CN103172793B - 梳状接枝共聚物与其形成方法 - Google Patents
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- C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
- C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
- C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
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- C08F293/005—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerisation on to a macromolecule having groups capable of inducing the formation of new polymer chains bound exclusively at one or both ends of the starting macromolecule using free radical "living" or "controlled" polymerisation, e.g. using a complexing agent
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Abstract
本发明提供一种梳状接枝共聚物,其结构式如下:
Description
技术领域
本发明是涉及梳状接枝共聚物,及其形成方法。
背景技术
压克力聚合物(即聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,PMMA)具有极优异的光学特性及耐候性,广泛运用于光电、照明、汽车等工业,尽管PMMA拥有这些优势,仍然有些材料上的特性(例如:耐热性、机械性质、或是柔韧性)需要改进以符合光学及其它应用。综上所述,目前亟需新方法调控接枝单体种类与接枝量。
梳状接枝压克力聚合物具有极佳物理性质,如优异冲击性质及较佳耐热与柔韧性质,广泛地运用于各类商业化产品。梳状接枝聚合物的合成方法极多。
其中,活性自由基聚合法(Living Radical Polymerization)相较于传统自由基聚合法反应条件温和,不但能得到狭窄的分子量分布且能控制聚合物组成与结构。藉由分子链末端的活性基团可与不同的单体进行聚合反应,并且还能再以具有此种末端活性基团的高分子巨引发剂(macroinitiator)去进行共聚反应。活性自由基聚合技术可制备出星状共聚物(star copolymer)、接枝共聚物(graftcopolymer)及树枝状聚合物(hyperbranched copolymer)等。
US20020183473提及PMMA-g-PDMS接枝共聚物(PMMA-接枝-聚二甲基硅氧烷,PMMA-g-poly(dimethylsiloxane))可利用原子转移自由基聚合法(AtomTransfer Radical Polymerization,ATRP)或可逆加成断链转移聚合法(ReversibleAddition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer,RFAT)而合成该梳状接枝共聚合物。Y.Okamoto等人在J.POLYM.SCI.PART A:POLYM.CHEM.:VOL.47(2009)中,使用具强推电子基的叔丁氧基自由基(tert-butyloxy radicals)引发剂进行MMA聚合反应,可直接获得梳状接枝聚合物PMMA-g-PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-接枝-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-poly(methylmethacrylate))。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于通过新颖的自由基改质方法,直接对线状PMMA进行改质,从而得到一种梳状接枝共聚物。
本发明提供一种梳状接枝共聚物(comb-shaped graft copolymers),其结构式如下:
其中R1是择自下列结构:
R2是氢或甲基;R3是酯基、烷酯基、芳基、或杂芳基;x是介于10至106之间;y是介于10至103之间;以及z是介于10至105之间。
本发明还提供一种梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,包括:加热线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物、过氧化物自由基引发剂、与氮氧基化合物,使其反应形成自由基巨引发剂;以及加热自由基巨引发剂与双键单体,使其反应形成梳状接枝共聚物;
