CN103250284B - 负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 - Google Patents
负极活性材料和包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103250284B CN103250284B CN201180058590.8A CN201180058590A CN103250284B CN 103250284 B CN103250284 B CN 103250284B CN 201180058590 A CN201180058590 A CN 201180058590A CN 103250284 B CN103250284 B CN 103250284B
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- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
- B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
- B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
- B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
- B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种能够使离子嵌入和脱嵌的二次电池用负极活性材料以及一种包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池,所述负极活性材料包含:包含结晶碳基材料的核,以及复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及亲水性材料,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,其包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及亲水性材料中选出的一种组分;以及填料,所述填料包含另一种组分并被加入到所述基材中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种负极活性材料以及一种包含所述负极活性材料的二次电池。更具体地,本发明涉及一种能够使离子嵌入和脱嵌的二次电池用负极活性材料,其包含:包含结晶碳基材料的核;以及包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及亲水性材料的复合涂层,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,其包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及亲水性材料中选出的一种组分;以及填料,其包含另一种组分并加入到所述基材中。
背景技术
移动装置的技术开发和需求的增加,导致对作为能源的二次电池的需求快速增加。在这些二次电池中,具有高能量密度和电压、长循环寿命和低自放电的锂二次电池可商购获得,并被广泛使用。
另外,对环境问题的关注的增加,引起了与电动车辆、混合电动车辆和插入式混合电动车辆相关的大量研究,所述电动车辆、混合电动车辆和插入式混合电动车辆作为使用化石燃料的车辆如汽油车辆和柴油车辆的替代品,所述使用化石燃料的车辆是空气污染的主要原因。通常这些电动车辆通常使用镍金属氢化物(Ni-MH)二次电池作为电源。然而,目前正在进行与具有高能量密度、高放电电压和功率稳定性的锂二次电池的使用相关的大量研究,且一部分可商购获得。
锂二次电池具有如下结构,在所述结构中,使包含锂盐的非水电解质浸渍到包含正极和负极、以及设置在其间的多孔隔膜的电极组件中,所述正极和负极中的每一个包含涂覆在集电器上的活性材料。
锂钴氧化物、锂锰氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂复合氧化物等一般被用作锂二次电池的正极活性材料,碳基材料一般被用作其负极活性材料。也考虑到了使用硅化合物和硫化合物等。
然而,锂二次电池具有各种问题,特别是与负极的制造和驱动性能相关的问题。
