CN103240090A - 包括镍基催化剂的废气处理系统 - Google Patents
包括镍基催化剂的废气处理系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN103240090A CN103240090A CN2013100351431A CN201310035143A CN103240090A CN 103240090 A CN103240090 A CN 103240090A CN 2013100351431 A CN2013100351431 A CN 2013100351431A CN 201310035143 A CN201310035143 A CN 201310035143A CN 103240090 A CN103240090 A CN 103240090A
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- nickel
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 201
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 159
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 97
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen oxide Inorganic materials O=[N] MWUXSHHQAYIFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 71
- 229910052878 cordierite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 31
- JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimagnesium dioxido-bis[(1-oxido-3-oxo-2,4,6,8,9-pentaoxa-1,3-disila-5,7-dialuminabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-7-yl)oxy]silane Chemical compound [Mg++].[Mg++].[O-][Si]([O-])(O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2)O[Al]1O[Al]2O[Si](=O)O[Si]([O-])(O1)O2 JSKIRARMQDRGJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);praseodymium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Pr+3].[Pr+3] MMKQUGHLEMYQSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910003447 praseodymium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 22
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 21
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 20
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 description 4
- -1 nickel aluminate Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Inorganic materials [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Ba+2] CSSYLTMKCUORDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical group [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010011968 Decreased immune responsiveness Diseases 0.000 description 2
