CN103907199B - 太阳能电池及其制备方法 - Google Patents

太阳能电池及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN103907199B
CN103907199B CN201280054136.XA CN201280054136A CN103907199B CN 103907199 B CN103907199 B CN 103907199B CN 201280054136 A CN201280054136 A CN 201280054136A CN 103907199 B CN103907199 B CN 103907199B
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李东根
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Abstract

根据本发明的太阳能电池包括在支撑基板上的背电极层;将所述背电极层分成多个背电极的第一通孔;在所述背电极层中的第一接触图形;形成在所述背电极层上的光吸收层,该光吸收层包括在所述第一接触图形上的第二接触图形;以及在所述光吸收层上的前电极层。

Description

太阳能电池及其制备方法
技术领域
实施例涉及太阳能电池及其制备方法。
背景技术
太阳能电池可以定义为当光照射在P-N结二极管上时利用产生电子的光伏效应把光能转化成电能的装置。根据构成结型二极管的材料,太阳能电池可以分为硅太阳能电池、主要包含I-III-VI族化合物或III-V族化合物的化合物半导体太阳能电池、染料敏化太阳能电池以及有机太阳能电池。
由CIGS(CuInGaSe,I-III-VI族黄铜矿基(Chalcopyrite-based)化合物半导体之一)形成的太阳能电池呈现出优异的光吸收性、厚度薄的情况下较高的光电转化效率以及优异的电光稳定性,因此,CIGS太阳能电池作为传统硅太阳能电池替代而受到关注。
图1示出了现有技术中的CIGS薄膜太阳能电池的结构。通常来讲,CIGS太阳能电池可以通过在玻璃基板10上顺序形成背电极层20、光吸收层30、缓冲层40、前电极层50来制造。基板10可以利用多种材料制成,如钠钙玻璃、不锈钢、聚酰亚胺(PI)等。
光吸收层30为P型半导体层,主要包括CuInSe2或Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2,后者通过用Ga取代一部分In来获得。光吸收层可以通过多种方法形成,例如蒸发法、溅射法、硒化法、电镀法等。
缓冲层40设置在光吸收层和前电极层(两者在晶格常数和能带隙方面呈现出很大的差异)之间,从而在其间形成优异的结。缓冲层40主要包括通过化学浴沉积法(CBD)形成的硫化镉,。
前电极层60为N型半导体层,并相对于光吸收层30和缓冲层40形成了PN结。另外,由于前电极层在太阳能电池的前表面用作透明电极,因此,前电极层主要包括具有高透光率和高电导率的掺铝氧化锌(AZO)。
与体型太阳能电池不同,CIGS薄膜太阳能电池包括多个电池单元,这些电池单元通过图形化过程(TH1-TH3)彼此串联连接。最重要的图形化过程是TH2过程。连接线70在TH2图形处与背电极20接触,因此,如果TH2图形处的接触失效,那么,会发生电损耗,并且太阳能电池的效率会明显降低。
同时,参照图1,当光吸收层30形成在背电极层20上时可以形成硒-钼层21。详细地说,硒-钼层21可以通过背电极中的钼(Mo)和光吸收层中的硒之间的反应来形成。然而,硒-钼层21会增加连接线70与背电极20之间的接触电阻。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明提供一种通过减少接触电阻能够提高光电转化效率的太阳能电池及其制备方法。
技术方案
根据实施例所述的太阳能电池包括在支撑基板上的背电极层;将所述背电极层分成多个背电极的第一通孔;在所述背电极层中的第一接触图形;形成在所述背电极层上的光吸收层,该光吸收层包括在所述第一接触图形上的第二接触图形;以及在所述光吸收层上的前电极层。
根据实施例所述的太阳能电池的制备方法包括下述步骤:在支撑基板上形成背电极层;在所述背电极层上形成光吸收层;通过所述光吸收层形成第二接触层,使得所述背电极层通过所述第二接触层部分地露出;对通过所述第二接触层露出的背电极层进行刻蚀,从而形成第一接触图形;以及在所述光吸收层、所述第二接触图形和所述第一接触图形上形成前电极层。
有益效果
根据实施例所述的太阳能电池在前电极与背电极相接触的接触区域中包括第一接触图形,因此,前电极和背电极之间的接触面积可以增加。于是,可以便于电子在电极之间的转移,并且可以改善太阳能电池的光电转换效率。
