CN103442878B - 制造具有所需分子取向的压力补偿型滴灌管的装置和方法以及由此获得的管子 - Google Patents

制造具有所需分子取向的压力补偿型滴灌管的装置和方法以及由此获得的管子 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103442878B
CN103442878B CN201280004571.1A CN201280004571A CN103442878B CN 103442878 B CN103442878 B CN 103442878B CN 201280004571 A CN201280004571 A CN 201280004571A CN 103442878 B CN103442878 B CN 103442878B
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pipe
pressure
extrusion
band
blowpipe
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN103442878A (zh
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徳弗兰克·迈克尔·帕特里克
韦恩·马克·道格拉斯
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Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd
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Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29DPRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D23/00Producing tubular articles
    • B29D23/18Pleated or corrugated hoses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G25/00Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
    • A01G25/02Watering arrangements located above the soil which make use of perforated pipe-lines or pipe-lines with dispensing fittings, e.g. for drip irrigation
    • A01G25/026Apparatus or processes for fitting the drippers to the hoses or the pipes
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0018Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by orienting, stretching or shrinking, e.g. film blowing
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/0019Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by flattening, folding or bending
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C48/001Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
    • B29C48/002Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with surface shaping
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/00Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
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    • B29C48/03Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
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    • B29C48/10Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels flexible, e.g. blown foils
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C55/00Shaping by stretching, e.g. drawing through a die; Apparatus therefor
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C59/00Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C59/02Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing
    • B29C59/04Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor by mechanical means, e.g. pressing using rollers or endless belts
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29CSHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
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    • B29WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/739General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
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    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02A40/22Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T156/10Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1002Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina
    • Y10T156/1051Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina by folding

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Soil Sciences (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

一种用于高速制造压力补偿型滴灌管的方法,该方法所制得的管子具有绝对径向取向分子链,该取向增加了管材的强度和弹性。所述方法包括:使用多个挤出机挤出管子;通过使管内压力较之管外压力相对较高,从而使挤出管发泡;拉拔吹塑管与吹管同步进行;通过将瓦解的两半热焊在一起,从而平化吹塑管,并在吹管和拉管工艺后随着形成条带;在条带的一个边缘挤出粘结聚合物;将流体通道印入粘热的粘结聚合物;通过纵向折叠条带并使用粘结聚合物将重叠的边缘热焊在一起,从而形成管子。

Description

制造具有所需分子取向的压力补偿型滴灌管的装置和方法以及由此获得的管子
技术领域
本发明涉及制造压力补偿型滴灌管的生产线、采用该生产线制造压力补偿型滴灌管的相关方法以及通过此方法所获得的压力补偿型滴灌管。本发明尤其涉及高速生产具有绝对径向取向分子链的压力补偿型滴灌管的方法和装置。
更具体地说,本发明涉及高速生产具有绝对径向取向分子链的薄壁压力补偿型滴灌管的方法和装置,该取向增加了管材的强度和弹性。
背景技术
目前在制造塑料材料的方法中有一个众所周知的事实,当构成聚合物的分子链(线状分子)不保留自然混乱(错综复杂)排列而是被定向时,聚合物的机械性能会发生本质变化。一般来说,取向会将塑料材料中的分子定向至各自方向,从而增强给定方向的物品强度。通常优选塑料材料的双轴取向,以便通过两个互相垂直方向——轴向方向和周向或径向方向——上热塑材料的分子取向来改善机械性能。
如果是塑料管,分子取向被授予周向(径向取向)以便增强塑料管的耐压性;被授予纵向(轴向取向)以便增强管子的抗拉强度。更具体地说,径向取向可提供较高的拉伸屈服容许应力(即较高的弹性极限)。拉伸屈服容许应力越高,抵抗给定内部压力所需的管壁厚度越薄。同样,当分子取向为轴向时,轴向的拉伸屈服应力要高得多,而且容许断裂延伸率(张力)要低得多。然而,由于在操作灌溉管时可能发生意外,断裂延伸率(张力)必须尽可能高些。