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000008 nickel(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZULUUIKRFGGGTL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSKUQVBNGZGWIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ce].[Pr] Chemical compound [Ce].[Pr] JSKUQVBNGZGWIN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCFVMJKOEJFGTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium zirconium Chemical compound [Zr].[Ce] RCFVMJKOEJFGTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种用于减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物的镍基催化剂。该催化剂直接浸渍在与镍不发生反应的载体上。镍以约2%重量百分比至约20%重量百分比之间的担载量包含在所述载体上。当其使用在车辆废气处理系统中时,相对于使用传统三效催化剂来说,该催化剂在减少HC、CO和NOx排放物方面提供了改进的效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物(NOx)的镍基催化剂的制备和使用,更具体地,涉及用于车辆后处理系统中为一氧化碳和烃的氧化以及氮氧化物的还原提供补充的氧气储存能力的镍基催化剂。
背景技术
近年来,美国政府法规已经对来自车辆发动机废气的一氧化碳(CO)、烃(HC)和氮氧化物(NOx)排放物做出了限制。这已经使得在以汽油为动力的车辆中使用催化剂成为必要,其中催化剂发挥作用以促进HC和CO的氧化反应以及NOx的还原。这种催化剂被典型地称为三效转化(TWC)催化剂,因为它们在将NOx还原成氮气的同时,将CO和HC同时氧化为CO2和水。三效转化催化剂通常包括具有氧气储存能力(OSC)的材料,即在高空气/燃料比(浓)下提供氧化废气中的一氧化碳和烃所需的额外氧气的材料。在随后的低空气/燃料比(稀)运行的过程中,废气中过量的氧气再补充在先前浓运行中使用的OSC材料的耗尽的氧气,这加强了废气流中的NOx的全面还原。
目前,OSC材料典型地包含铈基氧化物,如二氧化铈(CeO2)、铈-锆复合氧化物(CexZryO2)以及铈-镨复合氧化物(CexPryO2)。然而,在一些具有长时间且高空气/燃料比行程的车辆运行中,传统的铈基氧化物不产生氧化HC和CO所需的充足的氧气量。
因此,本领域需要一种提供氧气储存能力以满足减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物所需要的氧气的催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的实施例通过提供镍基催化剂满足了以上需要,其中镍基催化剂为稀-到-浓转变过程中的一氧化碳和烃的氧化以及浓-到-稀转变过程中的氮氧化物的还原提供了补充的氧气储存能力。镍基催化剂还通过催化的水-气-转化(WGS)以及氧气储存能力耗尽之后的水蒸汽重整操作提供了一氧化碳和烃的去除。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种用于减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳和烃排放物的催化剂,该催化剂包含直接置于载体上的镍基催化剂,其中载体与镍不发生反应。“与镍不发生反应”,意思是载体不含有如任何过渡型氧化铝的材料,这种材料会与镍不利地发生反应而形成铝酸镍,并且降低它的功能或引起镍催化剂的失活。
载体优选包含选自由氧化锆、堇青石、碳化硅、硅胶以及非反应性氧化铝组成的群组的材料。“非反应性氧化铝”,意思是一种类型的氧化铝,如δ型氧化铝(delta alumina),其不会与镍负面地发生反应而降低它的功能。载体可以采用蜂窝基体的形式或者采用粉末的形式。如果载体采用蜂窝基体的形式,则镍直接担载在蜂窝上。在载体采用粉末的形式的实施例中,担载镍的载体粉末可以涂敷在陶瓷或金属蜂窝上。
镍基催化剂以约2%至约20%重量百分比之间的担载量包含在载体上,并且优选地,担载量为约8%至约15%重量百分比之间。
在一个实施例中,催化剂还包括提供为镍基催化剂之上的独立层的三效催化剂。该三效催化剂优选包括选自由铂、钯或铑组成的群组的贵金属。在一个实施例中,该三效催化剂还包括选自氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化镨、氧化镧以及氧化钡的催化剂助剂。