首先,关于负极的制造,用作负极活性材料的碳基材料高度疏水,因此具有在制备用于电极制造的浆料的过程中与亲水性溶剂的溶混性低,以及固体组分的分散均一性低的问题。此外,负极活性材料的这种疏水性使得电池制造过程中高极性电解质的浸渍变得复杂。电解质浸渍过程是电池制造过程中的一种瓶颈,因此极大降低了生产能力。
为解决这些问题,提出了向负极或电解质等中添加表面活性剂。然而,不利的是,表面活性剂可能对电池的驱动性能产生负面影响。
同时关于负极的驱动性能,不利的是,碳基负极活性材料引起初始不可逆反应,这是因为在初始充电/放电过程(活化过程)期间,在碳基负极活性材料的表面上形成固体电解质界面(SEI)层,由于在连续的充电/放电过程期间所述SEI层的移除(破损)以及再生导致电解质耗减,所以电池容量降低。
为解决这些问题,已尝试各种方法,例如通过较强的结合形成SEI层,或者在负极活性材料的表面上形成氧化物层。这些方法具有不适于商业化的性质,例如由氧化物层导致的导电性劣化以及由附加过程导致的生产能力劣化。而且,因为锂枝状物在负极活性材料表面上生长可能导致短路,所以仍然存在问题。
因此,对能够解决这些问题的二次电池的需求日益增加。
发明内容
技术问题
因此,为了解决上述和其他尚未解决的技术问题而完成了本发明。
作为为解决上述问题的广泛且细致的大量研究和实验的结果,本发明人发现,当通过在结晶碳基核上形成复合涂层来制造负极活性材料时,各种与负极制造和电池驱动性能相关的问题得以解决。基于该发现,完成了本发明。
技术方案
根据本发明的一个方面,提供一种能够使离子嵌入和脱嵌的二次电池用负极活性材料,其包含:包含结晶碳基材料的核;以及包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及亲水性材料的复合涂层,其中所述复合涂层包含:基材,其包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及亲水性材料中选出的一种组分;以及填料,其包含另一种组分,并加入到所述基材中。
由此,基于特定的活性材料结构和组分,具有如下结构的负极活性材料可以解决相关领域中的问题,在所述结构中,包含结晶碳基材料的核涂覆有具有基材/填料结构的复合涂层,所述复合涂层包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及亲水性材料。
第一,根据使用的材料类型,包含在复合涂层中作为基材或填料组分的亲水性材料的表面表现出与制造负极用的浆料中的亲水性溶剂高度混溶,因此改善了浆料中固体组分的分散性。相应地,在将该浆料涂布到集电器上来制造负极时,能提高组分如粘合剂和所述负极活性材料之间的分布均一性,并可因此获得出色的电极性质。
由亲水性材料引起的均一性改善可最大限度减小发生在不均匀电极上浆料和部分集电器之间结合强度的降低。亲水性材料改善活性材料层和集电器表面之间的亲和性,以及活性材料层和集电器之间的结合强度,从而解决由活性材料层与集电器分离导致的内部电阻增加的问题。
类似地,包含在复合涂层中的亲水性材料赋予负极活性材料中的至少一部分相对高的亲水性,从而极大降低了电极制造过程中高极性电解质的浸渍时间并显著改善了电池生产能力。
第二,包含在复合涂层中的亲水性材料形成的层具有的功能与具有强化学键的SEI相同,并且所述亲水性材料与负极表面形成较强结合,从而减少形成SEI层所需的不可逆离子的量,最大限度减小重复充电和放电期间SEI层的瓦解,并最终提高电池寿命。
第三,包含在复合涂层中作为基材或填料的选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料最大限度减小了可能由存在亲水性材料而引起的导电性的劣化。此外,在锂二次电池的情况下,可能发生锂枝状物的生长,这是因为作为核的结晶碳基材料的电势与锂类似,但是通过在高氧化还原电势下在结晶碳基材料表面上涂覆选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料可以抑制该生长。
具体实施方式
在下文中将对本发明进行详细描述。
如上所述,根据本发明的负极活性材料包含:包含结晶碳基材料的核;以及复合涂层,其包含:基材,其包含从选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料、以及亲水性材料中选出的一种组分(例如,无定形碳);以及填料,其包含另一种组分(例如,亲水性材料),并加入到所述基材中。
一般而言,碳基材料被分类为:具有完整层状晶体结构的石墨例如天然石墨,具有低结晶层状晶体结构(石墨烯结构,其中碳的六角蜂窝形平面被排列为层的形式)的软碳,以及所具有的结构中低结晶结构与非结晶部分混合的硬碳。
