CN102918021B - 烟碱受体非竞争性拮抗剂 - Google Patents
烟碱受体非竞争性拮抗剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102918021B CN102918021B CN201180026122.2A CN201180026122A CN102918021B CN 102918021 B CN102918021 B CN 102918021B CN 201180026122 A CN201180026122 A CN 201180026122A CN 102918021 B CN102918021 B CN 102918021B
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Abstract
本发明涉及作为非竞争性拮抗剂调节烟碱受体的化合物,合成它们的方法,使用方法,和它们的药物组合物。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及作为非竞争性调节剂(例如,非竞争性拮抗剂)调节烟碱受体的化合物,它们的合成方法,使用方法,和它们的药物组合物。
发明背景
烟碱受体是大量异位地调节其功能的外源和内源化合物的靶标。参见Arias,H.R.,Binding sites for exogenous and endogenousnon-competitive inhibitors of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Reviews on Biomembranes1376:173-220(1998)和Arias,H.R.,Bhumireddy,P.,Anesthetics as chemicaltools to study the structure and function of nicotinic acetylcholinereceptors,Current Protein&Peptide Science6:451-472(2005).烟碱受体的功能能够通过称为非竞争性调节剂包括非竞争性拮抗剂的结构各异的化合物得以降低或阻断(参见综述Arias,H.R.,Bhumireddy,P.,Bouzat,C.,Molecular mechanisms and binding site locations for noncompetitiveantagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.The InternationalJournal of Biochemistry&Cell Biology38:1254-1276(2006))。
非竞争性调节剂包含宽范围的结构各异的化合物,其通过在不同于邻位阻(orthosteric)结合位点的一个或多个位点起作用来抑制受体功能。受体调节经证实是高度复杂的。非竞争性调节剂作用和结合亲和力的机理对各烟碱受体亚型是不同的(Arias等人,2006)。非竞争性调节剂可以通过至少两种不同机理起作用:变构机理和/或位阻机理。
变构拮抗剂机理牵涉非竞争性拮抗剂与受体的结合和非进行构象态亦即静息或脱敏状态的稳定化,和/或受体脱敏速率的增加。
与之相对,位阻机理的直接代表是物理上阻断离子通道的拮抗剂分子。所述拮抗剂可以称为非竞争性通道调节剂(NCMs)。某些这样抑制受体:在受体处于开放态时在孔中结合,由此物理上阻断离子渗透。有些仅作为纯的开放通道阻断剂起作用,而另一些阻断开放和封闭的通道。所述拮抗剂通过不牵涉在邻位阻位点结合的机理抑制离子通量。
已显示,巴比妥酸盐类、解离麻醉药、抗抑郁药和某些类固醇通过包括开放和封闭通道封闭的变构机理抑制烟碱受体。对巴比妥酸盐类的研究支持这样的模型,其中结合发生在受体的开放和封闭态,引起离子流的封闭。参见Dilger,J.P.,Boguslavsky,R.,Barann,M.,Katz,T.,Vidal,A.M.,Mechanisms of barbiturate inhibition of acetylcholine receptorchannels,Journal General Physiology109:401-414(1997)。尽管局部麻醉药对神经传导的抑制性作用主要地由封闭电压-门控钠通道介导,但是烟碱受体也是局部麻醉药的靶标。参见Arias,H.R.,Role of localanesthetics on both cholinergic and serotonergic ionotropic receptors,Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews23:817-843(1999)和Arias,H.R.&Blanton,M.P.,Molecular and physicochemical aspects of localanesthetics acting on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-containingmembranes,Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry2:385-410(2002)。