在一个实施例中,镍基催化剂还包括选自由铂、钯、铑、铜、铬、锰以及钴组成的群组的催化剂助剂。
在本发明的另一实施例中,提供了一种用于减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物的催化剂,该催化剂包含担载在载体上的约2%至约20%重量百分比的镍,其中载体与镍不发生反应。
在本发明的另一实施例中,提供了一种车辆废气处理系统,其包含位于车辆的废气通道中的镍基催化剂,其中催化剂直接置于与镍不发生反应的载体上。
在一个实施例中,废气处理系统还包括镍基催化剂上的三效催化剂。在另一实施例中,处理系统还包括密偶催化剂,其中镍基催化剂位于密偶催化剂的下游。
在另一实施例中,废气处理系统还包括底部催化剂,其中镍基催化剂位于底部催化剂的上游。
在另一实施例中,废气处理系统包括密偶催化剂以及位于密偶催化剂下游的底部催化剂,其中镍基催化剂位于底部催化剂的下游。
在本发明的另一实施例中,提供了一种在载体上提供镍催化剂的方法,该方法包括提供选自氧化锆、堇青石、碳化硅或硅胶的载体,以及用选自硝酸镍、乙酸镍、碳酸镍、硫酸镍以及它们的组合的镍溶液来浸渍载体。
该方法还可以包括在镍催化剂之上提供三效催化剂(TWC)涂层。TWC涂层优选包括选自由铂、钯或铑组成的群组的贵金属。TWC涂层还可以包括选自由氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化镨、氧化镧以及氧化钡组成的群组的催化剂助剂。
该方法还可以包括用含有选自由铂、钯或铑组成的群组的贵金属的溶液来浸渍基体。
在本发明的另一实施例中,提供了一种用于处理发动机废气的方法,该方法包含在发动机的废气通道中提供镍基催化剂,该发动机的废气通道包含直接置于与镍不发生反应的载体上的镍基催化剂,以及将催化剂暴露在含有一氧化碳(CO)、烃(HC)以及NOx的发动机废气排放物中,以使排放物的至少一部分在约200°C至1000°C之间的温度下转化为CO2、H2O和N2。
当发动机废气经历浓循环时,催化剂在约200°C至约1000°C之间的温度下提供至少50%的CO和HC转化效率。
当发动机废气经历稀循环时,催化剂在约200°C至约1000°C之间的温度下提供至少60%的NOx转化效率。
优选地,镍基催化剂提供约2摩尔O/ft3至约50摩尔O/ft3的补充的氧气储存能力。
因此,提供一种提供补充的氧气容量以用来减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物的镍基催化剂是本发明的实施例的特征。提供一种通过对水-气-转化(WGS)反应或水蒸气重整反应的催化提供一氧化碳和烃的进一步去除的镍基催化剂是本发明的另一特征。
本发明的其他特征和优势将通过下面的说明、附图以及权利要求而变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明一实施例的包括浸渍在载体表面上的镍的催化剂的示意图;
图2是根据本发明的另一实施例的载体上的包括TWC涂层的镍基催化剂的示意图;图3是根据本发明一实施例的置于废气处理系统中的镍基催化剂的示意图;
图4是根据本发明另一实施例的置于废气处理系统中的镍基催化剂的示意图;
图5是根据本发明另一实施例的置于废气处理系统中的镍基催化剂的示意图;并且
图6是表示具有以及不具有镍的催化剂的转化效率的图表;
图7是表示通过使用镍基催化剂使发动机废气中的CO减少的图表;
图8是表示通过使用镍基催化剂使发动机废气中的HC减少的图表;并且
图9是表示通过使用镍基催化剂使发动机废气中的NOx减少的图表。
具体实施方式
用于减少车辆废气排放物的镍基催化剂的使用,提供了优于其他催化剂如传统三效催化剂(TWC)的优势,这是因为它们可以提供更大的氧气储存能力(OSC)并且它们在浓空气/燃料行程中显示出更高的CO和HC转化效率。
此外,镍基催化剂通过氧气储存能力耗尽之后的催化的水-气-转化(WGS)以及水蒸汽重整操作提供了一氧化碳和烃的去除。例如,在长期的浓状态过程中,当OSC耗尽时,镍基催化剂可以催化水与一氧化碳的反应(通过WGS反应)或者水与烃的反应(水蒸汽重整)以在发动机废气中形成二氧化碳和氢气。
2HC+2H2O→2CO+3H2 水蒸汽重整
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 WGS反应
理论上,1g镍(59g/摩尔)可以提供16.9×10-3摩尔的氧气。实际上,镍已经显示出在350°C或以上进行Ni与NiO之间完全的氧化和还原。因此,每克镍可用的氧气可用量可以比来自OSC材料如铈的氧气可用量大至达一个数量级,其具有3.6×10-3摩尔氧气每1g(140g/摩尔)的最大量。
此外,在不含与镍发生反应的材料的载体上使用镍,不存在镍与反应性材料如氧化铝之间潜在的负面作用。相对于含有氧化铝并用镍浸渍的现有TWC涂层来说,这是一种进步。公知地,镍与氧化铝反应形成铝酸镍。虽然不希望受理论的束缚,但是当前商品担载镍的三效催化剂在老化过程中出现的失活被认为归因于铝酸镍的形成。
