CN103109671B - Fertilizing method of enhancing wheat nitrogen use efficiency and lodging resistance - Google Patents
Fertilizing method of enhancing wheat nitrogen use efficiency and lodging resistance Download PDFInfo
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- CN103109671B CN103109671B CN201310076487.7A CN201310076487A CN103109671B CN 103109671 B CN103109671 B CN 103109671B CN 201310076487 A CN201310076487 A CN 201310076487A CN 103109671 B CN103109671 B CN 103109671B
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fertilizing method of enhancing wheat nitrogen use efficiency and lodging resistance. The fertilizing method of enhancing the wheat nitrogen use efficiency and the lodging resistance comprises the following steps: 1, fertilizing with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer before seeding; 2, determining normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value in an arising period and a jointing stage, conducting variable rate fertilization according to magnitude of the NDVI value, and improving potassium element application rate; 3, in the middle and later periods of wheat grouting, spraying KH2PO4 on leaves. By improving base fertilizer and fertilizing strategy (reducing base fertilizer application rate, especially reducing nitrogen element application; converting traditional phosphorus and potassium basal application to basal and fertilizing application ), the fertilizing method of enhancing the wheat nitrogen use efficiency and the lodging resistance utilizes K+ free of volatility and relative low in drip washing performance to promote absorption of the wheat on soil NO3- strong in leachability, and improves utilization efficiency of the wheat nitrogen element. Meanwhile, by improving the potassium element application rate, the fertilizing method of enhancing the wheat nitrogen use efficiency and the lodging resistance promotes mechanical strength of a stalk, and strengthens the wheat lodging resistant performance.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to plant growth nutrition condition monitoring technical field, particularly in a kind of Growth of Wheat process, utilize normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) to instruct Nitrogen Application to improve the fertilizing method of nitrogen utilization efficiency and lodging resistance.
Background technology
Wheat during jointing stage is that wheat stalk stalk is grown, and determines the critical period of its mechanical strength.And the organic matter storing in late growth stage stem stalk decomposes in a large number, it is also the key factor that changes stem stalk mechanical strength.A little less than stem end stalk mechanical strength, plant lodging resistance is low, and final wheat output is badly damaged.According to the study, lodging can cause wheat grain yield to reduce more than 30% (Vera etc., 2012; Wiersma etc., 2011).Although wheat scientific worker has done a large amount of work in this problem, attempt to improve the lodging resistance (Wiersma etc. of plant by measures such as breed breeding, cultivation management, change controls, 2011), yet meteorologic factor is fast changing, there is serious Unpredictability in Wheat lodging, also thereby become the global problem (Martinez-Vazquez and Sterling, 2011) that hinders Wheat Production potentiality and nitrogen utilization efficiency lifting.
Lodging mostly occurs at stem culm base internode.In microstructure, basal internode vascular bundle number, diameter, supporting tissue characteristic, cell wall thickness, degree of lignification, catheter wall thickness, bundle sheath thickness, catheter drive size directly has influence on stem stalk compression strength; Wheat stalk stalk supporting tissue is thick, the cell number of plies is many, plant center of gravity compared with low, basal internode one-dimensional tube bank area and perimeter compared with large, plant height is close and plant lodging resistant force that under fringe, internode is long and plant height Composition index is larger large (An Chengfeng etc., 2008).On economical character, Keller etc. (1999) find by the structure of wheat genetic collection of illustrative plates and the positioning analysis of quantitative character, and stem hardness, thickness and the suppleness of plant, leaf are wide, height and lodging close ties.Make us interested, the base portion structural large molecule of the 1st, 2 internode and lodging have close relationship.Crook and Ennos(1995) cell wall constituent of Wheat Cultivars is analyzed, between discovery kind, there were significant differences for content of cellulose, and the kind that content of cellulose is high is the most resistant to lodging.Berry etc. (2003) study and show, the hemicellulose of anti-fall kind stem stalk and content of lignin are all higher than not anti-fall kind.Tripathi etc. (2003), by comparing the stem stalk content of lignin of 4 different kinds of lodging resistance, also find that the varietal resistance that content of lignin is high is strong.Conventional Hormone or growth regulator in production, as chlormequat, help strong element etc. to improve wheat straw stiffness, yet this type of material causes harmful effect because of residual to succession crop growth, wheat quality, ecotope etc.
