连接装置（7）包括一检测不出至少一种故障电流类型的故障电流——尤其是直流故障电流——的故障电流保护开关（8），
其特征在于，所述充电装置（2）包括一可控制的部件和一故障电流检测装置（19），该故障电流检测装置用于检测所述故障电流类型的故障电流，所述故障电流检测装置（19）被设计用于这样控制所述部件以改变故障电流的特性，使得故障电流能通过故障电流保护开关（8）检测出。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述部件是一能通过所述控制被去激活的功率因数校正滤波器（12）。
3.根据权利要求2所述的充电装置，其特征在于，为了去激活功率因数校正滤波器（12），所述功率因数校正滤波器（12）的节拍脉冲元件（13）——尤其是晶体管——是能被去激活的。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述故障电流检测装置（19）被设计成一剩余电流监视器。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置，其特征在于，所述故障电流检测装置（19）被设计用于检测多种——尤其是所有——故障电流类型。
6.一种充电系统（1），包括一根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的充电装置（2）和一连接装置（7）。
7.一种用于运行用于机动车（3）高压电池（4）的、根据权利要求6所述的充电系统（1）的方法，其特征在于，在充电装置（2）内部测量故障电流，并且在存在不能通过故障电流保护开关（8）检测出的故障电流的情况下，这样改变该故障电流的特性，使得该故障电流被故障电流保护开关（8）检测出。
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