例如,丁卡因优先在静息态结合至受体通道。解离麻醉药在临床浓度范围内抑制数种神经元的-类型烟碱受体,实例是比如苯环利定(PCP)(Connolly,J.,Boulter,J.,&Heinemann,S.F.,Alpha4-beta2and othernicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes as targets of psychoactive andaddictive drugs,British Journal of Pharmacology105:657-666(1992)),氯胺酮(Flood,P.&Krasowski M.D.,Intravenous anestheticsdifferentially modulate ligand-gated ion channels,Anesthesiology92:1418-1425(2000);和Ho,K.K.&Flood,P.,Single amino acid residue inthe extracellular portion of transmembrane segment2in the nicotinicα7acetylcholine receptor modulates sensitivity to ketamine,Anesthesiology100:657-662(2004)),和地佐环平(Krasowski,M.D.,&Harrison,N.L.,General anaesthetic actions on ligand-gated ion channels,Cellular andMolecular Life Sciences55:1278-1303(1999))。研究指出,解离麻醉药结合至静息离子通道中的单个或重叠场所,并且表明在受体通道中氯胺酮/PCP位置部分重叠丁卡因结合位点。地佐环平,也称为MK-801,是解离麻醉剂和抗惊厥药,其还作为非竞争性拮抗剂作用于不同的烟碱受体。地佐环平据报告是α4β2神经元烟碱受体的开放通道阻断剂。参见Buisson,B.,&Bertrand,D.,Open-channel blockers at the humanα4β2neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,Molecular Pharmacology53:555-563(1998)。
除了它们熟知的对单胺和5-羟色胺重摄取系统的作用之外,抗抑郁药还显示调节烟碱受体。早先的研究显示三环抗抑郁药充当非竞争性拮抗剂。参见Gumilar,F.,Arias,H.R.,Spitzmaul,G.,Bouzat,C.,Molecular mechanisms of inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptorsby tricyclic antidepressants.Neuropharmacology45:964-76(2003)。Garia-Colunga等人报告氟西汀作为选择性的5-羟色胺重摄取抑制剂(SSRI)通过增加脱敏速率和/或通过诱导通道封闭以非竞争性方式抑制活化肌肉或神经元的烟碱受体引起的膜电流。参见Garia-Colunga,J.,Awad,J.N.,&Miledi,R.,Blockage of muscle and neuronal nicotinicacetylcholine receptors by fluoxetine(Prozac),Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences USA94:2041-2044(1997);和Garia-Colunga,J.,Vazquez-Gomez,E.,&Miledi,R.,Combined actionsof zinc and fluoxetine on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,ThePharmacogenomics Journal4:388-393(2004)。