CN103004499B - Method for preventing fertilizers of terraces from being polluted - Google Patents
Method for preventing fertilizers of terraces from being polluted Download PDFInfo
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
本发明提供一种防治梯田肥料污染的方法，其是针对梯田种植的果树施用土壤结构改良剂、土壤保水剂和植物抗蒸腾剂；在单数级（1、3、5）梯田上，将土壤结构改良剂在整个农地范围内进行均匀撒施；在双数级（2、4、6）梯田上，将土壤结构改良剂在果树冠层垂直投影半径1/3-2/3之间的环带状地表进行均匀撒施。本发明的方法通过对不同梯级梯田水肥的入渗、蓄持、淋溶及吸收利用等多种运移途径进行综合控制，通过减少水肥的淋溶渗漏和蒸发、蒸腾损耗，在作物根层蓄持水肥，提升作物生理机能等作用实现了梯田果园水肥的高效利用。其投入较少、操作简易、应用性强，适合于在梯田果园进行推广应用，由于提高了水肥利用效率和作物生长机能，环境的污染程度更小。
The invention provides a method for preventing and controlling fertilizer pollution in terraced fields, which is to apply soil structure improver, soil water-retaining agent and plant anti-transpiration agent to fruit trees planted in terraced fields; Spread the improver evenly throughout the entire farmland; on even-numbered (2, 4, 6) terraces, spread the soil structure improver in a ring between 1/3-2/3 of the vertical projection radius of the fruit tree canopy Spread evenly on striped ground. The method of the present invention comprehensively controls the infiltration, storage, leaching, and absorption and utilization of water and fertilizer in different terraced fields, and reduces the leaching and leakage of water and fertilizer, evaporation, and transpiration loss. The functions of storing water and fertilizer and improving the physiological function of crops have realized the efficient use of water and fertilizer in terraced orchards. The method has the advantages of less investment, simple operation and strong applicability, and is suitable for popularization and application in terraced orchards. Due to the improvement of water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and crop growth function, the degree of environmental pollution is smaller.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to agricultural and fruit tree, crop genetics field, be specifically related to a kind of method of using chemicals.
Background technology
Mountain farming production area, north lack of water is more serious, rainfall spatial and temporal distributions inequality, focus mostly in 6-8 month, single rainfall is large, the factors such as agricultural fertilizer usage amount is excessive in addition, and irrigation method is extensive, easily form water and soil loss and water and soil corrosion type fertilizer pollution, the water and soil erosion causing due to storm runoff can effectively be reduced after changing terraced fields in hillside fields, and reduces the fertilizer pollution problem forming due to the soil erosion.At present, terraced fields are generally promoted in agriculture producing region in the north, and take the higher fruit tree of plantation economic worth as main.But, because soils of north China mostly is sand loam, under the strike of rainfall, on the one hand its soil surface easily form skinning and stop liquid manure under ooze, rainfall and pour water after, a large amount of evaporating loss of moisture that do not infiltrate in time; On the other hand, although rate of fertilizer is very large, to the eye soil fertility is very high, but because sandy soil liquid manure hold facility is poor, very easily there is deep percolation and enter body of groundwater in the liquid manure infiltrating, fail to form in crop root zone effective utilization, the actual nutrient that can utilize of crop is very limited, and can polluted underground water water quality after a large amount of deep fertilizer seepages.In addition, due to the loss in the processes such as the evaporation of soil table and deep percolation of a large amount of liquid manure, water holding fertilizer can not be held in crop root zone, the luxurious transpiration of crop canopies also makes the moisture of doing in object dissipate in a large number, make the shortage of the interior moisture of object and nutriment, self physiological function can not be given full play to, be unfavorable for that crop, to the absorbing of liquid manure, makes crop quality and output all can not reach perfect condition.