但是,对于管子轴向上的拉伸屈服高应力尚没有具体要求。因此,最为理想的是管子取向为径向,同时轴向取向为最小或没有,以便生产具有较高径向拉伸屈服应力(以承受较高内部压力)和较高断裂拉伸率(以便在制造管子过程中承受纵向应力)的管子。此类管子在滴灌系统具有较高的实用性。然而,凭借目前用于生产滴灌管的整套机器,无法既实现成品管的分子取向和/或管壁厚度,同时又保持所需的高速生产。
在现有技术中,已知的几种制造定向塑料材料的的方法和装置,吹膜技术最常用于制造具有径向和轴向取向结合的塑料膜。在吹膜技术中,熔融聚合物从挤出机头进入模具,在这里围绕心轴流动,然后通过环形口形成管状。由通过心轴中央进入的内部空气压力将管子扩张至所需直径大小的气泡。气泡中含有的空气充当永久成型心轴。
这样,在吹胀过程中薄膜获得环向(径向取向)分子取向;通过来自下游辊子的拉力可以诱发流动方向上的其他取向(纵向取向)。薄膜气泡通过导向装置向前移动至一套对其进行平化的夹送辊。然而,吹膜技术通常用于制造带子和薄膜,而不用于制造长管。
目前业界用于制造滴灌管的方法和装置是基于管子挤出方法和/或其变体。在这些方法中,用于挤出管子的模具由带有锥形心轴和外模环的模体构成,分别控制管子的内径和外径尺寸。代表性地,位于模具总成面上的模板(具有适当的几何孔)被称为“校准器”,其构成了目前使用的管子挤出机中不可缺少的一部分。在经过校准器时,熔融聚合物会受到较高的表面阻力,导致较高的摩擦力,并减少流经孔口的较薄部分。这样,生产线中的校准器尽管对于确定管子参数至关重要,却是生产速度的限制因素。表面阻力导致滴灌管的生产速率降低,尤其对于直径较小的管子来说。尽管可以通过改变孔口形状来克服这种影响,但这经常造成孔口形状与所需挤压型材之间的巨大差异。因此,目前业界通过在校准器下游使用真空吸盘克服了减少流量这一问题。该真空吸盘尽管增加了挤出带条的通过速度,但进一步增加了摩擦力,因此挤出的管子受到较高的纵向拉伸和轴向膨胀。这无意中导致成品管中分子链的过度轴向取向。因此,尽管校准器是目前所用机器的十分重要的组件,但其阻碍了生产速度,为了提高生产速度所做的任何努力都会对形成的管子施加不必要的纵向拉伸(轴向取向),从而影响管子的机械性能。尽管已经过定向的管子可以进一步接受稳定工序,包括重新加热并使管子膨胀至预定直径,随后在包含能够确定成品管道直径的校准设备的冷却室内对其进行冷却,但这将是非常漫长的工序,当然不具备成本效益。因此,目前使用的管子挤出法没有考虑生产工艺中产生的过度轴向取向,因此不适于授予所需的高速生产和低成本的分子取向。
因此,在目前所用的系统中,滴灌管的生产速度需要针对最小轴向拉伸的要求进行补偿。高速制造所需分子链取向的小直径管子会更加困难,因为随管子直径的减小,表面阻力增加,流动速率或通过速度也相应降低。在这种情况下,纵向拉伸变得不可避免,为提高生产速度而使用真空吸盘会进一步增加纵向拉伸。
此外,由于径向取向程度决定承受内部流体压力的管子刚度,因此,管子的轴向取向越多,则径向取向越少,管子的壁厚越大,需要这样才能承受给定的内部压力。因此,根据上述现有技术的方法和系统,其中相当的纵向拉伸(以及由此产生的轴向取向)是不可避免的,除非用生产速度进行部分补偿,由于径向取向减少,因此需要更大的壁厚来承受给定的内部流体压力。增加的壁厚导致消耗额外原料以及由此造成的额外生产成本。
此外,这还导致生产工艺中的不一致性和复杂性。
除上述外,由于采用现有技术生产的管子的管壁较厚,因此需要在校准器下游相当远的距离进行双向拉伸。因此,需要有多个加热和冷却面板接替重新加热管道,以便获得所需的拉伸和/或管子厚度。此外,塑料管材通常必须进行旋转,以便获得一定程度的均匀加热。由于现有技术中的上述缺点,因此需要很长时间才能使塑料管材达到所需温度。
此外众所周知,在现有技术中由纵向折叠的柔软塑料条制造塑料管。条带的两个边缘互相重叠并连在一起,以形成扁平空心管。随后,在压力下,条带展开成为通常的圆柱形以提供主管道。通常,滴灌带还包括沿着由塑料条的重叠边缘形成的接缝的小得多的次级管道。将较小的管道连接到主管道上,以形成一较狭窄的水流通路,从而降低液体流动速率。然而,制造薄膜和片材的方法会遭受上述弊端。
有几种方法可以采用叠层泡沫法用薄膜制造滴灌管,例如美国专利5591293,此外,有几种方法可以采用传统挤出喷嘴用聚合物珠粒制造灌溉软管,例如美国专利4642152(查宾法)。然而,这些方法都有一定的限制。采用传统挤出喷嘴的查宾法比较昂贵而且效率较低。此外,如果用查宾法制造由两种材料构成的管子(一种材料形成主体,另一种材料形成压力响应/压力补偿膜),则会存在某些限制。例如,将压力响应膜置于合适位置在技术上非常困难。如果放置不正确,则查宾工艺不会达到有效而准确的结果。此方法的另一个缺点是,它涉及流路与齿的结合,然而,通过此方法获得的压力补偿的响应相对较少。此外,现有技术中所知的方法不能解决获得强度而不增加刚度的要求。因此需要一种工艺,允许快速生产由两种不同材料构成的滴灌管,尤其包括薄壁且直径较小的管子。