Nitrogen is that necessary macronutrient is given birth in plant growth, is to affect the most important factor of crop yield.It is chlorophyllous synthetic that nitrogen is participated in crop leaf directly, affects leaf photosynthesis and respiration.Meanwhile, N element nutrition condition also affect crop to other nutrition as the absorption of the elements such as P, K.Yet during the nearly last ten years, increasing sharply of the fertile consumption of N, is increased to present 80kg/ mu by original 40kg/ mu, 100kg/ mu even, in field ecosystem, N surplus also constantly increases.Consume every year in the world fertile 87000000 tons of N, 60% produces for cereal, yet the fertile utilization ratio of cereal N (Nitrogen use efficiency) is only 33%(Alexandratos, and 1995).The fertile availability of N that the excessive N of using fertilizer brings declines, lose serious problem also becomes increasingly conspicuous, more seriously the NO of a large amount of accumulations in soil
3 -underground water is polluted to (huge dawn Chinese bush cherry, 2003); On the other hand, in high N growing environment, in wheat leaf blade, dissociating, N is corresponding to be increased, induction photosynthetic product carbohydrate is converted into protein trend to be increased, and affects stem stalk mechanical strength, and internode meristematic cell is elongated, cell wall attenuation, thereby plant easily sends out lodging, increase damage by disease and insect incidence (Yu Zhenwen etc., 1995).Long diligent wait (2003) of well also propose, and with the increase of executing N amount, under basal internode and fringe, the proportioning of internode is inharmonious, and basal internode circularity is inadequate, and stem stalk C/N ratio is too low, and Wheat lodging rate is raise, and also therefore becomes the low principal element of wheat N element utilization ratio.Wei Fengzhen etc. (2008) also have similar conclusion, and they study and find that basal internode length and N content all increase with executing N level, and basal internode diameter, stem stalk wall thickness, mechanical strength show on the contrary; Cell wall Fiber and lignin concentration and the anti-fall index of stem stalk present and first increase the trend of falling afterwards with the increase of executing N level.Moreover our laboratory and other research shows, excessive N element suppresses seed germination, seedlings root growth (Britto and Kronzucker etc., 2002; Li etc. 2010; Cheng etc., 2011).
As everyone knows, K is also the macroelement (Szczerb et al., 2008) of plant cell physiological activity, is that in cell, plurality of enzymes activity is necessary, is carbohydrate, the synthetic important co-factor (Marschner, 1995) of protein.Yet, due to NH
4 +and K
+in the characteristics such as electric charge, molecular size, hydration energy, exist the similitude of height, the two has common transport channel (channels) and Regulation Mechanism (White, 1996), the NH of high concentration on cell membrane
4 +significantly suppress K
+passage (for example AKT1 and HAK5) is active, K
+absorption rate and the accumulation in plant corpus, and then affect cell physiological activity stable state (Angeles et al., 2005; Szczerba et al., 2008b; Hoopen et al., 2010).And K
+with NO
3 -on electric charge, exist complementarity, K
+promote root system of plant to NO
3 -absorption.Therefore the relation that plant exists competition and mutually coordinates the absorption of three kinds of ions.