在优选实施方案中,作为本发明的核组分,所述结晶碳基材料可以是石墨、或石墨和低结晶碳的混合物,以及所述复合涂层组分中的一种组分可以是低结晶碳、无定形碳或它们的混合物。
同时,对于构成本发明复合涂层的另一种组分即亲水性材料没有限制,只要它对选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料表现出相对高的亲水性和极性,并且对于电池的驱动特性没有负面影响即可。优选地,所述亲水性材料为不与锂反应的氧化物、不与锂反应的氮化物或不与锂反应的碳化物。可以单独使用所述亲水性材料,或者组合使用其中的两种或更多种。
优选情况下,氧化物的实例包括但不限于,氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化锆或它们的混合物。
优选情况下,氮化物为氮化硅,但不限于此。
优选情况下,碳化物为碳化硅、碳化钴或它们的混合物,但不限于此。
在本发明中,取决于基材和填料的组分,可以确定复合涂层的结构。
在第一种示例性结构中,将包含亲水性材料的填料加入到包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的基材中。
在第二种示例性结构,将包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的填料加入到包含亲水性材料的基材中。
在复合涂层中,由于基材具有其组分具有连续相的结构以及填料具有其组分具有独立相的结构,所以基材组分的含量不必大于填料组分的含量。
在复合涂层中,选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量,以及亲水性材料的含量不受特别限制,只要获得本发明(上述)预期效果即可。在优选实施方案中,选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的含量可以是复合涂层总量的10~95重量%,以及亲水性材料的含量可以是复合涂层总量的5~90重量%。
优选情况下,复合涂层的量(涂覆量)为基于负极活性材料总量的0.5~20重量%。当复合涂层的量过低或其厚度过小时,可能无法获得由复合涂层形成所带来的效果,另一方面,当复合涂层的量过高或其厚度过大时,不利的是,可能无法形成所需的核-复合涂层结构,而且可能使容量劣化。
本发明还提供一种包含所述负极活性材料的负极混合物。
基于所述负极混合物的总重量,本发明的负极混合物包含1~20重量%的粘合剂,并任选包含0~20重量%的导电材料。
粘合剂的实例包括:聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVdF)、纤维素、聚乙烯醇、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、淀粉、羟丙基纤维素、再生纤维素、聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮、四氟乙烯、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、乙烯-丙烯-二烯三元共聚物(EPDM)、磺化的EPDM、丁苯橡胶、氟橡胶、各种共聚物和聚合物皂化的聚乙烯醇。
可以使用任意导电材料而没有特别限制,只要其在所制造的电池中具有合适的导电性而不会造成化学变化即可。导电材料的实例包括石墨;炭黑类材料如炭黑、乙炔黑、科琴黑、槽法炭黑、炉黑、灯黑和热裂法炭黑;导电纤维如碳纤维和金属纤维;金属粉末如氟化碳粉末、铝粉末和镍粉末;导电晶须如氧化锌和钛酸钾;导电金属氧化物如二氧化钛;和聚亚苯基衍生物。可商购导电材料的具体实例可包括各种乙炔黑产品(可购自雪佛龙化学公司(ChevronChemicalCompany)、电气化学工业株式会社新加坡私有公司(DenkaSingaporePrivateLimited)和海湾石油公司(GulfOilCompany))、科琴黑EC系列(可购自艾美克公司(ArmakCompany))、VulcanXC-72(可购自卡博特公司(CabotCompany))以及SuperP(特密高公司(TimcalCo.))。
如果需要,任选添加填料以抑制负极膨胀。可使用任意填料而没有特别限制,只要其在所制造的电池中不会造成不利的化学变化且为纤维状材料即可。填料的实例包括烯烃聚合物如聚乙烯和聚丙烯;以及纤维状材料如玻璃纤维和碳纤维。
可以单独或以组合方式添加其他组分,例如粘度控制剂或助粘剂。