At present, mainly to adopt the water-absorbing resin of synthesis of polymer material to apply in being manured into soil carrying out that sandy soil Gen district liquid manure holds aspect holding, these materials can be fast, sticking moisture and fertilizer repeatedly, and slowly discharge for plant growth required, extremely be suitable for northern area rainfall skewness and the larger feature of single rainfall, the liquid manure infiltrating can be held and is held in crop root zone, reduce liquid manure deep percolation, guarantee that the nutrient levels of soil is good.Researcher is through application and the popularization of many decades both at home and abroad, in the plantation of the fruits and vegetables such as Plain and terrace farming production area corn, wheat, peach, apple, tomato, watermelon, all obtain good result, proved that this technology has obvious effect reducing aspect liquid manure seepage.But this technology not yet solves how to alleviate the problem such as soil crust and the effective utilization of raising soil liquid manure at present, existing terraced fields sandy soil root district liquid manure holds the technology of holding and fails to take into full account the problem such as surface soil skinning and crop liquid manure utilization ratio, although can reduce the deep percolation of liquid manure, but fail to reduce on the whole the loss of liquid manure and promote the liquid manure utilization ratio of crop, make the antifouling effect of this technology in the time of application be subject to great restriction.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiency of this area research invention, the present invention seeks to propose chemical comprehensive regulation technology for the pollution of terraced fields fertilizer, a kind of method of preventing and treating terraced fields fertilizer pollution is provided.
The concrete technical scheme that realizes the object of the invention is:
Prevent and treat a method for terraced fields fertilizer pollution, it is to use soil structure conditioner, water-loss reducer of soil and plant transpiration resistant agent for the fruit tree of terrace cropping;
Wherein, on odd number level (1,3,5 grade) terraced fields, soil structure conditioner is evenly spread fertilizer over the fields within the scope of whole farmland; On even numbers level (2,4,6 grades) terraced fields, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields on the ring-band shape earth's surface by soil structure conditioner between fruit tree canopy upright projection radius 1/3-2/3.
The soil of described terraced fields is sandy soil or loam.
Wherein, the amount of application of described soil structure conditioner is 0.3-0.8kg/ mu.
Wherein, described soil structure conditioner and soil apply after puddling, soil structure conditioner: soil is 1:100-200 mass ratio.Be manured into soil after texture modifier, also can apply a small amount of water and carry out moisteningly, treat that table soil is wetting, to avoid soil structure conditioner particle to be blown away.
Wherein, described soil structure conditioner is one or more in PAMA, PAMC, non-ionic polyacrylamide, amphion polyacrylamide.Soil structure conditioner has the soil structure of improvement, increases soil aggregate number, forms more interconnected pore, alleviates table soil crust degree, strengthens soil liquid manure and infiltrates performance and reduce rainwash, reduce the function of water and soil loss; Mainly there is the form of liquid, solid and multiple gel, and have the types such as cation, anion and nonionic, mainly impose on upper soll layer near the ground.
Wherein, described water-loss reducer of soil applies in the rudiment of fruit tree early stage; While applying, at the 1/3-2/3 place of described fruit tree upright projection radius, in the ranks dig pit or dig circular groove around described crop in both sides.
Wherein, described water-loss reducer of soil is 15-18kg/ mu for the amount of application of more than 7 years fruit tree, is 12-15kg/ mu for the amount of application of 7 years following fruit trees.
Wherein, described water-loss reducer of soil is one or more in starch graft polyacrylate, carboxymethyl cellulose product, polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, polyacrylamide-crosslinked acrylic copolymer, polyvinyl alcohol.
Water-loss reducer of soil has water suction repeatedly and inhales fertile function, can slowly discharge moisture and nutrient and absorb for plant, there is the Water and fertilizer retention ability of soil of raising, suppress soil evaporation, reduce liquid manure deep percolation, extend effective liquid manure and utilize the time and then form soil liquid manure and regulate the functions such as miniature storehouse.Mainly impose on crop root zone soil.
Wherein, described plant transpiration resistant agent sprays at the flower of described fruit tree early stage for the first time, after this sprayed once every 25-30 days, and the mass ratio 1:200-400 of plant transpiration resistant agent and water, fruit tree sprays 3-5 time in breeding time, sprays altogether 1.5-2.5kg/ mu.
Wherein, described plant transpiration resistant agent is one or more in phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), abscisic acid (ABA), alachlor, Vapor Gard, fulvic acid (FA).The main foliage-spray that adopts.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
The application's applicant is on the basis of investigation and analysis and long-term field monitoring test, the chemical comprehensive regulation technology of formation control terrace farming pollution of area source, alleviate table soil crust degree by application table soil structure modifying agent, liquid manure is formed to be infiltrated more fully, reduce native face evaporating loss, the application liquid manure that sticking infiltrates repeatedly in soil root district by water-loss reducer of soil again, the liquid manure that forms root district holds holds storehouse, reduce the deep percolation of liquid manure, alleviate the pollution to underground water, again by promoting plant physiology function at foliage-spray physiology hormone, reduce crop luxurious rising, strengthen the utilize ability of crop to liquid manure.