因此,通过在无反应性氧化铝或其他反应性组分的载体上使用镍基催化剂,在车辆老化的过程中镍的失活程度降到最低。在镍基催化剂与TWC涂层结合使用的实施例中,涂层材料也无反应性组分如氧化铝,使得在车辆老化的过程中避免镍与TWC涂层材料中的其他组分之间的危害TWC功能的负面作用。
现在参考图1和2,其示出了催化剂10的实施例。
如图1中所示,镍12担载在载体表面14上。供使用的适合的载体包括堇青石、氧化锆、堇青石、碳化硅或硅胶。镍可以通过制备约0.05至0.30g镍/g溶液的镍溶液来担载在载体上,并且其优选地为约0.105g镍/g溶液。镍溶液可以包含硝酸镍、乙酸镍、碳酸镍、硫酸镍或它们的组合。
镍溶液可以被直接浸渍在以采用蜂窝基体形式提供的载体中,或可选地,镍溶液可以被浸渍在涂敷在蜂窝基体上的粉末上。
镍浸渍的载体在使用之前被干燥并煅烧。浸渍的载体基体优选在约100°C与250°C之间的温度下干燥约1小时,接着在约350°C与650°C之间的温度下煅烧1小时。镍的总量可以在一个步骤中担载或者通过重复浸渍/干燥/煅烧的步骤来完成。
为了加强镍的性能,可以将助剂添加至镍浸渍的载体。适合的助剂包括铂、钯、铑、铜、铬、锰和钴。助剂可以以溶液的形式通过湿法浸渍添加至镍浸渍的载体。
现在参考图2,其示出了催化剂10,该催化剂包括担载在载体表面14上的镍层12,以及镍层12上的三效催化剂(TWC)层16。TWC催化剂可以提供为含有贵金属如铂、钯、或铑的传统涂层。该涂层还可以包括氧化物担体和助剂如氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化镨、氧化镧以及氧化钡。应当注意到,虽然TWC涂层可以含有氧化铝,但是只要TWC包含独立层并不与镍催化剂层直接接触,就不被认为是对镍催化剂不利的。TWC催化剂优选以约1400至5500g/ft3的担载量被施加。
可选择地,多孔涂层材料的附加层可以包括在镍层与TWC层(未示出)之间,以防止含镍层与TWC层之间可能的负面作用。适合的涂层材料包括但不限于,氧化钛、氧化锆或氧化铈。这种涂层材料可以以约500至2000g/ft3涂敷。
现在参考图3-5,其显示了废气处理系统20的实施例。应当理解,镍基催化剂在废气中的具体位置可以根据车辆运行过程中的目标催化剂温度而改变。如图3中所示,废气处理系统20耦接至汽油发动机的废气歧管22,并且包括位于底部催化剂24上游的镍基催化剂10。底部催化剂可以包含传统TWC,其可以含有贵金属如铂、钯或铑。TWC涂层还可以包括氧化物担体和助剂如氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化镨、氧化镧以及氧化钡。
若如图所示镍基催化剂位于底部催化剂的上游,其处于更高的工作温度范围,允许氧化和还原反应更快的激活,包括水蒸气重整和水-气转化。镍基催化剂在车辆工作状态产生更低的废气温度的状态下在此位置将更活跃。
如图4中所示,废气处理系统20包括位于密偶催化剂26下游的镍基催化剂10。“密偶催化剂”,意思是紧接在废气歧管之后安装的催化剂。密偶催化剂可以含有类似于底部催化剂的传统涂层组合物,但配置其是为了在车辆冷起动过程中在较低的起燃温度下去除一氧化碳、烃或氮氧化物。密偶催化剂还可以含有比底部催化剂更高的贵金属的担载量。
当如图所示放置在密偶催化剂的下游时,镍基催化剂发挥作用以执行氧化和还原以及水-气转化和水蒸气重整。
如图5中所示,废气处理系统20包括密偶催化剂26、底部催化剂24以及位于催化剂26和24下游的镍基催化剂10。在这种位置中,镍基催化剂在相对较低的工作温度下发挥作用,其通过水-气转化反应来提高一氧化碳的转化。
在运行过程中,由车辆发动机产生的废气经过废气歧管22,其经过镍基催化剂10以便使未燃烧的HC和CO转化。还出现NOx的转化,特别是当车辆运行正在经历浓到稀的转变时。该转化还受助于具有传统TWC功能的密偶催化剂26或底部催化剂24。镍基催化剂通过提供比传统TWC催化剂更大的OSC容量,以及通过WGS和水蒸汽重整反应为一氧化碳或烃进一步的去除提供催化活性加强了这些转化的效率,特别是缺氧状态下的发动机废气。这些反应在下面显示:
2CO+O2→2CO2 O2来自发动机废气或OSC
4HC+3O2→2CO2+2H2O O2来自发动机废气或OSC
2NO+2Ni→N2+2NiO NO被还原以氧化镍
2HC+2H2O→2CO+3H2 水蒸气重整反应
CO+H2O→CO2+H2 WGS反应
为了使本发明更易于理解,可以参考下面的实施例,该实施例意在说明本发明的实施例,而并不限制其范围。
实施例1