Therefore, rationally disposing that N, K element use is to improve wheat straw stiffness, the important channel that strengthens its anti-fall performance.Recently, the handheld portable data collecting system (GreenSeeker Sensor) of the state university in Oklahoma (Oklahoma State University) development is to obtain vegetation index and ruddiness and near-infrared (near infrared by obtaining crop relevant information; NIR) the crop investigations instrument of the ratio of light.Plant chlorophyll absorptive red light is as the photosynthesis energy, and therefore, healthy plant can absorb more ruddiness, reflects more near-infrared.Standard deviation vegetation index (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) be the quantitative target that photosynthesis of plant absorbs effective radiation, be commonly used to plant health state and growth activity, by formula NDVI=(NIRreflected – Redreflected)/(NIRreflected+Redreflected) calculate.The NDVI data that GreenSeeker Sensor records according to remote sensing can be made diagnosis to crop growing state, output by the microcomputer analytical calculation of apparatus preparation, and can measure fast, easily and accurately crops growth different times to the demand of N fertilizer (Raun et al., 2002).
Summary of the invention
In order to solve above-mentioned technical problem, the invention provides a kind of new fertilizing method.The present invention is by detecting the overall target of wheat growth and nutrition condition---and normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) value instructs the management of nitrogen real-time on-site, improves wheat lodging resistance and nitrogen utilization efficiency.
Technical scheme of the present invention is: a kind of fertilizing method that improves wheat nitrogen availability and lodging resistance, it is characterized in that,
(1) base fertilise: before wheat cultivation, select traditional wheat special-purpose N, P, K composite fertilizer, regulate nutritive element ratio with producing with superphosphate, potassium chloride (or potassium sulphate), urea as required, make every mu to use N, P
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 5-6,5-8,4-7kg, then ploughs immediately, and fertilizer is mixed with soil, avoids nutritive element volatilization;
(2) sowing: wheat cultivation amount is 8-12.5kg/ mu, and line-spacing is 20-23cm;
(3) wheat growth, to the initial stage of standing up, utilizes GreenSeeker to measure NDVI value;
If when a. meeting NDVI<0.20 and wheat population and being less than two conditions of 320,000 stem tiller number/mus simultaneously, in stand up every mu of initial stage of wheat, use N, P
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,5cm is buried in 9kg(ditch spread), after fertilising, irrigate immediately;
If b. only meet above-mentioned one of them condition, in wheat, stand up every mu of mid-term to use N, P
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,5cm is buried in 9kg(ditch spread), after fertilising, irrigate immediately;
If c. above-mentioned two conditions all do not meet, in the wheat jointing initial stage (1-2 joint), continue to utilize GreenSeeker to measure NDVI value and impose fertilizer (ditch spread bury 5cm), irrigation immediately after fertilising according to NDVI value;
If during NDVI value <0.30, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,9kg;
If during NDVI value >0.50, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 8,2,6kg;
If NDVI value is 0.30-0.50, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 8-11(and does not comprise endpoints thereof, lower with), 2-4,6-9kg;
Note: N, P
2o
5, K
2traditional wheat of take when O uses special-purpose N, P, K composite fertilizer are bed material, with potassium chloride (or potassium sulphate), urea (as needs), regulate nutrient component.
(4) the wheat grain filling middle and later periods (20-25 days after blooming), spray KH
2pO
4once, every mu of consumption 0.6-0.8kg, with clear water, being made into concentration is 1%(percentage by weight) medicament, at 4 in the fine day afternoon, spray later, be conducive to preparation and fully absorb, avoid high temperature at noon burning to blade.
Note: the field management measures such as the front moisture creating of wheat cultivation, whole ground, seed selection, weeding are by local tradition and experiential operating.
Technical solution of the present invention has solid crop physiology basis and multiple beneficial effect:
1) nutrient component of selecting in base manure of the present invention, its ratio is different from conventional fertilizer application.The present invention has reduced base fertilise N element consumption, thereby reduced the inhibitory action that high concentration N element causes wheat germination and root elongation, promoted that root system is profound, for avoiding the lodging of late growth stage root to provide support, reduce the loss of the approach such as volatilization, drip washing of N element simultaneously, reduced environmental pollution.Because of P element, be combined closely with soil, be difficult for leaching loss, base execute middle raising its at N, P
2o
5, K
2ratio in O tri-elements, with stabilized cell membrane fluidity, promotes the anti-winter low temperature of wheat and coerces ability.
