CN103091214A - Under-dam seepage flow experiment apparatus - Google Patents
Under-dam seepage flow experiment apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- CN103091214A CN103091214A CN2011103341343A CN201110334134A CN103091214A CN 103091214 A CN103091214 A CN 103091214A CN 2011103341343 A CN2011103341343 A CN 2011103341343A CN 201110334134 A CN201110334134 A CN 201110334134A CN 103091214 A CN103091214 A CN 103091214A
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Abstract
The invention relates to an under-dam seepage flow experiment apparatus for water engineering. The apparatus comprises a water storage tank with a water pump and a geological body simulation box. The lower half portion inside the geological body simulation box is provided with an under-dam water permeation stratum, a simulation dam, a simulation water reservoir positioned on the upstream of the simulation dam and a simulation wild river positioned on the downstream of the simulation dam, wherein the bam foundation of the simulation dam extends into the middle part under-dam water permeation stratum, a fixed water head water supply box positioned on the upstream end outside the geological body simulation box is provided with a water supply chamber respectively communicated with the water pump and the simulation water reservoir, and a reflux chamber communicated with the water storage tank, a fixed water head water discharge box positioned on the downstream end outside the geological body simulation box is provided with an overflow chamber communicated with the simulation wild river through a pipeline, and a water discharge chamber communicated with the water storage tank or a flow meter through a pipeline, and one end of at least three tracer injection pipes respectively extends to the same horizontal plane in the water permeation stratum below the simulation water reservoir. According to the present invention, based on the similar simulation principle, the field dam geology entity is adopted as the simulation object to simulate an under-dam seepage process and provide under-dam seepage prevention measures, and the Darcy seepage law is adopted to analyze the anti-seepage principle.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention is relevant with hydraulic engineering, and is special in after building the dam on the river, and storehouse water is relevant by seepage experimental apparatus under dam sub-surface seepage flow relevant dam.
Background technology:
Any dam body all will be placed on the stratum, riverbed.The general confining stratum of nature is the soft stratums such as mud stone, shale, but the soft stratum river act as the master with lateral erosion, often form broad valley, and mechanical strength is low is unfavorable for building high dam, so dam is built mostly on the rigidity such as the high grouan of mechanical strength, ls, sandstone stratum in.But the rigidity stratum is all old stratum, has experienced repeatedly earth movement in very long geochron, makes it to produce the water-permeable passages such as crack, hole, if do not take corresponding seepage control measure, percolation phenomenon under the dam probably occurs, the harm of seepage flow under the dam; The one, the reservoir water storage is impacted, the 2nd, with generation dam dive erosion, this causes the major reason of dam catastrophic failure often.Research the dam under seepage flow often adopt mathematics and method for numerical simulation, above method is not directly perceived, with the plastid similarity is poor practically, to research make troubles, beginner's indigestion.
Summary of the invention:
The objective of the invention is in order to overcome above deficiency, provide a kind of can be according to the analog simulation principle take open-air dam geology entity as simulated object, follow boundary condition similar, the seepage field geometric configuration is similar, characteristics of motion principle of similarity is simulated the process of seepage flow under the dam and prevent the measure of seepage flow under the dam and use seepage experimental apparatus under the dam of darcy flow Thermodynamics Law Analysts antiseepage principle.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage under dam of the present invention, comprise the reserve tank with water pump, the geologic body simulation box, in the geologic body simulation box, Lower Half has permeable stratum under the dam, the dam foundation stretches into the simulation dam in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part, lay respectively on the simulation dam, the simulation reservoir of downstream end, simulate original river, the head supply tank of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has the water chamber that communicates with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box by pipeline respectively, the back cavity that communicates with reserve tank by water return pipeline, the head discharge casing of deciding that is arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box has the spill cavity that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline, the drain chamber that communicates with reserve tank or flowmeter by pipeline, at least three equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe one end of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level, place silica sand in geologic body simulation box the latter half and be used for simulating permeable stratum under following dam, riverbed, blocked water by dam in the geologic body simulation box and form the water-head of simulation reservoir and the original river of simulation, downstream river, under this water-head effect, simulation reservoir water storage is by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of pervious bed under the dam, underground water seepage flow in underground hole can't be observed, in order to manifest under the dam dankly water seepage flow characteristics, the lower end of tracer agent ascending pipe is arranged on the same level of the permeable stratum below dam upstream simulation reservoir.When storehouse water begins seepage flow, open tracer agent, this moment tracer agent with infiltrate storehouse water simultaneously to dam underwater bed seepage flow, the current trace that forms by tracer agent, can clear observation seepage flow characteristics under the dam,
Bottom above-mentioned simulation dam, upstream end has the seepage proof curtain that is arranged in permeable stratum under the dam, is used for increasing penetration route, reducing infiltration capacity and seepage velocity.