预先批准用于治疗高血压的美卡拉明是经典的非竞争性烟碱受体拮抗剂,并且也熟知通过阻断离子通道抑制受体功能。参见Giniatullin,R.A.,Sokolova,E.M.,DiAngelantonio,S.,Skorinkin,A.,Talantova,M.V.,Nistri,A.Rapid Reliefof Block by Mecamylamine of Neuronal Nicotinic AcetylcholineReceptors of Rat Chromaffin Cells In Vitro:An Electrophysiological andModeling Study.Molecular Pharmacology58:778-787(2000)。
发明概要
本发明包括式I化合物:
式I
其中
R1和R2各自单独地是H,C1-6烷基,或芳基-取代的C1-6烷基,或R1和R2与它们连接至的氮原子组合形成3至8元环,该环可以任选用下述取代:C1-6烷基,芳基,C1-6烷氧基,或芳氧基取代基;
R3是H,C1-6烷基,或C1-6烷氧基-取代的C1-6烷基;
R4,R5,R6和R7各自单独地是H,C1-6烷基,或C1-6烷氧基;
L1是选自下述的连接体种类:CR8R9,CR8R9CR10R11,和O;
L2是选自下述的连接体种类:CH2,CH2CH2,CH2CH2CH2,或CH2CH2CH2CH2;
R8,R9,R10和R11各自单独地是氢或C1-6烷基;和
虚线指出任选的双键;
或其药学上可接受的盐。
本发明包括药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物或其药学上可接受的盐。本发明的药物组合物能够用于治疗或预防各式各样的病症或障碍,特别是烟碱胆碱能药物神经传递功能障碍或烟碱胆碱能药物神经元退化所表征的那些障碍。
本发明包括用于在需要治疗的哺乳动物治疗或预防障碍和功能障碍比如CNS障碍和功能障碍,以及用于治疗或预防某些病症例如减轻疼痛、高血压和炎症的方法。所述方法牵涉向受试者给予治疗有效量的本发明化合物包括其盐,或者包括所述化合物的药物组合物。
发明详述
I.化合物
本发明的一种实施方式包括式I化合物:
式I
其中
R1和R2各自单独地是H,C1-6烷基,或芳基-取代的C1-6烷基,或R1和R2与它们连接至的氮原子组合形成3至8元环,该环可以任选用下述取代:C1-6烷基,芳基,C1-6烷氧基,或芳氧基取代基;
R3是H,C1-6烷基,或C1-6烷氧基-取代的C1-6烷基;
R4,R5,R6和R7各自单独地是H,C1-6烷基,或C1-6烷氧基;
L1是选自下述的连接体种类:CR8R9,CR8R9CR10R11,和O;
L2是选自下述的连接体种类:CH2,CH2CH2,CH2CH2CH2,或CH2CH2CH2CH2;
R8,R9,R10和R11各自单独地是氢或C1-6烷基;和
虚线指出任选的双键;
或其药学上可接受的盐。
在一种实施方式中,R1是H而R2是C1-6烷基。在一种实施方式中,R3是C1-6烷基。在一种实施方式中,R4,R5,R6和R7各自是H。在一种实施方式中,L1是CR8R9,而R8和R9各自是氢。在一种实施方式中,L2是CH2CH2。在一种实施方式中,虚线是单键。
本发明的一方面包括药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物和药学上可接受的载体。
本发明的一方面包括,特别是通过使用非竞争性调节剂(例如非竞争的拮抗剂)包括但不限于通道阻断剂,用于治疗或预防由神经元的烟碱受体介导的疾病或病症的方法,包括给药本发明化合物。在一种实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是CNS障碍。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是炎症或炎性反应。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是疼痛。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是新血管形成。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是高血压。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是本文描述的其它障碍。