发明目的
因此,本发明的主要目的是提供一种方法和装置,用于高速生产滴灌管,同时又能实现所需的管子最低或零纵向拉伸,以及由此造成的分子链最低或零轴向取向。
尤其是,本发明的目的是提供一种方法和装置,用于高速生产薄壁压力补偿型滴灌管,具有较小的直径且其分子链具有所需的径向和轴向取向。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种方法,通过就管子主体正确放置压力响应膜,从而能够优化利用查宾法(Chapin)工艺来生产由两种不同材料(一种材料形成主体,另一种材料形成压力响应/压力补偿膜)构成的压力补偿型滴灌管。通过与主体材料一起一致共挤压力响应膜,然后在适当位置折叠膜,从而确保放置正确。
所附权利要求书和以下说明中将公开本发明的更多目的和有利实施方案。
发明内容
一种制造滴灌管的方法,该方法包括(a)采用多个挤出机挤出管子;(b)通过使管内压力较之管外压力相对较高,从而使挤出管发泡;(c)拉拔吹塑管与吹管同步进行;(d)通过将瓦解的两半热焊在一起,从而平化吹塑管,并在吹管和拉管工艺后随着形成条带;(e)在条带的一个边缘挤出粘结聚合物;(f)将流体通道印入粘热的粘结聚合物;(g)通过纵向折叠条带并使用粘结聚合物将重叠的边缘热焊在一起,从而形成管子;其特征在于,对挤出管的吹气给予分子链径向取向,由密封辊进行的同步拉管的速度可以被任意改变,以确定范围从绝对零值至绝对最大值的轴向取向。
一条制造滴灌管的生产线,该生产线包括:(a)用于挤出管子的多个挤出机;(b)促使管内压力较之管外压力相对较高的装置;(c)用于同步进行拉拔吹塑管与吹管的装置;(d)用于通过将瓦解的两半热焊在一起,从而平化吹塑管,并在吹管和拉管工艺后随着形成条带的装置;(e)用于在条带的一个边缘挤出粘结聚合物的装置;(f)用于将流体通道印入粘热的粘结聚合物的装置;(g)用于通过纵向折叠条带并使用粘结聚合物将重叠的边缘热焊在一起,从而形成管子的装置;其特征在于,挤出管吹气与由密封辊实现的拉拔条带同步进行,以便分别启用径向和轴向取向,其中密封辊的速度可以被任意改变,以确定范围从绝对零值至绝对最大值的轴向取向。
一种要在滴灌系统中使用的滴灌管,所述滴灌管包括:(a)由含有一层或更多层纵向折叠条带形成的壁;(b)折叠条带的重叠部分之间的粘结聚合物;(c)形成为粘结聚合物的流体通道,包括多个入口、一个流量限制迷路和多个出口,其特征在于,聚合物的分子链取向为径向方向,聚合物的分子链轴向方向不取向或几乎不取向。
附图说明
图1为完整的生产线。
图2为生产线中挤出机轮廓的剖视图。
图3为生产线中挤出机轮廓的顶视图。
图4所示为由雕刻片材形成的滴灌管。
图5所示为所形成的管中的分子链取向。
图6所示为压力补偿型管的薄膜,该薄膜包括两部分——主体部分以及附在主体上的压力响应膜。
图7所示为包含压力响应膜和水流通路的片材,滴灌管由此构成。
图8、9和10所示为图7中片材的折叠,详细说明水流通路区域与压力响应膜相互之间的布置。
图11所示为共挤和气泡形成。
图12所示为用于对两种不同材料(分别用于主体和压力响应条带)进行喂料以便共挤的工具。
具体实施方式
因此,通过前面的描述可以确定,高速生产具有所需机械性能的滴灌管是有需求的。本发明认识到与现有设计相关的所有问题,并提供一种改善的系统和方法来制造滴灌管。
如上文所述,发明人明确地陈述了分子链的绝对径向取向配置(最小或零轴向取向)对于滴灌管的用途非常有利。结果发现,具有径向取向的滴灌管在径向上硬度非常高,以便使用最小量的聚合物承受内部水压。此外,在此类径向取向中,管子在轴向方向具有弹性,以便抵抗加工过程中的操作错误。通过在不同方向上调整不同的材料性能,从而可以随意地实现不同程度上合意的效果组合。
例如聚丙烯,取向薄膜的拉伸屈服应力比非取向薄膜高五倍,取向薄膜的断裂延伸率比非取向薄膜低10倍。因此,使滴灌管具有绝对径向分子取向是有益的,以便管子处于径向取向状态,以承受较高拉伸屈服应力,并且处于轴向非取向状态,以给予较高的断裂拉伸率。在高速制造滴灌管的情况下,这些性质在本质上非常有利。除此之外,本发明还提供一种方法,用于高速生产此类取向管,而凭借目前使用的系统必定是不可能的,因为随着生产速度的提高势必会出现纵向拉伸(以及轴向取向)。
图1至图5所示为根据本发明制得的管体中实现所需分子取向的基本配置。图6至图10涉及这样制造的管子的结构。图11涉及共挤工艺,图12涉及用于实现共挤的工具。