其中所述线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的结构如下:
其中所述双键单体的结构如下:
其中所述自由基巨引发剂的结构如下:
其中所述梳状接枝共聚物的结构如下:
其中R1是择自下列结构:
R2是氢或甲基;R3是酯基、烷酯基、芳基、或杂芳基;x是介于10至106之间;y是介于10至103之间;以及z是介于10至105之间。
本发明的优点在于:本发明以压克力聚合物为基底,可于侧链进行不同单体接枝反应,所得梳状高分子聚合物侧链可为无规或嵌段共聚物。本发明的形成方法为一种新颖自由基改质方法,可直接对线状PMMA进行改质,藉由活性自由基聚合法接枝聚(烷基)丙烯酸酯或聚苯乙烯或是其共聚物,此梳状聚合物合成方式简易方便,可使线状PMMA通过不同的单体聚合接枝而产生不同的应用特性,大幅增加PMMA的应用范围,极具工业化生产潜力。
具体实施方式
本发明提供一种梳状接枝共聚物,其中包含聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯作为接枝主链,其侧链为碳-碳双键单体如烷基丙烯酸酯、苯乙烯、或其它碳-碳双键单体聚合而成的单聚物、无规共聚物、或嵌段共聚物,且侧链末端接枝有氮氧基化合物。
本发明的一实施例中形成梳状接枝共聚物的方法如下。首先加热线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物(见式1)、过氧化物自由基引发剂、与氮氧基化合物,使其反应形成自由基巨引发剂(见式2),所述的反应如反应式3所示。
(反应式3)
在式1中,x介于10至106之间。在式2中,x介于10至106之间,y介于10至103之间。在本发明一实施例中,反应式3的反应温度约介于80℃至110℃之间或约介于90℃至100℃之间。如反应式3所示,过氧化物自由基引发剂加热后断裂形成自由基,自由基先与线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物反应,使甲基形成CH2自由基。CH2自由基再与氮氧基化合物反应,形成自由基巨引发剂。在反应式3中,R1取决于氮氧基化合物的种类,其结构是择自式7-1至式7-40中任一者。
在式7-11中,TBS为三丁基硅氧乙基(tributylsilanoxyethyl)。在式7-12中,TBDMS为叔丁基二甲基硅基(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)。在式7-13及7-14中,TMS为三甲基硅氧乙基(trimethylsilanoxyethyl)。
在本发明一实施例中,过氧化物自由基引发剂包括二叔丁基过氧化物、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯、或过氧化草酸二叔丁酯。
在这必需说明的是,由于过氧化物自由基引发剂断裂后形成的自由基,会与线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯中任何位置的重复单元进行反应,因此反应式3中对应重复数目x-y的重复单元(未与自由基反应)与对应重复数目y的重复单元(与自由基反应)组成的共聚物为无规共聚物。
接着加热自由基巨引发剂(见式2)与双键单体(见式4),使其反应形成梳状接枝共聚物(见式5),如反应式6所示。
(反应式6)
在式4中,R2是氢或甲基,R3是酯基、烷酯基、芳基(例如苯基)、或杂芳基。在式5及反应式6中,z介于10至105之间。如反应式6所示,当自由基巨引发剂被加热后,侧链末端的C-O键将会断裂形成新的自由基以与双键单体进行聚合反应。在双键单体聚合成侧链的聚合物后,末端的自由基将会再次与氮氧基化合物结合。最后形成的梳状接枝共聚物中,侧链末端仍保持活性。只要再加入新的双键单体,即可进行后续聚合。可以理解的是,当双键单体只有单一种时,对应聚合数目z的重复单元也只有一种,即末端接有氮氧基化合物的侧链聚合物为均聚物。若同时加入两种以上的双键单体至自由基巨引发剂时,这些双键单体将会共聚成无规共聚物。若先加入第一种双键单体至自由基引发剂,待聚合结束后再加入第二种双键单体,则会形成A-B嵌段共聚物。若再加入第三种双键单体,则会形成A-B-C嵌段共聚物。若在加入第二种双键单体并聚合完成,再加入第一种双键单体,则会形成A-B-A嵌段共聚物。本技术领域中具有通常知识者,自可依需要选择不同的单体及加入顺序,形成不同型态的嵌段共聚物。在本发明一实施例中,反应式6的反应温度介于130℃至150℃之间。
为了让本发明的上述和其它目的、特征和优点能更明显易懂,下文特举数实施例作详细说明如下:
【实施例】
下述实施例中,共聚物的分子量与分子量分布度是以聚苯乙烯(PS)为校正曲线,以胶体渗透层析仪(溶剂为四氢呋喃/tetrahydrofuran,THF)测得,测量方法为(GPC为Waters 2414;管柱为Column HR-1及HR-4;侦测器为RIDeteror;流速为1.0mL/min)。玻璃转移温度(Tg)是由热示差扫描卡量计测得,测量方法为(DSC为TA Q2000;氮气流速为50mL/min。)。
实施例1、线状PMMA前处理