本发明的一方面包括本发明化合物用于制备药物的用途,所述药物特别是通过使用非竞争性拮抗剂比如通道阻断剂用于治疗或预防由神经元的烟碱受体介导的疾病或病症。在一种实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是CNS障碍。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是炎症或炎性反应。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是疼痛。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是新血管形成。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是高血压。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是本文描述的其它障碍。
本发明的一方面包括用作活性治疗物质的本发明化合物。从而,一方面包括特别是通过使用非竞争性拮抗剂比如通道阻断剂用于治疗或预防由神经元的烟碱受体介导的疾病或病症的本发明化合物。在一种实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是CNS障碍。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是炎症或炎性反应。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是疼痛。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是新血管形成。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是高血压。在又一实施方式中,所述疾病或病症是本文描述的其它障碍。
特别的疾病或病症包括抑郁,包括严重抑郁障碍,高血压,肠易激综合征(IBS),包括IBS-D(腹泻占优势),膀胱活动过度(OAB),和成瘾,包括吸烟停止。
本发明的范围包括各方面和各实施方式的全部组合。
下述定义意在澄清但不限于所定义的术语。如果本文所用的特别的术语并未特别定义,则所述术语不应认为是不确定的。相反,术语以其所接受的含义使用。在整个该说明书中,优选原子比如碳原子的数量这样表示:例如短语"Cx-y烷基",其指含有指定碳原子数的本文定义的烷基。相似命名法也适用于其它优选的术语和范围。从而,例如,C1-6烷基代表含有1至6个碳原子的直链或支化的链烃。
如本文所用术语"烷基"是指直链或支化的链烃,其可以是任选经允许的多个取代度取代的。"烷基"如本文所用的实例包括,但不限于,甲基,乙基,丙基,异丙基,异丁基,正丁基,叔丁基,异戊基,和正戊基。
如本文所用,术语"亚烷基"是指二价基团,比如"亚甲基"、"亚乙基"和"亚乙烯基",其分别指二价形式的-CH2-,-CH2-CH2-,和-CH=CH-。
如本文所用,术语"芳基"是指单个苯环或稠合苯环系,其可以是任选经允许的多个取代度取代的。作用的"芳基"基团的实例包括但不限于苯基,2-萘基,1-萘基,蒽和菲。优选的芳基环具有5至10个成员。
如本文所用,术语"芳基"涵盖的稠合苯环系包括稠合多环烃,亦即其中具有小于非累积双键最大数目的环状烃,例如其中饱和烃环(环烷基比如环戊基环)与芳族环(芳基比如苯环)稠合以形成例如基团比如茚满基和苊烯基,以及包括基团比如作为非限制性实例的二氢萘和四氢萘。
如本文所用术语"烷氧基"是指基团-ORa,其中Ra是如本文定义的烷基。
如本文所用术语"芳氧基"是指基团-ORa,其中Ra是如本文定义的芳基。
如本文所用"氨基"是指基团-NRaRb,其中Ra和Rb各自是氢。额外地,"取代的氨基"是指基团-NRaRb,其中Ra和Rb各自单独地是烷基,芳基烷基或芳基。如本文所用,在Ra或Rb是不是氢的情况下,上述基团可以称为"取代的氨基"或,例如如果Ra是H而Rb是烷基则称为"烷基氨基。"
如本文所用,术语"药学上可接受的"是指载体,稀释剂,赋形剂或本发明化合物的盐形式与配制剂的其它成分相容并且对所述药物组合物的接受者无害。
如本文所用,术语"药物组合物"是指任选地与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂混合的本发明化合物。药物组合物优选展示对环境条件的稳定程度,所述稳定程度使得它们适于制备和商业化意图。
