CN103098231A - 太阳能电池及其制造方法 - Google Patents

太阳能电池及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN103098231A
CN103098231A CN201180042768XA CN201180042768A CN103098231A CN 103098231 A CN103098231 A CN 103098231A CN 201180042768X A CN201180042768X A CN 201180042768XA CN 201180042768 A CN201180042768 A CN 201180042768A CN 103098231 A CN103098231 A CN 103098231A
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李东根
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Abstract

公开了一种太阳能电池及其制造方法。所述太阳能电池包括:衬底;在所述衬底上的背电极层;在所述背电极层上的包括第二通孔的光吸收层;在所述光吸收层上的窗口层;以及在所述衬底与所述背电极层之间的阻挡层。

Description

太阳能电池及其制造方法
技术领域
实施例涉及一种太阳能电池及其制造方法。
背景技术
太阳能电池将太阳能转化为电能。近来,随着对太阳能的需求的增长,太阳能电池在多个领域中得到商用。
通过顺序地形成包含钠的衬底、背电极层、光吸收层和窗口层并且随后在其上形成栅极,制造太阳能电池。光吸收层包括CIGS化合物。由于CIGS化合物形成在背电极层上,从而在背电极层与光吸收层之间形成MoSe2层。
MoSe2层可以增大背电极层与光吸收层之间的界面粘附力。然而,由于MoSe2层的电阻高于背电极层的电阻,因而会增大窗口层与背电极层之间的接触电阻,因此会降低太阳能电池的效率。
发明内容
技术问题
实施例提供一种太阳能电池及其制造方法,所述太阳能电池能够增大背电极层与窗口层之间的接触电阻,并且能够提高背电极层与光吸收层之间的界面粘附力。
技术方案
根据实施例的太阳能电池包括:衬底;在所述衬底上的背电极层;在所述背电极层上的包括第二通孔的光吸收层;在所述光吸收层上的窗口层;以及在所述衬底与所述背电极层之间的阻挡层。
根据实施例的太阳能电池制造方法包括:在衬底上形成阻挡层;在所述衬底和所述阻挡层上形成背电极层;在所述背电极层上形成光吸收层并且在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间形成欧姆层;以及在所述光吸收层上形成窗口层。
根据实施例的太阳能电池组件包括:多个太阳能电池,其中,每个太阳能电池包括:在衬底上的包括第一通孔的背电极层;在所述背电极层上的包括第二通孔的光吸收层;在所述光吸收层上的窗口层;在所述衬底与所述背电极层之间的阻挡层;以及在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间的欧姆层。
有益效果
根据实施例的太阳能电池,欧姆层形成在背电极层与光吸收层之间,因此可以提高背电极层与光吸收层之间的界面粘附力。
此外,根据实施例的太阳能电池,阻挡层形成在衬底与背电极层之间,因此欧姆层(MoSe2层)不形成在背电极层与窗口层连接的区域中。因此,窗口层可以与接触电阻比欧姆层高的背电极层电连接,从而可以提高太阳能电池的效率。
附图说明
图1是根据实施例的太阳能电池组件的平面图;
图2是示出根据实施例的太阳能电池的剖视图;
图3是示出根据实施例的基于阻挡层的太阳能电池的剖视图;
图4和图5是示出根据实施例的阻挡层的作用的剖视图;以及
图6至图13是示出根据实施例的太阳能电池制造过程的剖视图。
具体实施方式
在实施例的描述中,应该理解,当板、线、电池、装置、表面、或图案被称为在另一个板、另一个线、另一个电池、另一个装置、另一个表面或另一个图案“上”或“下”时,它可以“直接”或“间接”在该另一个板、线、电池、装置、表面、或图案上,或者也可以存在一个或多个中间层。将参照附图描述这种位置关系。附图中所示各个元件的厚度和尺寸可以被夸大并且不完全反应实际尺寸。
图1是根据实施例的太阳能电池组件的平面图。太阳能电池组件包括多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn。