另外,根据实施例所述的太阳能电池,当形成第一接触图形时接触电阻增加层被去除,因此,前电极层可以与背电极层直接接触。于是,前电极层与背电极层之间的接触电阻可以减小,使得所述太阳能电池的光电转换效率可以得到提高。
附图说明
图1是剖视图,示出了现有技术中的太阳能电池;
图2是剖视图,示出了本实施例所述的太阳能电池;以及
图3到图7是剖视图,示出了本实例所述的太阳能电池的制备方法。
具体实施方式
在实施例的描述中,应该明白,当某一基板、层、膜、或者电极被称作是在另一基板、另一层、另一膜或者另一电极“之上”或者“之下”时,它可以是“直接”或“间接”地在该另一基板、层、膜或电极之上或之下,或者也可以存在一个或更多的中间层。层的这种位置参照附图进行了描述。附图中所示的要素的尺寸可以为了说明的目的而夸大,可以并不完全反映实际的尺寸。
图2是剖视图,示出了本实例所述的太阳能电池。参照图2,本实施例所述的太阳能电池包括支撑基板100、背电极层200、接触电阻增加层210、光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500、前电极层600、连接线700、以及接触凸起800。
支撑基板100具有平板形状并且支撑背电极层200、光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500以及前电极层600。支撑基板100可以是透明的,可以是刚性或弹性的。
另外,支撑基板100可以包括绝缘体。例如,支撑基板100可以包括玻璃基板、塑料基板、或者金属基板。更详细地讲,支撑基板100可以包括钠钙玻璃基板。另外支撑基板100可以包括含有氧化铝的陶瓷基板、不锈钢或者具有柔韧性能的聚合物。
在支撑基板100上设置背电极层200。背电极层200为导电层。背电极层200可以包括从钼(Mo)、金(Au)、铝(Al)、铬(Cr)、钨(W)和铜(Cu)构成的组中选择的一种。在以上金属中,钼具有和支撑基板100相近的热膨胀系数,所以钼可以改善粘合性能,防止背电极层200从基板100上剥落。
背电极层200包括第一通孔TH1。第一通孔TH1可以把背电极层200分成多个背电极。也就是说,背电极层200包括多个背电极和第一通孔TH1。另外,第一通孔TH1可以按图2所示的条状形式或者矩阵形式进行多样的排列。
在背电极层200上设置光吸收层300。光吸收层300包括Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ族化合物。例如,光吸收层300可以具有CIGSS(Cu(IN,Ga)(Se,S)2)晶体结构、CISS(Cu(IN)(Se,S)2)晶体结构、或CGSS(Cu(Ga)(Se,S)2)晶体结构。
在所述背电极层上形成接触电阻增加层210。更详细地讲,接触电阻增加层210设置在背电极层200与光吸收层300之间。例如,接触电阻增加层210的一面直接与背电极层200接触,接触电阻增加层210的另一面直接与光吸收层300接触。
接触电阻增加层210可以在光吸收层300形成在背电极层200上时形成。例如,接触电阻增加层210可以通过背电极层200的钼与光吸收层300的硒之间的反应形成。因此,接触电阻增加层210可以包含MoSe2或MoS2
由于接触电阻增加层210之故,背电极层200与前电极层600可以不直接接触。因此,背电极层200与前电极层600之间的接触电阻可以增加。
为了解决上面的问题,根据本实施例,在背电极层200中形成第一接触图形P1。更详细地讲,在不和第一通孔TH1重叠的区域中形成第一接触图形P1。由于第一接触图形P1之故,可以部分或全部去除接触电阻增加层210。因此,背电极层200与前电极层600能够直接接触,于是接触电阻可以降低。
另外,第一接触图形P1可以增加背电极层200和连接线700之间的接触面积。所以,第一接触图形P1可以便于前电极层600、连接线700与背电极层200之间的电子转移。因此本实施例所述的太阳能电池的光电转化效率可以得到改善。
第一接触图形P1的形状可以不受特别限制,只要第一接触图形P1能够增加背电极层200与连接线700之间的接触面积即可。
例如,第一接触图形P1可以包括多个接触凸起800。接触凸起800可以彼此隔开。另外,接触凸起800之间的间距在在约1μm到约10μm的范围内,但是本实施例不限于此。此外,每个接触凸起800的平均宽度可以在约1μm到约10μm的范围内,但本实施例不限于此。
接触凸起800的形状不受特别限制。例如,接触凸起800可以以点、线、棒、管或者凹凸结构的形式制成。更详细地讲,接触凸起800可以具有棒形。