制备了堇青石载体上具有各种镍担载量的样品。制备了浓度为0.1013g镍/g溶液的硝酸镍溶液2.15g,并将其浸渍在4.53g具有蜂窝结构的1英寸×1英寸的堇青石基体中。接着,在使用之前将浸渍的样品在150°C下干燥1小时并在350°C下、在空气中煅烧1小时。产生的基体含有4.6%重量百分比的镍。样品的OSC值在制备不久之后通过将样品放置在石英反应器中进行测量,其中氦气流经反应器,接着将CO加入氦气流中。CO的消耗量或CO2的生成量使用四级质谱仪来监测,其中CO2来自CO与含OSC的催化剂中所含有的氧气的反应。OSC值在下面的表1中示出。
表1.1″L×1″D的堇青石上的4.6%重量百分比的镍的OSC值
如表可见,所测量的OSC值与来自镍担载量的氧气量的理论值很接近。
实施例2
制备含有5%重量百分比的镍的商品催化剂并使其经历模仿4,000(4K)或120,000(120K)车辆英里里程的模拟的老化过程。使用福特公司(Ford)标准4模老化循环(脉动器燃烧燃料以产生模拟的车辆废气)将样品在脉冲-火焰燃烧器(脉动器)上老化。样品被置于脉动器废气气体流中并经历930°C的指数加权的温度下的循环的空气-燃料状态以加速老化过程。4K的样品被老化8小时,并且120K的样品被老化120小时。
使用汽油火焰-燃烧器(脉动器)来确定商品催化剂的OSC值。将这些值与如下文所述制备的含有1)堇青石上的12%重量百分比的镍以及2)12%重量百分比的镍和1.7%重量百分比的铂的催化剂进行比较。
样品1通过用0.1013g镍/g溶液的镍溶液2.15g浸渍4.53g堇青石基体(1”L×1”D)来制备。在煅烧之后,用相同量和浓度的镍溶液再次浸渍基体。在煅烧之后,对样品重复相同的步骤。在三次浸渍步骤之后,最终样品含有12.6%重量百分比的镍。
样品2通过将1.7%重量百分比的铂添加至12%重量百分比的催化剂来制备,这通过使用0.85g的5.476×10-2铂/g溶液的溶液浸渍到如上所述制备的堇青石上的11.73%重量百分比的镍的湿浸渍工艺完成。
样品如上文所述老化,并且OSC值在老化之后如表2中所示被测量。
表2.新鲜的或在汽油火焰-燃烧器上模拟120k英里老化之后的堇青石上具有5%重量百分比的镍和12.2%重量百分比的镍的商品TWC催化剂的OSC值
如表所示,浸渍在堇青石样品上的镍显示出比将镍直接施加在催化剂涂层中的商品催化剂更好的OSC性能,即在120K老化之后6.8或6.1×10-3摩尔O/gm镍对比1.2×10-3摩尔O/gm镍。该数据还显示了,与镍浸渍的堇青石样品相比,含有镍的传统TWC老化的OSC更大的分数损失(分别为73%和36%)。商品担载镍的三效催化剂在模拟老化之后的失活可以促成铝酸镍的形成。
实施例3
通过将氧化铝涂敷在堇青石基体上来制备催化剂,并且接着用镍浸渍氧化铝/堇青石。担载镍的过程与实施例1中所述的相同。氧化铝/堇青石上的镍的催化剂以及堇青石上的镍的两个样品在1%CO以及0.5%O2的可选流体的作用下在1000°C下老化(氧化还原老化)12小时,模拟汽油发动机废气的浓-稀循环。氧化还原老化之后的OSC值在表3中示出。
表3.1″L×1″D样品在1000°C下经历氧化还原老化之后的OSC:氧化铝效应
如表中可见,与堇青石上的镍的样品相比,老化之后的氧化铝/堇青石上的镍的OSC值大幅地减小。镍-氧化铝的相互作用被认为造成了严重的失活。
实施例4
商品TWC催化剂如实施例2中所述通过将氧化铝涂敷在堇青石基体上,接着用5%重量百分比的镍以及1%重量百分比的镍浸渍氧化铝/堇青石来制备。商品催化剂与根据实施例2制备的在堇青石上含有12%重量百分比的镍的镍基催化剂一起经历模拟的120k-英里老化。接着在如表4中所示催化剂的具有5%CO的浓状态下测试催化剂的CO转化效率。脉动器用来检测表4中所列出的样品的CO转化效率。燃料浓废气环境用于在废气流中产生5%过量的CO,其以4升/min(LPM)流动。通过还原的催化剂样品,CO的转化效率在750°C进气温度下测量。
表4.在模拟120k-英里老化之后通过催化剂(1″L×3/4″D)的具有5%CO的浓状态下的CO转化
催化剂 | 温度 | CO转化 |
堇青石上的12%重量百分比的镍 | 750°C | 26% |
具有5%重量百分比的镍的商品TWC | 750°C | 4.0% |
具有1%重量百分比的镍的商品TWC | 750°C | 0.0% |
如表可见,根据本发明制备的堇青石上的镍的样品显示出比商品TWC催化剂更高的CO转化效率。
为了测量TWC的活性,还执行使用汽油火焰-燃烧器(脉动器)的λ扫频测试(lambda sweep tests)。λ扫频数据显示了750°C下λ值为0.9975至1.0025(接近化学计量关系)时催化剂的HC、CO或NOx的平均转化效率。具有5t%重量百分比的镍的商品TWC的CO转化在下面的表5中示出,并且其比具有1%重量百分比的镍的商品TWC的CO转化效率低。再次地,由于涂层中含有不想要的镍与氧化铝的相互作用,所以将镍添加至TWC催化剂被认为对TWC功能具有负面影响。这通过当将镍添加至基线样品的涂层时CO转化效率从99.4%降低至98.2%来显示。相比之下,在堇青石基体上直接添加10%重量百分比的镍将商品TWC的CO转化从98.2%提高至98.7%。表5的后两列中所示的还原的样品的CO转化效率如上文表4所述确定。