参照图1,太阳能电池组件的衬底100包括有效区域AA和无效区域NAA。尽管有效区域AA和无效区域NAA排列为图1的条形图案的形式,但实施例不限于此。有效区域AA和无效区域NAA可以排列为不同形式。例如,有效区域AA和无效区域NAA可以排列为矩阵形式。
多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn布置在有效区域AA中。详细地,通过多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn来区分有效区域AA与无效区域NAA。
此外,每个有效区域AA可以包括欧姆层800。详细地,根据实施例的太阳能电池组件,在每个有效区域AA中形成欧姆层800,从而可以提高背电极层200与光吸收层300之间的界面粘附力。
无效区域NAA分别布置在有效区域AA之间。就是说,无效区域NAA与有效区域AA交替地布置。无效区域NAA可以是透明的。就是说,由于太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn未布置在无效区域NAA中,从而光可以透过无效区域NAA。
此外,每个无效区域NAA可以包括将多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn互相连接的线。例如,每个电池的窗口层与相邻电池的背电极层通过布置在每个无效区域NAA中的连接线310互相连接。
每个无效区域NAA可以包括阻挡层700。详细地,在每个无效区域NAA上形成阻挡层700。根据实施例的太阳能电池组件,由于阻挡层700形成在每个无效区域NAA上,从而欧姆层800可以不形成在无效区域NAA中。因此,每个电池的窗口层可以通过连接线310与接触电阻比欧姆层800高的背电极层200电连接。
尽管图1中示出阻挡层700与欧姆层800分离,但实施例不限于此。阻挡层700可以与欧姆层800部分重叠。例如,参照图2,阻挡层700可以形成在有效区域AA以及无效区域NAA的一部分上。此外,欧姆层800可以形成在有效区域AA以及无效区域NAA的一部分上。因此,阻挡层700可以与欧姆层800部分重叠,稍后在介绍太阳能电池时将更详细地对此进行描述。
图2是示出根据实施例的太阳能电池的剖视图,图3是示出根据实施例的基于阻挡层的太阳能电池的剖视图。此外,图4和图5是示出根据实施例的阻挡层的作用的剖视图。
参照图2,根据实施例的太阳能电池包括衬底100以及顺序地形成在衬底100上的背电极层200、光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500和窗口层600。此外,根据实施例的太阳能电池包括插置于衬底100与背电极层200之间的阻挡层700和选择性地布置于背电极层200与光吸收层300之间的欧姆层800。
衬底100具有板形形状,以支撑背电极层200、光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500、窗口层600、阻挡层700和欧姆层800。
衬底100可以是透明的。此外,衬底100可以是刚性的或挠性的。
衬底100可以包含绝缘材料。例如,衬底100可以是玻璃衬底、塑料衬底或金属衬底。详细地,衬底100可以是包含钠成分的钠钙玻璃衬底。此外,衬底100可以包括诸如氧化铝的陶瓷、不锈钢或具有挠性的聚合物。
背电极层200布置在衬底100上。背电极层200是导电层。背电极层200可以包含Mo、Au、Al、Cr、W和Cu中的一种,但实施例不限于此。在以上元件中,Mo的热膨胀系数与衬底100近似,因此提高了粘附特性并且背电极层200不会与衬底100层离。此外,Mo可以满足背电极层200所需的特性。
背电极层200可以包括通过利用相同金属或不同金属而形成的至少两层。
背电极层200包括第一通孔P1。就是说,背电极层200被第一通孔P1图案化。此外,第一通孔P1可以变化地排列为图2所示的条形或矩阵形式。第一通孔P1可以具有约80μm至约200μm的宽度,但实施例不限于此。
光吸收层300布置在背电极层200上。光吸收层300包括I-III-VI族化合物。例如,光吸收层300可以具有CIGSS(Cu(IN,Ga)(Se,S)2)晶体结构、CISS(Cu(IN)(Se,S)2)晶体结构或CGSS(Cu(Ga)(Se,S)2)晶体结构。