粘度控制剂是用于控制电极混合物的粘度的组分,从而有助于混合电极混合物以及将其涂布到集电器上,粘度控制剂的含量为负极混合物总重量的30重量%以下。粘度控制剂的实例包括但不限于,羧甲基纤维素和聚偏二氟乙烯。在某些情况下,前述溶剂也可起到粘度控制剂的作用。
助粘剂是用于改进活性材料对集电器的粘合的辅助成分,其含量为粘合剂重量的10重量%,其实例包括草酸、己二酸、甲酸、丙烯酸衍生物和衣康酸衍生物。
本发明还提供一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有负极混合物。
例如,通过将含有负极活性材料的负极材料、粘合剂等添加至溶剂如NMP中以制备浆料,并将浆料涂布到负极集电器上,随后进行干燥和压制,从而可制造正极。
通常将负极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可使用任意负极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在所制造的电池中具有合适的导电性而不会造成不利的化学变化即可。负极集电器的实例包括:铜;不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铜或不锈钢;以及铝-镉合金。负极集电器在其表面上具有细小的不规则处以提高对负极活性材料的粘合。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用所述集电器。
本发明还提供一种包含负极的二次电池,所述电池优选为锂二次电池。
锂二次电池具有如下结构,在所述结构中,在包含置于正极和负极之间的隔膜的电极组件中浸渍有含锂盐的非水电解质。
例如,通过将正极活性材料涂布到正极集电器上,随后进行干燥和压制而制备正极,正极还任选包含与负极配置相关联的其他组分,如上所述粘合剂或导电材料。
通常将正极集电器制成具有3~500μm的厚度。可使用任意正极集电器没有特别限制,只要其在所制造的电池中具有合适的导电性而不会造成不利的化学变化即可。正极集电器的实例包括:不锈钢;铝;镍;钛;烧结碳;和经碳、镍、钛或银进行表面处理的铝或不锈钢。与负极集电器类似,正极集电器在其表面上具有细小的不规则处以提高对正极活性材料的粘合。另外,可以以包括膜、片、箔、网、多孔结构、泡沫和无纺布的各种形式使用正极集电器。
正极活性材料作为引起电化学反应的物质,是包含两种或更多种过渡金属的锂过渡金属氧化物,其实例包括但不限于,层状化合物例如被一种或多种过渡金属取代的锂钴氧化物(LiCoO2)或锂镍氧化物(LiNiO2);被一种或多种过渡金属取代的锂锰氧化物;由式LiNi1-yMyO2(其中M=Co、Mn、Al、Cu、Fe、Mg、B、Cr、Zn或Ga,锂镍氧化物包括所列元素中的一种或多种元素,0.01≤y≤0.7)表示的锂镍氧化物;由Li1+zNibMncCo1-(b+c+d)MdO(2-e)Ae如Li1+zNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2或Li1+zNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2(其中-0.5≤z≤0.5,0.1≤b≤0.8,0.1≤c≤0.8,0≤d≤0.2,0≤e≤0.2,b+c+d<1,M=Al、Mg、Cr、Ti、Si或Y,A=F、P或Cl)表示的锂镍钴锰复合氧化物;以及由式Li1+xM1-yM’yPO4-zXz(其中M=过渡金属,优选Fe、Mn、Co或Ni,M’=Al、Mg或Ti,X=F、S或N,-0.5≤x≤+0.5,0≤y≤0.5,和0≤z≤0.1)表示的橄榄石型磷酸锂金属。
以上已描述了与负极相关联的粘合剂,导电材料以及任选添加的组分。
隔膜设置在正极与负极之间。作为隔膜,使用具有高离子渗透性和机械强度的绝缘薄膜。隔膜典型地具有0.01~10μm的孔径和5~300μm的厚度。作为隔膜,使用由烯烃聚合物如聚丙烯和/或玻璃纤维或聚乙烯制成的片或无纺布,其具有耐化学性和疏水性。当使用诸如聚合物的固体电解质作为电解质时,所述固体电解质还可充当隔膜和电解质两者。
在适当情况下,可将凝胶聚合物电解质涂覆在隔膜上以提高电池稳定性。凝胶聚合物的代表性实例可包括聚环氧乙烷、聚偏二氟乙烯和聚丙烯腈。当使用诸如聚合物的固体电解质作为电解质时,所述固体电解质还可充当隔膜。
含锂盐的非水电解质由非水电解质和锂盐构成。