取约100克PMMA(购自Chi-Mei的CM205,Mn=58,900)于烧杯中,倒入约200mL二氯甲烷搅拌使其溶解,将二氯甲烷溶液倒入甲醇(2公升)使线状PMMA再沉淀,将固体过滤取出置于真空烘箱(90℃),干燥隔夜后,得到前处理的线状PMMA(产率90%),Tg为110℃。
实施例2、线状PMMA接枝TEMPO(PMMA-g-TEMPO)
取实施例1的前处理的线状PMMA(6.55g)、2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧化物(0.511g,3.27mmol,购自Aldrich的TEMPO)置于反应瓶中,于氮气环境下加入除氧后的甲苯(40mL),反应瓶浸于90℃油浴中使固体完全溶解。接着以注射器将二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP,0.39g,2.67mmol)注入反应瓶中,溶液于95℃油浴搅拌过夜(18小时)后,停止加热使溶液回复至室温,将溶液倒入甲醇(1公升)使溶液再沉淀后,取出固体溶解于氯仿中,再将氯仿溶液入甲醇(1公升)使溶液再沉淀,取出固体并以甲醇清洗后,置于真空烘箱(60℃)隔夜得白色固体PMMA-g-TEMPO(5.90g,产率90%),其氢谱如下:1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz;δppm):3.625(s,-OCH2-);3.577(s,-OCH3);2.038-1.729(m,-CH2);1.189,0.997,0.810(s,-CH3)。
实施例3、线状PMMA接枝TEMPO-OH(PMMA-g-TEMPO-OH)
取实施例1的前处理的线状PMMA(10.20g)、TEMPO-OH(购自Aldrich的4-hydroxyl-TEMPO,1.06g,6.12mmol)置于反应瓶中,于氮气环境下加入除氧后的甲苯(40mL),反应瓶浸于90℃油浴中使固体完全溶解,此时以注射器将DTBP(0.74g,5.06mmol)注入反应瓶中,溶液于95℃油浴搅拌过夜(18小时)后,停止加热使溶液回复至室温,将溶液倒入甲醇(1公升)使溶液再沉淀后,取出固体溶解于氯仿中,再将氯仿溶液入甲醇(1公升)使溶液再沉淀,取出固体并以甲醇清洗后,置于真空烘箱(60℃)隔夜得白色固体PMMA-g-TEMPO-OH(9.49g,产率93%),其氢谱如下:1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz;δppm):3.647(s,-OCH2);3.599(s,-OCH3);2.062-1.812,1.636(m,-CH2);1.213,1.020,0.848(s,-CH3)。
实施例4、梳状PMMA接枝PS(PMMA-g-PS)
取实施例2制备的PMMA-g-TEMPO(7.68g)置于反应瓶中,于氮气环境下加入除氧后的苯乙烯(34mL),将混合物浸置于130℃油浴中进行搅拌,约30分后,固体完全溶解,反应8小时后,停止加热待回复至室温,加入二氯甲烷(100mL)使固体溶解,将溶液倒入甲醇中(1公升)使其再沉淀,重复两次再沉淀步骤后,将固体置于真空烘箱中(90℃)干燥,得白色固体PMMA-g-PS(28.2g),其Tg为110℃与120℃,且其氢谱如下:1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz;δppm):7.035,6.561(br,ArH);3.646(s,-OCH-);3.598(s,-OCH3);2.063-1.673,1.522(m,-CH2);1.418(br,-CH2);1.212,1.012,0.836(m,-CH3)。
实施例5、梳状PMMA接枝PBA(PMMA-g-PBA)
取实施例2制备的PMMA-g-TEMPO(6.30g)置于反应瓶中,于氮气环境下加入除氧后的二甲苯(30mL),将混合物浸于90℃油浴中使固体完全溶解,此时将除氧后的丙烯酸丁酯(butyl acrylate,33mL),于氮气环境下加入反应瓶,反应18小时后,停止加热待回复至室温,加入二氯甲烷(100mL)使混合物溶解。将溶液倒入甲醇中(1公升)使其再沉淀,沉淀为高粘度的液体,重复两次再沉淀步骤后,将粘液置于真空烘箱中(110℃)干燥,得白色液体PMMA-g-PBA(15.2g),其Tg为-60℃与110℃,且其氢谱如下:1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz;δppm):4.037(br,-OCH2-);3.639(s,-OCH-);3.593(s,-OCH3);2.268,1.900(br,-CH2);1.585(br,-OCH2CH2CH2CH3);1.366(br,-OCH2CH2CH2CH3);1.207,1.015(m,-CH3);0.928(t,-OCH2CH2CH2CH3);0.830(m,-CH3)。
实施例6、梳状PMMA接枝PMMA(PMMA-g-PMMA)