缓冲层400布置在光吸收层300上。缓冲层400可以减小光吸收层300与稍后要描述的窗口层600之间的能带隙差异。
此外,缓冲层400可以包括CdS、ZnS、InXSY或InXSeYZn(O,OH)。缓冲层400的厚度可以在约50nm至约150nm的范围内,并且能带隙可以在约2.2eV至约2.4eV的范围内。
高阻缓冲层500布置在缓冲层400上。高阻缓冲层500具有高电阻,从而高阻缓冲层500可以防止与窗口层600绝缘和防止相对于窗口层600的碰撞损坏。
高阻缓冲层500可以包含未掺杂杂质的氧化锌(i-ZnO)。高阻缓冲层500的能带隙可以在约3.1eV至约3.3eV的范围内。可以省去高阻缓冲层500。
光吸收层300、缓冲层400和高阻缓冲层500可以包括第二通孔P2。就是说,第二通孔P2穿过光吸收层300、缓冲层400和高阻缓冲层500形成。通过第二通孔P2部分地露出背电极层200。第二通孔P2可以具有约80μm至约200μm的宽度,但实施例不限于此。
第二通孔P2可以填充有与用于窗口层600的材料相同的材料,以便形成连接线310。连接线310将窗口层600与背电极层200电连接。
窗口层600可以包括透光导电材料。此外,窗口层600可以具有n型半导体的特性。窗口层600与缓冲层400可以形成n型半导体层,以便可以与用作p型半导体层的光吸收层300一起形成PN结。例如,窗口层600可以包括掺杂铝的氧化锌(AZO)。窗口层600的厚度可以在约100nm至约500nm的范围内。
窗口层600、高阻缓冲层500、缓冲层400和光吸收层300可以包括第三通孔P3。就是说,第三通孔P3穿过窗口层600、高阻缓冲层500、缓冲层400和光吸收层300形成。通过第三通孔P3部分地露出背电极层200。第三通孔P3可以具有约80μm至约200μm的宽度,但实施例不限于此。
根据实施例的太阳能电池还包括插置于衬底100与背电极层200之间的阻挡层700。由于存在阻挡层700,稍后要描述的欧姆层800仅形成在背电极层200的一部分上。就是说,阻挡层700可以防止衬底100产生的钠扩散。
阻挡层700形成在衬底100与背电极层200之间。阻挡层700可以形成在背电极层200中。详细地,阻挡层700可以形成在衬底100与背电极层200之间的界面处。
此外,阻挡层700可以形成在背电极层200的与形成在光吸收层300中的第二通孔P2相对应的区域上。详细地,阻挡层700可以形成在第二通孔P2与第三通孔P3之间的区域上。
阻挡层700可以包含SiO2或SiO4。此外,参照图3,阻挡层700的长度L2在背电极层200长度L1的1/3到2/3的范围内。此外,阻挡层700的厚度T3在背电极层200厚度T1的1/5到1/3的范围内。
而且,根据实施例的太阳能电池可以包括选择性地形成在背电极层200与光吸收层300之间的欧姆层800。
如图3所示,欧姆层800可以形成在背电极层200中。详细地,欧姆层800可以形成在背电极层200的上部处。更详细地,欧姆层800可以形成在背电极层200与光吸收层300之间的界面处。此外,欧姆层800可以形成在背电极层200上部的一部分上,从而使得欧姆层800可以不与形成在光吸收层300中的第二通孔P2对应。
此外,参照图2和图3,阻挡层700可以与欧姆层800部分重叠(参见图3中的D),但实施例不限于此。就是说,如图1所示,阻挡层700可以布置为与欧姆层800不重叠。
通过使用含有Mo和Se的化合物可以形成欧姆层800。例如,欧姆层800可以包含MoSe2,但实施例不限于此。
欧姆层800可以在光吸收层300的CIGS化合物同时沉积在背电极层200上时自然地形成。此外,通过衬底100中包含的钠成分可以促进欧姆层800的形成。就是说,衬底100中包含的钠成分可以促进光吸收层300的Se成分和背电极层200的Mo成分的结合和产生。
图4和图5是示出根据实施例的阻挡层700的作用的剖视图。如图4所示,当光吸收层300形成在背电极层200上时,包含在衬底100中的钠成分向背电极层200移动。此时,存在于阻挡层700的下部(A区域)中的钠成分由于阻挡层700的存在而不移动。
相反,存在于没有形成阻挡层700的区域(B区域)中的钠成分可以容易地移动到背电极层200的上部。因此,从A区域移动到背电极层200的钠成分的量小于从B区域移动到背电极层200的钠成分的量。