表5.添加至涂层或堇青石的镍的影响:在汽油火焰-燃烧器上模拟120K车辆-英里老化之后的TWC转化性能、OSC和WGS活性。
表示具有5.4%CO的极浓状态的λ为0.75时CO转化的效率在500°C和750°C下被测量。堇青石上具有10%重量百分比的镍的催化剂显示出比具有较低或较高镍含量的传统TWC更大的CO效率(见表5)。对于堇青石上具有10%重量百分比的镍的催化剂来说,500°C下的CO效率比750°C下的值高。这可以归因于堇青石上具有10%重量百分比的镍的催化剂上的水-气-转化(WGS)反应的良好活性:WGS反应可以促进CO转化,特别是在极浓状态下。具有10%重量百分比的镍的催化剂在老化之后明显地显示出比传统TWC更高的WGS反应的活性。由于WGS反应的热力学喜低温,所以在500°C下通过WGS反应的CO转化应当大于在750°C下的转化。
脉动器用于测试各种样品在空间速度为35000/小时时随着λ(实际空气-燃料比/化学计量空气-燃料比)变化的转化效率。图6示出了在500°C下HC、CO和NOx随着λ变化的转化效率,其中添加或未添加10%镍至堇青石。如图可见,将镍添加至堇青石增加了TWC的CO和NOxλ操作窗口。镍基催化剂显示出相对于具有或不具有镍的传统TWC的加强的转化活性。镍基催化剂的转化的加强被认为是较大的OSC以及镍催化剂之上的WGS反应和水蒸气重整反应的良好活性的组合。
实施例5
根据本发明一实施例所制备的镍基催化剂位于发动机废气中密偶催化剂的下游。在底盘测功机上运行的US06道路循环过程中,在车辆上测量来自镍基催化剂的排放物。US06道路循环是用于表示高速公路驾驶的测试循环,其中车辆以比那些典型不太激进的道路循环更高的速度以及负载状态运行。HC、CO和NOx在车辆US06测试循环过程中的减少分别在图7、8和9中示出。测试循环过程中的克/英里排放物的总量在下面的表6中做出概述。
表6
以上详细说明了本发明并且参考了其优选的实施例,显而易见,在不背离本发明的范围的情况下,其可以做出改进和变化。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于减少来自车辆废气的一氧化碳、烃排放物以及氮氧化物的催化剂,其特征在于,该催化剂包含:包含直接置于载体上的镍的镍基催化剂,其中,所述载体与镍不发生反应。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体包含选自由氧化锆、堇青石、碳化硅、硅胶或非反应性氧化铝组成的群组的材料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体采用蜂窝基体的形式。
4.根据权利要求2所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述载体采用已经涂敷在蜂窝基体上的粉末的形式。
5.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述镍基催化剂以约2%重量百分比至约20%重量百分比之间的担载量包含在所述载体上。
6.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述镍基催化剂以约8%重量百分比至约15%重量百分比之间的担载量包含在所述载体上。
7.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,还包括提供为所述镍基催化剂之上的独立层的三效催化剂。
8.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述三效催化剂包括选自由铂、钯或铑组成的群组的贵金属。
9.根据权利要求7所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述三效催化剂包括选自氧化锆、氧化铈、氧化铝、氧化镨、氧化镧以及氧化钡的催化剂助剂。
10.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于,所述镍基催化剂包括选自由铂、钯、铑、铜、铬、锰以及钴组成的群组的催化剂助剂。
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CN114214076A (zh) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-03-22 | 内蒙古万众炜业科技环保股份公司 | 一种煤炭裂解制备全粒径型煤的方法 |
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