如本文所用,术语"有效量"、"治疗量"和"有效剂量"是指本发明化合物的量足以引起所希望的药理学或治疗效果,从而引起对障碍的有效治疗。对障碍的治疗可以表现为:对障碍发作或进展以及与障碍有关的症状的发作或进展的延缓或预防。对障碍的治疗还可以表现为症状的减少或消除,障碍进展的反转,以及对患者良好状况的任意其它贡献。
有效剂量能够取决于下述因素而变化,比如患者状况,障碍症状的严重性,和药物组合物的给予方式。一般地,为了以有效剂量给予,化合物可以以小于5mg/kg患者体重的量给予。化合物可以给予的量为小于约1mg/kg患者体重至小于约100μg/kg患者体重,以及约1μg/kg至小于100μg/kg患者体重。前述的有效剂量一般代表可以作为单剂量给予的量,或者作为可以在24小时时间段内给予的一个或多个剂量。
本发明化合物可以通过各种方法包括经证实的合成方法制备。示例性一般合成方法描述如下,然后特定的本发明化合物以工作实施例制备。
在描述如下的实例中,需要时按照一般合成化学原理使用敏感或反应性基团的保护基团。保护基团根据有机合成标准方法操纵(T.W.Green and P.G.M.Wuts(1999)Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis,3rd Edition,John Wiley&Sons,有关保护基团时本文通过援引并入)。这些基团在化合物合成的方便阶段用对本领域技术人员来说是明显的方法除去。对过程以及反应条件和执行顺序的选择与本发明化合物的制备相一致。
本发明也提供合成作为制备本发明化合物中的中间体的化合物的方法以及它们的制备方法。
化合物能够根据描述如下的方法用容易获得的原料和试剂制备。在这些反应中,可以使用本领域技术人员已知但本文并未详细描述的替代方法。
除非另有说明,本文描述的结构也意在包括区别仅在于存在一个或多个同位素地富集的原子的化合物。本发明范围内包括这样的化合物,其具有本发明的结构但将氢原子替换为氘或氚,或将碳原子替换为13C-或14C-富集的碳。例如,氘已广泛地用来检查生物学活性化合物的药代动力学和代谢。尽管从化学角度氘与氢类似,它们存在氘-碳键与氢-碳键之间的键能和键长显著差异。因而,在生物学活性化合物中就氢替换为氘可以引起这样的化合物,其一般地保留生物化学效能和选择性,但与其不含同位素的对应物相比表现显著不同的吸收、分布、代谢和/或分泌(ADME)特性。从而,氘取代可以引起某些生物学活性化合物的改善的药物效力、安全和/或耐受性。
本发明化合物可以以多于一种形式结晶,该特征称为多晶型现象,并且所述多晶型形式("多晶型")属于本发明范围之内。多晶型现象一般地能够作为对温度、压力或两者的变化的反应而发生。多晶型现象还能够由结晶过程的变化而导致。多晶型能够通过本领域已知的各种物理特征比如X射线衍射谱、溶解度和熔点来表征。
本文描述的化合物中的某些含有一个或多个手性中心,或者可以以其他方式作为多个立体异构体存在。本发明范围包括立体异构体的混合物以及纯化的对映体或者对映体地/非对映体地富集的混合物。本发明范围内也包括本发明各式化合物的单独异构体,及其任意完全或部分平衡的混合物。本发明也包括上述各式化合物的单独异构体与其一个或多个手性中心翻转的异构体的混合物。
在化合物希望是单个对映体时,其可以这样获得:立体特异性合成,最终产品或任意方便的中间体的拆分,或者本领域已知的手性色谱方法。最终产品、中间体或原料的拆分可以通过本领域已知的任意适宜方法进行。参见例如,Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds(Wiley-Interscience,1994)。
本发明包括本文所描述的化合物的盐或溶剂化物,包括其组合比如盐的溶剂化物。本发明化合物可以以溶剂化例如水化形式以及未溶剂化形式存在,本发明涵盖全部所述形式。
一般地,但不绝对地,本发明的盐是药学上可接受的盐。术语"药学上可接受的盐"涵盖的盐是指本发明化合物的非毒性盐。
适宜的药学上可接受的盐的实例包括无机酸加成盐比如氯化物,溴化物,硫酸盐,磷酸盐,和硝酸盐;有机酸加成盐比如乙酸盐,半乳糖二酸盐,丙酸盐,琥珀酸盐,乳酸盐,羟乙酸盐,苹果酸盐,酒石酸盐,柠檬酸盐,马来酸盐,富马酸盐,甲磺酸盐,对-甲苯磺酸盐,和抗坏血酸盐;具有酸性氨基酸的盐比如天冬氨酸盐和谷氨酸盐;碱金属盐比如钠盐和钾盐;碱土金属盐比如镁盐和钙盐;铵盐;有机碱性盐比如三甲胺盐,三乙胺盐,吡啶盐,皮考啉盐,二环己胺盐,和N,N'-二苄基乙二胺盐;和碱性氨基酸盐比如赖氨酸盐和精氨酸盐。盐可以在某些情况下是水合物或乙醇溶剂化物。
有机化学领域的技术人员将理解能够为许多有机化合物提供多于一种系统命名。本发明的范围不应由于化合物存在数种可能的命名约定而被认为是不清楚的。
II.一般合成方法