Method of the present invention is effectively supplemented and has improved sandy soil Gen district liquid manure and held the technology of holding for the chemical comprehensive regulation technology in terrace farming district, and its anti-fouling effect is better, and economic output is than higher.
Method of the present invention by the infiltrating of liquid manure, hold hold, leaching and the multiple migration path such as absorb and carry out Comprehensive Control, by reducing the leaching seepage of liquid manure and evaporation, rising loss, hold water holding fertilizer at root of the crop layer, the effects such as lifting plant physiology function have realized the efficient utilization of terraced fields orchard liquid manure.Less input for it, it is simple and easy to operate, application is strong, be suitable for applying in terraced fields orchard, owing to having improved liquid manure utilization ratio and plant growth function, in reducing Term Fertilization, can realize fruit tree increasing yield and improving quality, economic output is than higher, and the pollution level of environment is less.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is terraced fields fertilizer pollution and controlling way schematic diagram.
In figure, 1 is the texture modifier that is manured into soil, and 2 is the water-loss reducer that is manured into soil, and 3 for spraying plant transpiration resistant agent, and 4 is rainfall, irrigation and fertilising, and 5 is deep percolation, and 7 is crop transpiration, and 8 is soil evaporation, and 6 is interflow.
Embodiment
Following examples are used for illustrating the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
Embodiment 1:
The large peach of the terraced fields plantation of Pinggu District, two-stage terraced fields altogether, every grade of terraced fields discrepancy in elevation is 0.5m, the concrete application process of chemicals is:
Applying of step 1, soil structure conditioner: anion-polyacrylamide class (PAMA) soil structure conditioner of selecting Shandong Dongying Huaye New Materials Co., Ltd to produce.After the tillage control measure such as turn over is hoed up weeds, pour water and rainy season set before spread fertilizer over the fields at soil surface, after soil conditioner and a certain amount of soil being puddled while spreading fertilizer over the fields, spread fertilizer over the fields (ratio is PAMA: dry ground=1:200), wherein first order terraced fields evenly spread fertilizer over the fields at field face, the second level terraced fields only ring-type field face between top fruit sprayer upright projection radius 1/3-2/3 spread fertilizer over the fields, amount of application is 0.7kg/ mu, after using, water and spill a small amount of water, treat that soil is wetting.Soil is sandy soil.Consider the existence of interflow between first and second grades of terraced fields, therefore evenly spread fertilizer over the fields at first order terraced fields field face, enhancing liquid manure enters to blend the row of interflow between terraced fields and becomes, and enters the liquid manure amount of second level terraced fields.
Applying of step 2, water-loss reducer of soil: polyacrylamide-crosslinked acrylic copolymer class water-loss reducer of soil of selecting Shandong Dongying Huaye New Materials Co., Ltd to produce.Apply early stage at fruit tree bud, while applying at the 1/3-2/3 place of every top fruit sprayer upright projection radius, in the ranks dig pit in both sides, wide, long, dark 30cm × 45cm × (40-60) cm, first it is fully mixed to soil, layering packs in ditch, and upper strata covers with surface dust, after reagent applies, once fully irrigate, guarantee that water-loss reducer of soil fully absorbs water.Be 18kg/ mu for more than 7 years peach amount of application; Within 7 years, following peach amount of application is 15kg/ mu.
Step 3, plant transpiration resistant agent apply: the xanthohumic acid kind plant transpiration resistant agent of selecting Xinjiang Correspondent Handilong Co., Ltd to produce.Adopt artificial knapsack sprayer, spray for the first time early stage respectively at the flower of fruit tree, spray once afterwards every 25 days, spray and adopt 300 times of dilutions (mass ratio of water and plant transpiration resistant agent), in full fertility, spray four times, the amount of spraying is 2.0kg/ mu.
As shown in Figure 1, the mode that wherein liquid manure enters farmland comprises the schematic diagram of a kind of chemical Comprehensive Control Technology of preventing and treating terraced fields orchard fertilizer pollution of the present embodiment: rainfall, irrigation and fertilising 4; The consumption of liquid manure comprises: deep percolation 5, crop transpiration 7, soil evaporation 8; The migration of liquid manure comprises: interflow 6; Water-fertilizer conditioning comprises: apply the native modifying agent 1 of table, water-loss reducer 2 and spray plant transpiration resistant agent 3 is manured into soil.