非水电解质的实例包括:非质子有机溶剂如N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丁酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、1,2-二甲氧基乙烷、1,2-二乙氧基乙烷、四羟基法兰克(tetrahydroxyfranc)、2-甲基四氢呋喃、二甲亚砜、1,3-二氧戊环、4-甲基-1,3-二烯(dioxane)、二乙醚、甲酰胺、二甲基甲酰胺、二氧戊环、乙腈、硝基甲烷、甲酸甲酯、乙酸甲酯、磷酸三酯、三甲氧基甲烷、二氧戊环衍生物、环丁砜、甲基环丁砜、1,3-二甲基-2-咪唑烷酮、碳酸亚丙酯衍生物、四氢呋喃衍生物、醚、丙酸甲酯和丙酸乙酯。
非水电解质的实例包括有机固体电解质,例如聚乙烯衍生物、聚环氧乙烷衍生物、聚环氧丙烷衍生物、磷酸酯聚合物、polyagitationlysine、聚酯硫化物、聚乙烯醇、聚偏二氟乙烯和含有离子离解基团的聚合物。
非水电解质的实例包括无机固体电解质,例如锂的氮化物、卤化物和硫酸盐如Li3N、LiI、Li5NI2、Li3N-LiI-LiOH、LiSiO4、LiSiO4-LiI-LiOH、Li2SiS3、Li4SiO4、Li4SiO4-LiI-LiOH和Li3PO4-Li2S-SiS2。
锂盐是易溶于上述非水电解质中的材料,可包括:例如LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10Cl10、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CO2、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Li、LiSCN、LiC(CF3SO2)3、(CF3SO2)2NLi、氯硼烷锂、低级脂族羧酸锂、四苯基硼酸锂和酰亚胺。
另外,为了提高充/放电特性和阻燃性,例如,可以向非水电解质中添加吡啶、亚磷酸三乙酯、三乙醇胺、环醚、乙二胺、正甘醇二甲醚、六磷酰三胺(hexaphosphorictriamide)、硝基苯衍生物、硫、醌亚胺染料、N-取代的唑烷酮、N,N-取代的咪唑烷、乙二醇二烷基醚、铵盐、吡咯、2-甲氧基乙醇、三氯化铝等。如果需要,为了赋予不燃性,非水电解质还可包括含卤素的溶剂如四氯化碳和三氟乙烯。此外,为了提高高温储存特性,非水电解质可额外包含二氧化碳气体,且还可包含氟代碳酸亚乙酯(FEC)、丙磺酸内酯(PRS)等。
在优选实施方案中,通过添加锂盐如LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiN(SO2CF3)2到作为高介电溶剂的环状碳酸酯如EC或PC以及作为低粘度溶剂的线性碳酸酯例如DEC、DMC或EMC的混合溶剂中,可以制备含锂盐的非水电解质。
相应地,本发明提供一种包含所述二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组。
为获得高容量,与小电池组相比,中型或大型电池组具有相当大的电池单元(单元电池)尺寸,因此更常用在电解质的浸渍等过程中。相应地,根据本发明,考虑到浸渍时间的大幅减少,包含亲水性材料的负极是优选的.
优选情况下,所述电池组的实例包括但不限于,用于电力存储的锂离子二次电池组。
使用二次电池作为单元电池的中型或大型电池组的结构及其制造方法在本领域中是公知的,因此在本说明书中略去对它们的详细解释。
现在,将参照以下实施例对本发明进行更详细描述。这些实施例仅被提供用于说明本发明,不应被解释为限制本发明的范围和精神。
<实施例1>
按照A:B:C=90:8:2的重量比,均匀混合作为核材料(A)且平均粒径为约20μm的石墨、作为用于低结晶碳的材料(B)且碳化产率为50%的沥青、以及作为亲水性材料(C)且平均粒径为约100nm的氧化铝(Al2O3)。在电炉中在氮气氛和1,200℃下将该混合物热处理2小时。在热处理期间,沥青软化并碳化,从而与氧化铝(Al2O3)形成复合物,所述复合物被涂覆到石墨表面上,从而产生涂覆有碳/氧化铝复合物的负极活性材料。
按照活性材料:SBR:CMC=97.0:1.5:1.5的重量比,混合负极活性材料、SBR和CMC以制备浆料,并将所述浆料涂布到Cu箔上来制备电极。辊压电极以使其孔隙率为约23%,并冲切电极来制造硬币型半电池。将Li金属用作单元电池的对电极,并使用1MLiPF6电解质在碳酸酯溶剂中的溶液获得硬币形状的电池。
<实施例2>