为此,与光吸收层300中包含的Se成分结合的衬底100的钠成分的量可以根据背电极层200的区域而变化。就是说,如图5所示,欧姆层800可以以大的厚度形成在背电极层200的B区域上。相反,在背电极层200的A区域上可以不形成欧姆层800或以小的厚度形成欧姆层800。当然,衬底100的钠成分可以与在A区域中的光吸收层300中包含的Se成分结合。然而,在A区域中与Se成分结合的钠成分的量非常少,因此,欧姆层800的厚度非常薄。
详细地,根据实施例的太阳能电池,欧姆层800形成在背电极层200的上部的一部分上,使得欧姆层800由于阻挡层700而可以不与形成在光吸收层300中的第二通孔P2对应。
图6至图13是示出根据实施例的太阳能电池的制造过程的剖视图。将基于太阳能电池的描述来进行关于太阳能电池的制造过程的描述。关于太阳能电池的描述将合并于此作为参考。
参照图6和图7,阻挡层700形成在衬底100上。可以通过在衬底100上沉积阻挡层700然后将阻挡层700图案化为若干部分,形成阻挡层700。图案化工艺可以包括激光划线工艺(laser scribing process)、湿刻蚀工艺或干刻蚀工艺。
例如,制备含有钠的钠钙衬底100并且在衬底100的一个表面上沉积阻挡层700。阻挡层700可以通过化学气相沉积工艺或溅射工艺来形成,并且阻挡层700的厚度可以在约0.2μm至约0.6μm的范围内。详细地,阻挡层700的厚度可以在约0.2μm至约0.3μm的范围内。
参照图8,背电极层200形成在衬底100和阻挡层700上。背电极层200可以通过PVD(物理气相沉积,physical vapor deposition)工艺或电镀工艺来形成。此外,诸如扩散阻挡层的附加层可以插置于衬底100和背电极层200之间。
之后,如图9所示,将背电极层200图案化以形成第一通孔P1,从而使得阻挡层700可以位于背电极层200的预定区域处。
参照图10,光吸收层300形成在背电极层200上。此时,欧姆层800形成在背电极层200与光吸收层300之间。
就是说,当光吸收层300形成时,包含在光吸收层300中的Se成分与包含在钠钙衬底100中的钠成分结合,从而使得欧姆层800形成在背电极层200与光吸收层300之间。此外,如图4和图5所示,由于阻挡层700的存在,欧姆层800选择性地形成在背电极层200上表面的预定区域上。
之后,参照图11,在光吸收层300上形成缓冲层400和高阻缓冲层500。缓冲层400可以通过化学浴沉积(CBD)工艺在光吸收层300上沉积CdS来形成。
高阻缓冲层500布置在缓冲层400上。高阻缓冲层500包括未掺杂杂质的i-ZnO。高阻缓冲层500的能带隙可以在约3.1eV至约3.3eV的范围内。此外,可以省去高阻缓冲层500。
之后,如图12所示,第二通孔P2穿过高阻缓冲层500、缓冲层400和光吸收层300形成。第二通孔P2与第一通孔P1隔开预定距离。可以通过机械方法或激光照射方法来形成第二通孔P2。例如,可以通过划线工艺形成第二通孔P2。第二通孔P2可以与欧姆层800不对应。
参照图13,窗口层600形成在高阻缓冲层500上。可以通过在高阻缓冲层500上沉积透明导电材料来形成窗口层600。此时,将透明导电材料填充在第二通孔P2中,以便形成连接线310。
连接线310将窗口层600与背电极层200电连接。如上所述,具有连接线310的第二通孔P2可以与欧姆层800不对应。因此,窗口层600可以与接触电阻比欧姆层800高的背电极层200电连接,从而可以提高太阳能电池的效率。
接着,第三通孔P3穿过窗口层600、高阻缓冲层500、缓冲层400和光吸收层300形成。第三通孔P3与第二通孔P2隔开预定距离。
由于第三通孔P3,可以形成包括背电极层200、光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500的多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn。详细地,多个太阳能电池C1、C2、C3…Cn通过第三通孔P3彼此分隔开。
第三通孔P3可以通过机械方法或激光照射方法形成,从而可以通过第三通孔P3露出背电极层200的上表面。
本说明书中涉及的“一个实施例”、“实施例”、“示例性实施例”等表示结合实施例描述的特定特征、结构或特性包括在本发明的至少一个实施例中。在说明书中不同位置的这些词语的出现不必要都指代同一实施例。此外,当结合任意实施例描述特定特征、结构或特性时,应当认为结合其它实施例实现这些特征、结构或特性在本领域技术人员的能力范围内。