2) stand up the phase, wheat carries out tillering spring.If now colony and NDVI value are little, illustrate that soil nutrient is deficient, in advance, volume topdresses, and promotes wheat to tiller spring, improves a mu spike number.
3) the wheat jointing initial stage is the best period that wheat topdresses, now measure NDVI value, can reflect soil nutrition condition and wheat growth situation, according to NDVI value level, apply fertilizer with a definite target in view, reduce the nutrient loss and the environmental pollution that because of factors such as rainfall, irrigations, cause.
4) compare with traditional fertilization custom, the present invention still uses K fertilizer in the phase of standing up or shooting stage.The one, because the shooting stage is the critical period that wheat stalk stalk is grown, improves the fertile consumption of K and can promote the polysaccharide such as cellulose, lignin synthetic, improve wheat straw stiffness, improve characteristic resistant to lodging; Two, K is also easy molten element, and drip washing higher (lower than N element, but far away higher than P element) is the most vigorous at wheat growth, need most the fertilising in period of K element, disposable excessive fertilization while reducing sowing and the waste that causes improves its utilization ratio; The 3rd, because NH
4 +plant is absorbed to K
+there is certain inhibitory action, improve the K amount of executing, to alleviate K element scarcity in plant.
5) according to our non-invasive micro-test technology, measure K
+can promote plant to NO
3 -absorption.Because the drip washing of N element is greater than K element, improves K element consumption and utilize it to promote N absorption characteristic to improve plant nutrition balance.
6) the grouting middle and later periods, in plant, a large amount of K are transported in seed, spray KH
2pO
4, to supplement the nutrition of K element, simultaneously also for plant tissue provides a sour environment, improve proteinase activity in cell, promotion protein degradation is organic molecule, make in stalk containing N compound can fast transportation in seed, improve filling rate, output and N element utilization ratio.K element also can promote that pustulation period starch is synthetic, Nutrient Transformation, wheat is fallen yellow good, increases output and improves quality.
Embodiment
1 test of embodiment is experimental field carried out in Crop Inst. of shandong Prov. Agriculture science Academy, and soil fertility is medium; Tillage method is conservation tillage (the direct chopping and returning of its stalk after upper season crop harvest corn, wheat is sowed with no-tillage machine), and experiment kind is Jimai 22.
A. base fertilise: spread fertilizer over the fields composite fertilizer before wheat cultivation, N, P
2o
5, K
2o consumption is respectively 5,7,7kg/ mu.After fertilising, plough immediately, fertilizer is mixed with soil, avoid nutrient component to volatilize because of exposed.
B. wheat cultivation amount is 9kg/ mu, and line-spacing is 20cm.
C. wheat growth is to the initial stage of standing up, and NDVI value is 0.27, and colony is 45.3 ten thousand stem tiller number/mus.
D. at the wheat jointing initial stage (1 joint), utilizing GreenSeeker to measure NDVI value is 0.59.
E. take N, P, K composite fertilizer is bed material, by potassium chloride and urea adjusting nutrient component, uses N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 8,2,5cm is dark in 6kg(ditch spread), after fertilising, irrigate immediately.
F. the wheat grain filling middle and later periods (blooming latter 25 days), spray KH
2pO
4, every mu of consumption 0.6kg, with clear water, being made into concentration is 1% medicament, 4 spray later in the afternoon.
G. before wheat cultivation, moisture creating, whole ground, seed selection, weeding etc. are carried out with experience by local tradition.
The embodiment of the present invention 1 is as shown in table 1 on the impact of wheat stalk stalk composition, lodging and output with traditional fertilization.Traditional fertilization method: during sowing, select wheat special-purpose N, P, K composite fertilizer, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o8,7,5kg, mix after spreading fertilizer over the fields and turn over and bury.Shooting stage, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o8,2,4kg, the ditch spread 5cm that buries, irrigates after fertilising immediately.