图1所示为根据本发明采用多个基本组件而构成的生产线。在本实施例中,所示管子在水平方向从右到左进行生产,当然,管子也可以在垂直方向进行生产,如在吹塑膜生产中常见的那样,从下到上或从上到下,两种工序均被采用且两种工序均有优缺点。图中显示了挤出机10,挤出机10包括一挤压头,通过该挤压头挤出具有外径D的管子。此管通常由单层构成,但也可以是多层,由多层构成时当然需要不止一台挤出机。挤出机下游的一对密封辊14主要具有两重功能:第一,密封辊的速度决定了吹塑膜承受的纵向拉伸;第二,平化挤出管,从而在管头12内部形成封闭容积。该容积的压力维持高于大气压力。挤出管吹胀至直径为挤出直径D的1.5至5倍。一对冷辊30进一步平化管子,并将两半热焊在一起。从挤压头到辊子的短的路线中,管子的外表面在预冷日历16中进行稍微冷却;其中管子的内表面基本保持为挤出温度,以促使将平化的管子的两半热焊在一起。通过两个辊子可以确保所产生的条带厚度一致。或者,可以对辊子进行塑形,以生产不恒定厚度的条带(即要重叠的周边部分较薄)。对条带进行冷却后,将其降至所需温度,远低于挤出温度。如有必要,通过在切边台34上切掉一边或两边的条子,从而使条带达到精确宽度。如有需要,对塑形条带进行测量和积聚。在以下步骤中,使条带形成滴灌管,重叠部分包含水流通道。由细长扁平条状的柔性材料制成滴灌管的工艺涉及所生产管子的纵向折叠。
下面根据本发明装配的生产线详细说明生产具有径向取向分子链的滴灌管的方法。本发明包含熔融塑料从挤出机挤出后的吹管。吹管意味着径向拉伸管子,从而给予分子链相同方向的取向。同时,由密封辊14的速度施加给管子的前进速度,选择这样一种方式,即纵向上很少或没有拉伸,因此没有轴向分子取向。发明人发现,在挤出之后以适当的速度同步进行吹管和拉管以及随后的平化工艺不仅可以避免使用校准器,而且还可以以非常高的速度实现所需径向取向而没有任何限制。在径向吹管和纵向拉伸(如有需要)之后,由密封辊本身实现管子平化。根据本发明,可以对辊子速度进行设置,在某种方式中挤出管经受最小或零纵向拉伸。优选地,密封辊的速度等于管子的挤出速度,以实现最小或零纵向拉伸。然而,可能有一些罕见的应用中,在轴向也需要较高的拉伸屈服应力和相应较低的断裂拉伸率。在这种情况下,根据本发明,通过简单地增加辊子速度以提供相应的纵向拉伸和轴向取向,即可轻易达到成品中所需的轴向取向。因此,仅通过改变径向吹塑管下游的密封辊速度,即可改变管子的轴向取向。这样,通过在一边调整挤出管和吹塑管之间的直径比,在另一边调整密封辊所强加的拉伸速度,从而可以获得任何程度的取向。在穿过辊子的过程中,使管子受压以制成双轴拉伸条带片材。
在制成扁平条带或所需取向和厚度的片材后,后面的步骤包括通过纵向折叠片材形成滴灌管,其中重叠部分包含水流通道。对于这些用片材制造管子的后续步骤,现有技术中有几种具有各自优缺点的方法可用于本发明。
在一种优选实施例中,可以使用下列方法:
在已知的方法中,使用挤出机和应用机头在条带的一边附近挤出聚合物层。随后的凹凸印轮将流量限制迷路以及进水通道和出水通道印入挤出聚合物层。通过已知的方法,使条带形成具有重叠部分的管子。将这些在凹凸印通道中包含聚合物的部分热焊在一起,以形成管子。
图1中,将备好的滴灌管在冷却槽30中进行冷却,而且通常将其绕在线轴44上。同样已知的是一种略微不同的工序,该工序将流体通道印入条带的一边,不再需要挤出机;并且无需附加聚合物层即可将条带的两边热焊在一起。
根据本发明所述的滴灌管是通过将细长条带折叠成管子而制得。在形成管子时,是通过将条带的两边重叠起来实现的。重叠部分填充有粘结聚合物,其包括由入口、流量限制迷路和出口构成的流体通道。
图4所示为这种滴灌管的典型代表。根据本发明的管子的特性为将聚合物的线状分子链取向为垂直于管子的纵向范围,如图5所示。
在给出的示例中,分子链的取向的检测不易,因为这需要精密工具来执行检测。相反的,机械性能的测量很容易,如拉伸屈服应力和断裂延伸率(张力)。根据本发明所述的管子显示出在轴向较高的断裂延伸率和较低的拉伸屈服应力,并且在径向较低的断裂延伸率和较高的拉伸屈服应力。
下面是图6至图10附图标记列表:
(1)主体
(2)压力响应膜
(3)狭缝入口
(4)狭缝出口
(5)锯齿(齿)
(6)侧轨
(7)交叉
图6至图10所示为这样制造的管子的结构。
要完成压力补偿,首先要形成具有比薄膜主体1稍薄的薄膜部分2的薄膜。在制成薄膜后形成狭缝3。所得到的薄膜如图6所示。最终将形成较之薄膜主体稍薄的部分2,以构成压力响应区域。采用共挤方法也可以形成这种薄膜,该方法中,较薄或响应部分2可以由更具弹性的材料,例如聚乙烯弹性体构成,以便存在相容性共挤。图12所示为共挤和气泡形成工艺。这样增强了最终形成的产品对压力变化的响应。图6所示为带有制成薄膜后所形成的狭缝入口3和出口4的薄膜。
然后,薄膜通过含有刀片的辊子,同时形成狭缝出口和狭缝入口。所形成的狭缝与水流通路一致。
一旦形成薄膜1,接着通过一系列辊子以形成管子,较薄部分2在所形成的管子内部重叠,如图8、9和10所示。然后将薄膜预折叠成最终结构,并且在密封之前形成流动轨迹5、6和7,流动轨迹5、6和7是通过要进行重叠和密封的较薄部分2正下方的网络的上面部分或较厚部分中的转轮形成的。在一种情况下,形成流路的锯齿5的齿不接触相邻的薄膜,以便提供不同长度的压力补偿流路。在另一种方法中,齿间可能有足够的间隔,以使流路随压力变化而变窄。还设有一个用于在连续通路中分隔每个发射体的交叉7以及用于在通道中分隔和密封发射体的侧轨6。