另外,如图2所示,接触凸起800可以使支撑基板100部分露出。也就是说,如图2所示,第一接触图形P1可以通过背电极层200形成,但本实施例不限于此。
在第一接触图形P1上形成第二接触图形P2。更详细地讲,在与第一接触图形P1对应的区域形成第二接触图形P2。第二接触图形P2形成在光吸收层300中,也就是说,第二接触图形P2通过光吸收层300形成。
在光吸收层300上设置缓冲层400。缓冲层400可以包含CdS、ZnS、InXSYor或InXSeYZn(O,OH)。缓冲层400的厚度可以在约50nm到约150nm的范围内,能带间隙在约2.2eV到约2.4eV的范围内。
在缓冲层400上设置高阻缓冲层500。高阻缓冲层500包括不掺杂杂质的i-ZnO。高阻缓冲层500的能带间隙可以在约3.1eV到约3.3eV的范围内。高阻缓冲层500可以省略。
在光吸收层300上可以设置前电极层600。例如前电极层600可以与在光吸收层300上形成的高阻缓冲层500直接接触。
前电极层600可以包含透明导电材料。另外,前电极层600可以具有N型半导体的特性。在这种情形中,前电极层600与缓冲层400形成N型半导体,从而与作为P型半导体层的光吸收层300构成PN结。例如,前电极层600可以包括掺铝氧化锌(AZO)。前电极层600的厚度可以在约100nm到约500nm的范围内。
连接线700可以与前电极层600一体形成。更详细地讲,当在高阻缓冲层500上层叠透明导电材料时,该透明导电材料就填充在第一图形P1和第二图形P2中,于是可以形成连接线700。连接线700使背电极层200与前电极层600电连接。
图3到图7为剖视图,示出了本实施例所述的太阳能电池的制备方法,以上关于太阳能电池的描述将通过引述结合于此。
参照图3,在支撑基板100上形成背电极层200。背电极层200可以通过PVD(物理气相沉积)方案或电镀方案形成。
背电极层200可以通过以下步骤形成,即,在支撑基板上形成背电极材料,然后利用第一通孔TH1将背电极材料图形化,从而形成多个背电极。例如,第一通孔TH1宽度可以在约80μm到约200μm的范围内,但本实施例不限于此。
参照图4,在背电极层200上形成光吸收层300、缓冲层400、高阻缓冲层500。
光吸收层300可以通过多种方案形成,比如通过同时或分别蒸发Cu、In、Ga和Se以形成Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)基光吸收层300的方案、先形成金属前体层再进行硒化过程的方案。
至于先形成金属前体层再进行硒化过程的细节,利用Cu靶、In靶或者Ga靶通过溅射过程在背电极层200上形成金属前体层。然后,在金属前体层上进行硒化过程,进而形成Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS)基光吸收层300。
另外,利用Cu靶、In靶和Ga靶的溅射过程可以与硒化过程同时进行。
进一步讲,通过只用Cu靶与In靶或者只用Cu靶与Ga靶的溅射过程以及硒化过程可以形成CIS或CIG基光吸收层300。
然后,可以通过CBD(化学浴沉积)方案在光吸收层300上沉积CdS以形成缓冲层400。另外,通过溅射过程在缓冲层400上沉积ZnO,从而形成高阻缓冲层500。
参照图5,在光吸收层300、缓冲层400与高阻缓冲层500上形成第二接触图形P2。也就是说,通过光吸收层300、缓冲层400与高阻缓冲层500形成第二接触图形P2。
可以通过机械方法形成第二接触图形P2,它的宽度在约80μm到约200μm的范围内。但本实施例不限于此。
由于第二接触图形P2之故,接触电阻增加层210部分或全部露出。在没有形成接触增加层210的情况下,背电极层200通过第二接触图形P2部分或全部露出。
参照图6,在通过第二接触图形P2露出的背电极层200和/或接触电阻增加层210中形成第一接触图形P1。
可以对通过第二接触图形P2露出的背电极层200和/或接触电阻增加层210进行刻蚀,从而形成第一接触图形P1。因此,第二接触图形P2可以形成在与第一接触图形P1对应的区域中。
第一接触图形P1可以通过干蚀、湿蚀、机械方法或激光法形成。例如,和第二接触图形P2相似,第一接触图形P1可以通过机械方法形成。另外,第一接触图形P1可以通过使用掩模的刻蚀方法形成,但本实施例不限于此。
第一接触图形P1可以包括通过刻蚀方法形成的多个接触凸起800。例如,接触凸起800可以相互隔开,间隔在约1μm到约10μm,但本实施例不限于此。另外,每个接触凸起800的平均宽度可以在约1μm到约10μm范围内,但本实施例不限于此。