Table 1 embodiment of the present invention 1 and the impact of traditional fertilization on wheat stalk stalk composition, lodging and output
2 tests of embodiment are carried out in Changqing, Shandong Province breeding factory, the direct chopping and returning of its stalk after upper season crop harvest corn, soil deep ploughing; Wheat breed is Jimai 22.
A. base fertilise: spread fertilizer over the fields composite fertilizer before wheat cultivation, N, P
2o
5, K
2o consumption is respectively 5,6.5,7kg.After fertilising, plough immediately, fertilizer is mixed with soil, avoid nutrient component to volatilize because of exposed.
B. wheat cultivation amount is 10kg/ mu, and line-spacing is 22cm.
C. wheat growth is to the initial stage of standing up, and colony is 42.7 ten thousand stem tiller number/mus, and NDVI value is 0.28.
D. at the wheat jointing initial stage (1 joint), utilizing GreenSeeker to measure NDVI value is 0.49, and take N, P, K composite fertilizer is bed material, by potassium chloride and urea adjusting nutrient component, uses N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 9,3,5cm is buried in 7.5kg(ditch spread), irrigate immediately.
E. the wheat grain filling middle and later periods (blooming latter 22 days), spray KH
2pO
4, every mu of consumption is 0.6kg, and with clear water, being made into concentration is 1% medicament, and 4 spray later in the afternoon.
F. before wheat cultivation, moisture creating, whole ground, seed selection, weeding etc. are carried out with experience by local tradition.
The embodiment of the present invention 2 is as shown in table 2 on the impact of wheat stalk stalk composition, lodging and output with traditional fertilization.Traditional fertilization method: during sowing, select composite fertilizer, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o7,7.5,5kg, mix after spreading fertilizer over the fields and turn over and bury.Shooting stage, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o9,2,3kg, the ditch spread 5cm that buries, irrigates after fertilising immediately.
Table 2 embodiment of the present invention 2 and the impact of traditional fertilization on wheat stalk stalk composition, lodging and output
3 tests of embodiment Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province peasant household (soil fertility is lower) carry out, soil rotary tillage, without straw-returning; Wheat breed is tobacco grower 19.
A. base fertilise: spread fertilizer over the fields composite fertilizer before wheat cultivation, N, P
2o
5, K
2o consumption is respectively 6,7,6kg.After fertilising, plough immediately, fertilizer is mixed with soil, avoid nutrient component to volatilize because of exposed.
B. wheat cultivation amount is 12kg/ mu, and line-spacing is 20cm.
C. wheat growth is to the initial stage of standing up, and colony is 31.6 ten thousand stem tiller number/mus, and NDVI value is 0.19.
Therefore d. at the initial stage of standing up, take N, P, K composite fertilizer is bed material, by potassium sulphate and urea adjusting nutrient component, uses N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o is respectively 11,4,5cm is buried in 9kg(ditch spread), irrigate immediately.
E. the wheat grain filling middle and later periods (blooming latter 24 days), spray KH
2pO
4, every mu of consumption 0.6kg, with clear water, being made into concentration is 1% medicament, 4 spray later in the afternoon.
Other field management measures such as the front moisture creating of wheat cultivation, whole ground, seed selection, weeding are carried out with experience by local tradition.
The embodiment of the present invention 3 is as shown in table 3 on the impact of wheat stalk stalk composition, lodging and output with traditional fertilization.Traditional fertilization method: during sowing, select composite fertilizer, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o11,8,7kg, mix after spreading fertilizer over the fields and turn over and bury.Shooting stage, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o9,3,4kg, the ditch spread 5cm that buries, irrigates immediately.