尽管已参照本发明的若干示例性实施例描述了本发明,但是应该理解,本领域技术人员可以推导出的许多其它改进和实施例都将落在本公开的原理的精神和范围内。更具体地,在本公开、附图和所附权利要求的范围内可以对所讨论的组合排列的组成部件和/或排列方式进行各种变型和改进。除了对组成部件和/或排列方式进行变型和改进之外,替换使用对本领域技术人员来说也是显而易见的。

Claims (19)

1.一种太阳能电池,包括:
衬底;
在所述衬底上的背电极层;
在所述背电极层上的包括第二通孔的光吸收层;
在所述光吸收层上的窗口层;以及
在所述衬底与所述背电极层之间的阻挡层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,进一步包括在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间的欧姆层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述欧姆层包含MoSe2
4.根据权利要求2所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述欧姆层被布置为与未形成所述第二通孔的区域相对应。
5.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述阻挡层防止钠扩散。
6.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述阻挡层形成在与所述第二通孔相对应的区域处。
7.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述阻挡层的宽度对应于所述背电极层宽度的1/3到2/3。
8.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述阻挡层的厚度对应于所述背电极层厚度的1/5到1/3。
9.根据权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述阻挡层包含SiO2或SiO4
10.一种太阳能电池的制造方法,所述方法包括:
在衬底上形成阻挡层;
在所述衬底和所述阻挡层上形成背电极层;
在所述背电极层上形成光吸收层并且在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间形成欧姆层;以及
在所述光吸收层上形成窗口层。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,形成所述背电极层包括将所述背电极层图案化,以形成第一通孔。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,形成所述光吸收层包括将所述光吸收层图案化,以形成第二通孔。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述欧姆层布置为使得所述欧姆层与所述第二通孔不对应。
14.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述阻挡层的厚度在约0.2μm至约0.3μm的范围内。
15.一种太阳能电池组件,包括:
多个太阳能电池,
其中,每个太阳能电池包括:
在衬底上的包括第一通孔的背电极层;
在所述背电极层上的包括第二通孔的光吸收层;
在所述光吸收层上的窗口层;
在所述衬底与所述背电极层之间的阻挡层;以及
在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间的欧姆层。
16.根据权利要求15所述的太阳能电池组件,其中,所述多个太阳能电池被第三通孔彼此分隔开。
17.根据权利要求16所述的太阳能电池组件,其中,所述阻挡层布置为与所述第二通孔和所述第三通孔之间的区域相对应。
18.根据权利要求15所述的太阳能电池组件,其中,所述衬底包括布置有所述太阳能电池的有效区域和布置在所述有效区域之间的无效区域。
19.根据权利要求18所述的太阳能电池组件,其中,所述阻挡层布置为与所述无效区域相对应,所述欧姆层布置为与所述有效区域对应。
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