然后,如7图所示,在高阻缓冲层500以及第一接触图形P1、第二接触图形P2上层叠透明导电材料,以形成前电极层600。例如,通过使用ZnO靶的射频溅射过程、使用Zn靶的反应溅射过程或有机金属化学沉积过程,可以形成前电极层600。
另外,在形成前电极层600的同时形成连接线700。就是说,当透明导电材料层叠在高电阻缓冲层500上时,该透明导电材料也填充在第一接触图形P1和第二接触图形P2中,从而形成了连接线700。因此,连接线700可以与第一接触图形P1和第二接触图形P2直接接触。因此,连接线700将背电极层200与前电极层600电连接。
在本说明书中每提及“一个实施例”、“某个实施例”、“示例性实施例”等时意味着,结合该实施例描述的具体特征、结构、或特性包含在本发明的至少一个实施例中。在本说明书中不同地方出现的此类短语不一定都是指同一实施例。另外,当结合任何实施例描述具体特征、结构、或特性时,应当认为,结合其他实施例实现该特征、结构、或特性落入本领域技术人员的能力范围内。
虽然参照本发明的若干说明性实施例对实施例进行了描述,但应该知道,本领域技术人员可以构思出很多其它的变型和实施例,这些变型和实施例落入本发明原理的精神和范围内。更具体地讲,在本发明公开、附图和所附权利要求书的范围内,可以对主题组合结构的组成部分和/或排列作出各种改变和变型。除了所述组成部分和/或排列的改变和变型之外,其它用途对于本领域技术人员而言也是显然的。

Claims (15)

1.一种太阳能电池,包括:
在支撑基板上的背电极层;
将所述背电极层分成多个背电极的第一通孔;
在所述背电极层中的第一接触图形;
形成在所述背电极层上的光吸收层,该光吸收层包括在所述第一接触图形上的第二接触图形;以及
在所述光吸收层上的前电极层,
其中,所述第二接触图形形成在与所述第一接触图形对应的区域中。
2.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述支撑基板通过所述第一接触图形部分地露出。
3.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述第一接触图形包括多个相互隔开的接触凸起。
4.如权利要求3所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述每个接触凸起以点、线、棒、管或者凹凸结构的形式形成。
5.如权利要求3所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述接触凸起的间距在1μm到10μm范围内。
6.如权利要求3所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述每个接触凸起的宽度在1μm到10μm范围内。
7.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,进一步包括在所述背电极层与所述光吸收层之间的接触电阻增加层。
8.如权利要求7所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述接触电阻增加层包含MoSe2或MoS2
9.如权利要求1所述的太阳能电池,其中,所述第二接触图形通过所述光吸收层形成。
10.一种制备太阳能电池的方法,该方法包括:
在支撑基板上形成背电极层;
在所述背电极层上形成光吸收层;
通过所述光吸收层形成第二接触图形,使得所述背电极层通过所述第二接触图形部分地露出;
对通过所述第二接触图形露出的背电极层进行刻蚀,从而形成第一接触图形;以及
在所述光吸收层、所述第二接触图形和所述第一接触图形上形成前电极层,
其中,所述第二接触图形在与所述第一接触图形对应的区域中形成。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述背电极层的形成包括:
在所述支撑基板上覆盖背电极材料;以及
利用第一通孔将所述背电极材料图形化,从而形成多个背电极。
12.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述第一接触图形的形成包括:
对通过所述第二接触图形露出的背电极层进行刻蚀,从而形成多个接触凸起。
13.如权利要求10所述的方法,其中,每个接触凸起以点、线、棒、管或者凹凸结构的形式形成。
14.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述接触凸起之间的间距在1μm到10μm范围内。
15.如权利要求13所述的方法,其中,每个接触凸起的宽度在1μm到10μm范围内。
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