除了使用平均粒径为约100nm的氧化镁(MgO)来代替氧化铝(Al2O3)以外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制得负极活性材料,并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例1>
除了没有使用亲水性材料(C)以外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制得负极活性材料,并制造了硬币型半电池。
<比较例2>
除了按重量比90:1:9来混合石墨、沥青和氧化铝以外,以与实施例1中相同的方式制得负极活性材料,并制造了硬币型半电池。
因为沥青的碳化比率为50%,所以氧化铝的含量高于碳和氧化铝的总重量的90%。
<实验例1>
评估了根据实施例1和2以及比较例1和2制造的电极的电解质浸渍性质。辊压电极以使其孔隙率为约23%,并测量将1微升(μL)1MLiPF6在电解质碳酸酯溶剂中的溶液滴加在电极表面上至其完全渗透到表面内所需的时间。结果显示在以下表1中。
<表1>
实施例1 | 实施例2 | 比较例1 | 比较例2 | |
浸渍时间(秒) | 92 | 90 | 142 | 95 |
从表1能够看出,与根据比较例1使用仅涂覆有碳的负极活性材料的电极相比,根据本发明实施例1和2使用涂覆有碳/亲水性材料复合物的负极活性材料的电极表现出相当短的电解质浸渍时间。这样的原因在于,负极活性材料的表面涂覆有亲水性材料,因此使得高极性电解质能够快速渗透到粒子内。
<实验例2>
使用根据实施例1和2以及比较例1和2制造的硬币型半电池来评估充电/放电性质。具体而言,在充电期间,在0.1C电流密度下以CC模式将电池充电至5mV,然后以CV模式维持在5mV,当电流密度达到0.01C时,充电完成。在放电期间,在0.1C电流密度下以CC模式将电池放电至1.5V。由此获得第一循环的充电/放电容量和效率。然后,除了将电流密度改为0.5C以外,在与上述相同的条件下重复充电/放电50次。结果显示在下表2中。
<表2>
从上表2能够看出,与比较例1的仅涂覆有碳的负极活性材料相比,本发明实施例1和2的涂覆有碳/亲水性材料复合物的负极活性材料在50次充电/放电循环后表现出高的容量维持率高和高效率。这样的原因在于,起到与SEI层相同的功能的亲水性材料通过碳与核材料形成强结合,从而抑制了重复充电/放电过程中SEI层的去除。此外,涂覆的是具有高充电/放电电压的材料,从而防止锂沉淀并提高了离子导电性。
能够看出,在比较例2的情况中,其中不与锂反应的亲水性材料(C)的含量相当高,放电容量相当低,负极活性材料表面的电阻增加,而且在50次充电/放电循环后容量维持率劣化。
工业实用性
根据上述可清楚,根据本发明的负极活性材料通过特定的核/复合涂层结构,在以下方面中是有效的:极大改进电池制造过程,最大限度减小导电性劣化,以及显著抑制SEI层破损和电池寿命劣化。
本领域技术人员可以以上述内容为基础,在本发明的范围内进行各种应用和变化。
Claims (9)
1.一种能够使离子嵌入和脱嵌的二次电池用负极活性材料,所述负极活性材料包含:
包含结晶碳基材料的核;以及
复合涂层,其包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料以及亲水性材料,
其中所述亲水性材料为氧化物,其对选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料表现出相对高的亲水性,并且不与锂反应,
其中所述氧化物为选自氧化铝、氧化镁和氧化锆中的至少一种,
其中所述复合涂层具有如下结构,在所述结构中,包含亲水性材料的填料加入到包含选自低结晶碳和无定形碳中的一种或多种材料的基材中。
2.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中所述结晶碳基材料包含石墨和低结晶碳中的一种或多种。
3.如权利要求1所述的负极活性材料,其中基于所述负极活性材料的总量,所述复合涂层的量是0.5重量%~20重量%。
4.一种负极混合物,其包含权利要求1至3中任一项的负极活性材料。
5.一种二次电池用负极,其中在集电器上涂布有权利要求4的负极混合物。
6.一种二次电池,其包含权利要求5的二次电池用负极。
7.如权利要求6所述的二次电池,其中所述电池是锂二次电池。
8.一种电池组,其包含权利要求7的二次电池作为单元电池。
9.如权利要求8所述的电池组,其中所述电池组是用于车辆或电力存储的锂离子二次电池组。
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