Above-mentioned tracer agent ascending pipe is four, forms respectively 1～4 current trace according to the test needs.
Above-mentioned geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height, come the required reservoir level height of Control experiment by deciding the lifting of head supply tank, come the required simulation of Control experiment original river stream stage height by deciding the lifting of head discharge casing, thereby can the balancing reservoir water level and the water-head that forms of underwater bed water level, reach the purpose of controlling the hydraulic gradient of infiltration current under the dam.
The upper bracket, the undersetting that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end are arranged in above-mentioned water-level regulator, with decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup that the head discharge casing is connected, adjusting screw(rod) one end pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
Under above-mentioned dam, the thickness of permeable stratum is at least 70cm, the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulate the minimum stream stage in original river and be set to 65cm, the difference with 10cm changes hydraulic gradient 3 times at least, can satisfy the requirement of trying to achieve hydrogeological parameter in test.
Above-mentioned geologic body simulation box adopts transparent material to make, and is convenient to observe dam structure, the seepage state of underground water etc.
During apparatus of the present invention (without seepage proof curtain) work, to decide the head supply tank, decide the head discharge casing and adjust to the Simulated Water reservoir level higher than simulating original river desired location, pump working, water in reserve tank enters in the simulation reservoir through deciding the head supply tank, until the water level water-head in Simulated Water reservoir level and the original river of simulation, dam downstream is in dynamic balance state, at this moment tracer agent is injected each tracer agent ascending pipe, As time goes on, can clearly see the situation of finding seepage flow under the dam.As observing at this moment at the simulation seepage proof curtain of packing in dam that under the dam, the seepage flow the flowing distance increases in the present invention, seepage velocity is slack-off, amount of seepage reduces, and seepage flow is impacted to reservoir water storage and Dam safety be improved.
The present invention follows the principle of analog simulation:
1. geometric similarity
In model and nature geology entity, all length element should be proportional.
If with
Expression length ratio coefficient has
Wherein
,
,
Length, width and the thickness of expression nature geology entity,
,
,
Length, width and the thickness of expression model are if the geologic body of simulation contains underground water,
Be natural seepage flow head,
Head for model.
Satisfy the model of formula (1), will keep geometric similarity with nature geology entity.
2. boundary condition is consistent
Be that on model and natural geology entity corresponding border, initial time should be consistent with the boundary condition in whole experimentation.
3. kinematic similitude
Be model with the nature dam under the trace of respective liquid particle should be similar in seepage flow, and fluid particle flow through respective traces section required time should be proportional.
4. dynamic similarity
Be model with the nature dam under in seepage flow the character of the suffered power of respective liquid particle identical, and should keep certain proportion.
Because the exhausted major part of seepage flow under natural dam is laminar flow, the mobile of underground water is that viscous force is playing a major role, and inertial force is more much smaller than viscous force, can ignore.Therefore, in model, seepage flow also keeps laminar flow as long as make.
No matter the occurring in nature reservoir water by water-bearing zone under the dam downstream under seepage flow motion and the dam of the present invention in riverbed in experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage reservoir water under the dam in the water-bearing zone characteristics of motion all obey the basic law-Darcy's law of ground water movement, can find the solution correlation parameter with Darcy's law.Therefore reservoir water can be described with Darcy's law by riverbed seepage flow motion downstream under the dam:
: by the total Water (cm of seepage flow under the dam
3/ s)
Under dam of the present invention experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage is exactly with after building dam on open-air river, storehouse water by seepage flow under the dam process, seepage flow characteristics and take corresponding engineering measure to reduce seepage flow under the dam, the experimental provision that is made by the analog simulation principle.
Experimental provision of the present invention can be measured relevant hydrogeological parameter, clearly represent nature and can't observe to get seepage state under the dam, can utilize the seepage flow streamline to draw drift net and analyze seepage field ground water movement key element under the dam and use Darcy's law to analyze the antiseepage principle of seepage proof curtain, and the hydraulic structure structure is had the contrast recognizing ability.Under the dam, seepage flow provides a kind of effective means in order to study.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the left view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is arrangement works constitutional diagram shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 5 is another structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Fig. 1～Fig. 4 has provided the present embodiment 1 figure.Referring to Fig. 1～Fig. 4, seepage experimental apparatus under the present embodiment 1 dam comprises the reserve tank 2 with water pump 1, the geologic body simulation box 3 that adopts transparent organic glass to make.Lower Half has permeable stratum 4 under the dam, the bottom dam foundation to stretch into the simulation dam 25 in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part in the geologic body simulation box, lays respectively at the original river 6 of simulation reservoir 5, simulation of simulation dam upstream and downstream end.The head supply tank 7 of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has respectively the back cavity 12 that communicates with reserve tank by pipeline 8,9 water chambers 10 that communicate with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box, by water return pipeline 11.Be arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box decide head discharge casing 13 spill cavity 15 that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline 14 is arranged, by communicate with the reserve tank drain chamber 17 of (or flowmeter) of pipeline 16.Four equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe 18 1 ends that operation valve is arranged of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level.Simulation dam dam foundation upstream end has and stretches into the seepage proof curtain in pervious bed 19 under the dam.