取实施例3制备的PMMA-g-TEMPO-OH(10.01g)置于反应釜中,于氮气环境下加入除氧后的二甲苯(xylenes,350mL)与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(methylmethacrylate,41mL),将混合物于130℃下进行搅拌(转速500rpm),反应19小时后,停止加热待回复至室温,加入二氯甲烷(100mL)使混合物溶解。将溶液倒入甲醇中(3公升)使其再沉淀,重复两次再沉淀步骤后,将固体置于真空烘箱中(90℃)干燥,得到白色固体为PMMA-g-PMMA(22.5g),其Tg为120℃,且其氢谱如下:1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz;δppm):3.648(s,-OCH-);3.600(s,-OCH3);2.169-1.814(m,-CH2);1.214,1.022,0.837(s,-CH3)。
本发明实施例进行线状压克力聚合物(linear PMMA)的改质研究,提供梳状接枝聚合物,且该梳状聚合物以压克力聚合物为基底,可于侧链进行不同单体接枝反应,所得梳状高分子聚合物侧链可为无规或嵌段共聚物。此为一种新颖自由基改质方法,可直接对线状PMMA进行改质,藉由活性自由基聚合法接枝聚(烷基)丙烯酸酯((alkyl)acrylate)或聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)或是其共聚物,此梳状聚合物合成方式简易方便,可使线状PMMA通过不同的单体聚合接枝而产生不同的应用特性,大幅增加PMMA的应用范围,极具工业化生产潜力。
虽然本发明已以数个较佳实施例揭露如上,然其并非用以限定本发明,任何熟习此技艺者,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围内,当可作任意的更动与润饰,因此本发明的保护范围当视后附的权利要求书所界定的范围为准。
Claims (10)
1.一种梳状接枝共聚物,其结构式如下:
其中R1是择自下列结构:
R2是氢或甲基;
R3是酯基、烷酯基、芳基、或杂芳基;
x是介于10至106之间;
y是介于10至103之间;以及
z是介于10至105之间。
2.如权利要求1所述的梳状接枝共聚物,其中对应重复数目x-y的重复单元与对应重复数目y的重复单元组成的主链为一无规高分子。
3.如权利要求1所述的梳状接枝共聚物,其中对应共聚数目z的重复单元是单一重复单元,且所述重复单元聚合成一均聚物。
4.如权利要求1所述的梳状接枝共聚物,其中对应共聚数目z的重复单元包括两种以上的重复单元,且所述重复单元聚合成无规共聚物或嵌段共聚物。
5.一种梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,包括:
加热一线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物、一过氧化物自由基引发剂、与一氮氧基化合物,使其反应形成一自由基巨引发剂,其中所述过氧化物自由基引发剂为二叔丁基过氧化物、过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯、或过氧化草酸二叔丁酯;以及
加热所述自由基巨引发剂与一双键单体,使其反应形成一梳状接枝共聚物;
其中所述线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物的结构如下:
其中所述双键单体的结构如下:
其中所述自由基巨引发剂的结构如下:
其中所述梳状接枝共聚物的结构如下:
其中R1是择自下列结构;
R2是氢或甲基;
R3是酯基、烷酯基、芳基、或杂芳基;
x是介于10至106之间;
y是介于10至103之间;以及
z是介于10至105之间。
6.如权利要求5所述的梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,其中加热所述线状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合物、所述过氧化物自由基引发剂、与所述氮氧基化合物的步骤的温度介于80℃至110℃之间。
7.如权利要求5所述的梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,其中加热所述自由基巨引发剂与所述双键单体的步骤的温度介于130℃至150℃之间。
8.如权利要求5所述的梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,其中对应重复数目x-y的重复单元与对应重复数目y的重复单元组成的主链为一无规高分子。
9.如权利要求5所述的梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,其中对应共聚数目z的重复单元是单一重复单元,且所述重复单元聚合成一均聚物。
10.如权利要求5所述的梳状接枝共聚物的形成方法,其中对应共聚数目z的重复单元包括两种以上的重复单元,且所述重复单元聚合成无规共聚物或嵌段共聚物。
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