Implementation result:
(1) liquid manure that has strengthened root layer soil holds the ability of holding, reduce the deep percolation of liquid manure, root layer soil moisture and nutrient content are promoted, compared with not applying the control plot of this technology, process community root layer soil quality moisture content balanced growth 17.5%, total nitrogen content balanced growth 10.2%, total phosphorus content balanced growth 6.9%, quick-acting state nitrogen content balanced growth 15.5%, quick-acting state phosphorus content balanced growth 8.2%, reduces Term Fertilization 25.6%;
(2) plant growth function strengthens, and has realized large peach volume increase 15.1%, and soluble sugar increases by 6.6%, and vitamin increases by 10.2%, and protein content increases by 4.1%.
Embodiment 2:
The apple cultivation garden of Pinggu District, level Four terraced fields altogether, every grade of terraced fields discrepancy in elevation is 0.7m, the concrete application process of chemicals is:
Applying of step 1, soil structure conditioner: anion-polyacrylamide class (PAMA) soil structure conditioner of selecting Beijing Han Limiao Technew SA to produce.After the tillage control measure such as turn over, before rainy season set, spread fertilizer over the fields at soil surface, after soil conditioner and a certain amount of soil being puddled while spreading fertilizer over the fields, spread fertilizer over the fields (ratio is PAMA: dry ground=1:150), wherein first order terraced fields evenly spread fertilizer over the fields at field face, second level terraced fields spread fertilizer over the fields at the ring-type field at the 1/3-2/3 place of top fruit sprayer upright projection radius face, third level terraced fields evenly spread fertilizer over the fields at field face, the ring-type field face of fourth stage terraced fields between top fruit sprayer upright projection radius 1/3-2/3 spreads fertilizer over the fields, and amount of application is 0.5kg/ mu.Soil is sandy soil.
Applying of step 2, water-loss reducer of soil: the polyacrylic acid potassium class water-loss reducer of soil of selecting Beijing Han Limiao Technew SA to produce.Apply early stage at fruit tree bud, while applying at the 1/3-2/3 place of every top fruit sprayer upright projection radius, dig circular groove around fruit tree, wide, dark 30cm × 50cm, first it is fully mixed to soil, layering packs in ditch, and upper strata covers with surface dust, after reagent applies, once fully irrigate, guarantee that water-loss reducer of soil fully absorbs water.Be 15kg/ mu for more than 7 years apple tree amount of application; Within 7 years, following apple tree is 12kg/ mu.
Step 3, plant transpiration resistant agent apply: the xanthohumic acid kind plant transpiration resistant agent of selecting Xinjiang Correspondent Handilong Co., Ltd to produce.Adopt artificial knapsack sprayer, spray for the first time early stage respectively at the flower of fruit tree, spray once afterwards every 30 days, spray and adopt 250 times of dilutions (mass ratio of water and plant transpiration resistant agent), in full fertility, spray four times, the amount of spraying is 2.5kg/ mu.
Implementation result:
(1) liquid manure that has strengthened root layer soil holds the ability of holding, reduce the deep percolation of liquid manure, root layer soil moisture and nutrient content are promoted, compared with not applying the control plot of this technology, process community root layer soil quality moisture content balanced growth 17.5%, total nitrogen content balanced growth 10.2%, total phosphorus content balanced growth 6.9%, reduces Term Fertilization 22.6%;
(2) plant growth function strengthens, and has realized apple volume increase 9.3%.Soluble sugar increases by 7.9%, and vitamin increases by 11.3%, and protein content increases by 5.7%.
In sum, be 25-35 unit/kg according to market price water-loss reducer of soil, fulvic acid is 20-30 unit/kg, showing native modifying agent is 35-45 unit/kg.The annual application cost in economic orchard is 350-600 unit/mu, and orchard volume increase is 9.3-15.1%, and soluble sugar increases 6.6-7.9%, and vitamin increases 10.2-11.3%, and protein content increases 4.1-5.7%, and newly-increased economic benefit is 1500-3000 unit/mu.
Above embodiment is described the preferred embodiment of the present invention; not scope of the present invention is limited; design under the prerequisite of spirit not departing from the present invention; various modification and improvement that the common engineers and technicians in this area make technical scheme of the present invention, all should fall in the definite protection domain of claims of the present invention.
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