Referring to Fig. 1, geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator 20 of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height.The upper bracket 21, the undersetting 22 that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end are arranged in water-level regulator, and decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup 23 that the head discharge casing is connected.Adjusting screw(rod) 24 1 ends pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
Under the dam, the thickness of pervious bed is 70cm, and the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulates the minimum stream stage in original river and is set to 65cm.
During the work of the present embodiment device:
1, switch on power, open water valve, regulate the upstream and decide head supply tank height (being adjustable to minimum) and make storehouse water be in lowest water level;
2, there is water-head in Simulated Water reservoir level and dam downstream simulation riverbed, original river, and storehouse water will be by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of permeable stratum under the dam.
3, after seepage stability under the dam, open four operation valves on the tracer agent ascending pipe, tracer agent forms continuous current trace (because underground water is laminar condition, this moment, the current trace was streamline) as shown in Figure 4 slowly by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of permeable stratum under the dam.
4, observe seepage configuration under the dam by current trace under the dam.Under the observation dam, the velocity flow profile of seepage flow, can find, nearer apart from dam, water velocity is faster, analyzes its reason with Darcy's law:
,
: by the total Water (cm of seepage flow under the dam
3/ s)
: dam sub-surface infiltration coefficient (cm/s)
As can be seen from the above equation,
Value is constant, river level one timing under reservoir level and dam, percolation flow velocity
Only and seepage distance
Relevant, above-mentioned experiment discovery, shorter apart from the nearlyer current seepage distance of dam, so seepage velocity is larger.
5, decide head discharge casing water delivering orifice measurement of discharge and record data in the outside, downstream.
6, according to institute's measurement of discharge, use Darcy formula to find the solution the infiltration coefficient in water-bearing zone
7, rising upstream water supply spill box height is 2 times, and the difference with 10cm changes hydraulic gradient at every turn, repeats respectively 3～6 steps, and reason is analyzed in the variation of observed volume, flow velocity.
Embodiment 2:
Fig. 5 has provided the present embodiment 2 figure.The present embodiment 2 is basic and embodiment 1 is same.Do not exist together is without seepage proof curtain.Repeat the experiment in embodiment 1.
Contrast experiment by embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 experimental provisions, analyze the antiseepage principle of seepage proof curtain under the dam, in the darcy flow law, other parameters are constant, increase the current seepage distance to reach the purpose that reduces the seepage flow water yield and reduce seepage velocity by self-defence curtain is set.
In Practical Project, reservoir allows the outcrop area of the seepage flow water yield, reservoir level, reservoir area permeable stratum, and permeable stratum infiltration coefficient design proposal is definite, can determine the seepage proof curtain degree of depth according to above parameter.
The present invention is except the principle that is used for seepage flow characteristics and seepage proof curtain under the research dam, if according to the principle of similitude, analogue formation determines also to have directive significance to what seepage proof curtain in Practical Project arranged the degree of depth.
Above-described embodiment is that foregoing of the present invention is further described, but this should be interpreted as that the scope of the above-mentioned theme of the present invention only limits to above-described embodiment.All technology that realizes based on foregoing all belong to scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. seepage experimental apparatus under the dam, comprise the reserve tank with water pump, the geologic body simulation box, in the geologic body simulation box, Lower Half has permeable stratum under the dam, the dam foundation stretches into the simulation dam in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part, lay respectively on the simulation dam, the simulation reservoir of downstream end, simulate original river, the head supply tank of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has the water chamber that communicates with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box by pipeline respectively, the back cavity that communicates with reserve tank by water return pipeline, the head discharge casing of deciding that is arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box has the spill cavity that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline, the drain chamber that communicates with reserve tank or flowmeter by pipeline, at least three equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe one end of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level.
2. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that simulating dam bottom upstream end has the seepage proof curtain that is arranged in permeable stratum under the dam.
3. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that the tracer agent ascending pipe is four.
4. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height.
5. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that having in water-level regulator the upper bracket, the undersetting that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end, with decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup that the head discharge casing is connected, adjusting screw(rod) one end pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
6. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that under the dam, the thickness of permeable stratum is at least 70cm, and the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulates the minimum stream stage in original river and is set to 65cm.
7. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that the geologic body simulation box adopts transparent material to make.
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