制造条带的最后一种方法是,将流路压入辊组中的夹轮,然后当气泡挤压在辊子上时,同时将其挤压成凸起而形成发射体。出口和入口由狭缝形成,并且可以将包含的导轨热封在一起。压力补偿的较薄部分也可以纳入这一设计。
图11所示为共挤工艺。如图所示,主体的材料从主挤出机移动至主体的分布环。材料从分布环进一步移动至压缩区。同时,压力响应膜的材料移动至另一个分布环,并从那里进一步移动至压缩区。当这两种材料靠近压缩区时,对其进行热封。在压缩区空气被注入复合材料,对复合材料进行吹气,从而形成气泡。进一步按图1所示方法对该吹塑材料进行加工。
图12所示为用于喂两种材料(用于管子主体的材料和用于压力响应膜的材料)的工具的垂直横截面。如图所示,该工具包含两个空心槽,用于容纳这两种材料。通过相应槽将相应材料喂入如图11所示的共挤机。

Claims (13)

1.一种高速制造用于压力补偿型滴灌管的管子的方法,包括:
a.使用多个挤出机挤出聚合物形成一挤出管;
b.通过向挤出管内引入压力,对挤出管进行吹气;
c.拉拔吹塑管与吹管同步进行,拉管的前进速度是由密封辊的速度施加而来,纵向上很少或没有拉伸,因此没有轴向分子取向;
d.对挤出管的分子链给予径向取向;
e.通过使用一对冷辊将瓦解的两半热焊在一起平化吹塑管,并在吹管和拉管工艺之后立即形成条带;
f.在条带的一边挤出粘结聚合物;
g.将流体通道印入粘热的粘结聚合物;
h.通过纵向折叠条带并使用粘结聚合物将重叠边缘热焊在一起,从而形成管子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:向管内引入的压力高于外部管压。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:吹塑管的直径是挤出直径的1.5至5倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:对挤出管同步进行吹气和拉伸,从而给予分子链径向取向。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于:可以任意改变拉伸的前进速度,以确定范围从绝对零值到绝对最大值的轴向取向。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述密封辊的速度等于管子的挤出速度。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:所述挤出管的内表面维持在挤出温度。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:进一步平化所述吹塑管是通过一套冷辊来实现的。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于:利用挤出机在条带的一个边缘附近挤出聚合物层。
10.一种用于完成压力补偿的方法,包括:
a.采用共挤方法形成较之薄膜主体稍薄的薄膜部分,该共挤方法包括:
(1)主体的材料从主挤出机移动至主体的分布环;
(2)材料从所述分布环进一步移动至压缩区;
(3)同时,压力响应膜的材料移动至另一个分布环,并从那里进一步移动至压缩区;
(4)当这两种材料靠近压缩区时,对其进行热封;
(5)在压缩区将空气注入复合材料,其对复合材料进行吹气,从而形成气泡;
b.通过穿过含有刀片的辊子,形成狭缝入口和出口;
c.在步骤a中形成的部分最终形成压力响应区。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于:采用共挤方法形成薄膜,其中响应部分由弹性材料构成,以便存在相容性共挤。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于:所述弹性材料为聚乙烯弹性体。
13.一种用于高速制造压力补偿型滴灌管的生产线,该生产线包括:
a.用于挤出聚合物的多个挤出机;
b.用于向管子内部引入压力的引入压力装置;
c.用于拉拔吹塑管与吹管同步进行的拉拔与吹管同步装置;
d.用于通过将瓦解的两半热焊在一起从而平化吹塑管,并在吹管和拉管工艺之后立即形成条带的条带形成装置;
e.用于在条带的一边挤出粘结聚合物的粘结聚合物挤出装置;
f.用于将流体通道印入粘热的粘结聚合物的流体通道印入装置;
g.用于通过纵向折叠条带并使用粘结聚合物将重叠边缘热焊在一起,从而形成管子的管子形成装置;
h.用于对主体材料和压力响应膜材料进行喂料以便共挤的工具,包含两个空心槽,所述空心槽用于容纳所述的主体材料和压力响应膜材料。
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