Table 3 embodiment of the present invention 3 and the impact of traditional fertilization on wheat stalk stalk composition, straw stiffness and output
Claims (4)
1. a fertilizing method that improves wheat nitrogen availability and lodging resistance, is characterized in that,
(1) base fertilise: before wheat cultivation, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 5-6,5-8,4-7kg, after fertilising, ploughs immediately, and fertilizer is mixed with soil;
(2) sowing: wheat cultivation amount is 8-12.5kg/ mu, and line-spacing is 20-23cm;
(3) wheat growth, to standing up the initial stage, utilizes GreenSeeker to measure NDVI value;
If when a. meeting NDVI<0.20 and wheat population and being less than two conditions of 320,000 stem tiller number/mus simultaneously, in stand up every mu of initial stage of wheat, use N, P
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,9kg, after fertilising, irrigates immediately;
If b. only meet a condition in step a, in wheat, stand up every mu of mid-term to use N, P
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,9kg, after fertilising, irrigates immediately;
If c. in step a, two conditions all do not meet, in the wheat jointing initial stage, continue to utilize GreenSeeker measure NDVI value and impose fertilizer according to NDVI value, after fertilising, irrigate immediately;
If during NDVI value <0.30, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 11,4,9kg;
If during NDVI value >0.50, use N, P for every mu
2o
5, K
2o amount is respectively 8,2,6kg;
If NDVI value is 0.30-0.50, every mu of amount of using N is > 8kg and <11kg, uses P
2o
5amount be > 2kg and <4kg, use K
2o amount is > 6kg and <9kg;
(4) the wheat grain filling middle and later periods sprays KH
2pO
4once, every mu of consumption 0.6-0.8kg, is made into clear water the solution that concentration is 1wt%, at 4 in the fine day afternoon, sprays later.
2. a kind of fertilizing method that improves wheat nitrogen availability and lodging resistance as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, the 5cm that buries of the equal ditch spread of fertilizer in described step (3).
3. a kind of fertilizing method that improves wheat nitrogen availability and lodging resistance as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, N, P in described step (1)
2o
5, K
2it is bed material that O amount of application be take traditional wheat special-purpose N, P, K composite fertilizer, with producing with superphosphate, potassium chloride or potassium sulphate, urea, regulates.
4. a kind of fertilizing method that improves wheat nitrogen availability and lodging resistance as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that, N, P in described step (3)
2o
5, K
2it is bed material that O amount of application be take traditional wheat special-purpose N, P, K composite fertilizer, with potassium chloride or potassium sulphate, urea, regulates N, P
2o
5and K
2ratio between O.
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| CN103355043B (en) * | 2013-08-02 | 2015-02-11 | 杨贵成 | Method for water-saving and topdressing of foliar fertilization for replacing root fertilization for winter wheat in drought region |
| CN103597988B (en) * | 2013-10-31 | 2015-10-21 | 山东省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所 | One is first filled with and is executed winter wheat topdressing method afterwards |
| CN106561250A (en) * | 2016-11-10 | 2017-04-19 | 河南科技学院 | Application of water and nitrogen processing in enhancement of falling-down resistance of winter wheat |
| CN108739149A (en) * | 2018-04-23 | 2018-11-06 | 新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所 | A kind of implantation methods of South Sinkiang winter wheat |
| CN110604017B (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2021-06-22 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Promoting wheat NH4+Method and chemical preparation for assimilating and increasing grain yield |
| CN110574647A (en) * | 2019-10-22 | 2019-12-17 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Cultivation method for improving stress resistance of wheat |
| CN111201873B (en) * | 2020-03-13 | 2022-03-11 | 山东省农业科学院作物研究所 | Method for calculating nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium consumption of wheat and proportion thereof |
| CN112649392A (en) * | 2020-12-15 | 2021-04-13 | 中国农业大学 | Method for rapidly identifying water-saving drought resistance of wheat |
| CN112970534B (en) * | 2021-01-12 | 2023-05-16 | 浙江省农业科学院 | Method for relieving high-concentration ammonium nitrogen in soil to inhibit growth of wheat in seedling stage |
| CN115611671B (en) * | 2022-09-26 | 2023-10-27 | 安徽省农业科学院作物研究所 | Lodging-resistant fertilizer for wheat and preparation method thereof |
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|---|---|
| CN103109671A (en) | 2013-05-22 |
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