有机合成领域的技术人员将理解存在多种产生本发明化合物的手段,以及产生标记适于各种用途的放射性同位素的本发明化合物的手段。
产生本发明化合物的一种手段示于方案1(参见合成实施例)。从而,降樟脑(2-降莰烷酮)能够用有机合成领域的技术人员熟知的技术在邻近羰基官能处烷基化。对于所述转化,一般用强碱(例如氢化钠、醇钠、氨基钠)处理酮以形成烯醇化物中间体,随后用烷基卤化物或磺酸烷基酯处理。在某些条件下,烷基化能够用α,ω-二卤代烷烃(比如1,3-二溴丙烷)进行,以形成螺连接。虽然方案1显示形成螺环丁烷(化合物II),其它环尺寸(例如,螺环戊烷)也可以以该方式通过用其它α,ω-二卤代烷烃来实现。用Wittig(或等价)化学手段,羰基官能能够随后转化为环外亚甲基(化合物III)。在强酸存在下,用氰化氢(或相似试剂,比如硫氰酸盐)处理外型-亚甲基化合物,能够以称为Ritter反应的过程提供相应叔甲酰胺基化合物。用氢化物还原剂,比如氢化铝锂或二(甲氧基乙氧基)铝氢化钠还原甲酰胺基化合物,提供相应仲胺,化合物IV。
另选地,取代的2-降莰烷酮还能够用作方案2中描述的转化的原料。从而,D-樟脑和L-樟脑(均可商购)各自能够转化为化合物V的立体异构体。还能够使用其它酮原料。例如,2-降莰烷酮的同系物二环[2,2,2]辛-2-酮,能够通过二环[2,2,2]辛-5-烯-2-酮氢化制得,后者又能够通过类似Kozikowski and Schmiesing,J.Org.Chem.48:1000-1007(1983)公开的那些的程序制备,有关反应通过援引并入本文。类似地,能够氢化按Black and Vogel,Helv.Chim.Acta67:1612(1984)的描述制备的7-氧杂二环[2.2.1]庚-5-烯-2-酮(有关反应通过援引并入本文)以提供7-氧杂二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2-酮。这些酮各自是类似示于方案1和2的那些的转化的潜在原料。
螺环丙烷官能能够用Simmons-Smith和相似化学手段实现。从而,在锌-铜偶(zinc-copper couple)存在下将3-亚甲基-2-降莰烷酮与二碘甲烷反应提供螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-酮,然后可运用已经描述的反应将其转化为本发明化合物。某些含螺环丙烷的化合物已知于文献中并且充当合成本发明化合物的出发点。参见例如,Gream andPincombe,Aust.J.Chem.27:543-565(1974),有关反应通过援引并入本文。
仲胺比如化合物IV和V能够通过酰胺和氨基甲酸酯中间体转化为叔胺。从而,用二碳酸二叔丁酯和氢化铝锂依次处理所述化合物将产生相应N-甲基叔胺。
方案1
方案2
也可能掺入特定的放射性同位素。例如,用氘化锂铝或氚化锂铝还原剂还原酰胺和氨基甲酸酯能够产生N-三氘甲基或N-三氚甲基胺。另选地,产生羰基碳是11C、13C或14C原子的酰胺或氨基甲酸酯,随后用氢化铝锂还原回产生分别掺入了11C、13C或14C原子的胺。特定的放射性同位素的掺入常常在制备化合物中是希望的,所述化合物有待用于诊断环境(例如成像剂)或功能和代谢研究中。
III.药物组合物
尽管可能以松散活性化学品形式给予本发明化合物,仍优选以药物组合物或配制剂形式给予化合物。从而,一方面本发明包括药物组合物,其包含一种或多种式I化合物和/或其药学上可接受的盐和一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。又一方面,本发明提供制备药物组合物的方法,包括将一种或多种式I化合物和/或其药学上可接受的盐与一种或多种药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂混合。
给予本发明化合物的方式能够变化。本发明化合物优选口服给予。用于口服给药的优选药物组合物包括片剂,胶囊,囊片,糖浆剂,溶液和悬浮液。本发明的药物组合物可以以经修饰的释放剂型比如定时释放片剂和胶囊配制剂形式提供。
药物组合物还能够经由注射给予,亦即经静脉内、经肌肉内、经皮下、经腹膜内、动脉内、鞘内和脑室内注射。静脉内给药是优选的注射方法。适宜的注射载体是本领域技术人员熟知的,包括5%葡萄糖溶液、盐水和磷酸缓冲的盐水。
各配制剂还可以用其它手段例如直肠给药来给予。用于直肠给药的配制剂比如栓剂是本领域技术人员熟知的。所述化合物还能够通过吸入给予,例如气雾剂形式;局部给予,比如洗液形式;经皮给予,比如用透皮贴剂(例如,用可商购自Novartis and Alza Corporation的技术),粉末注射,或者颊部、舌下或鼻内吸收。
药物组合物可以配制为单元剂型,或多剂量或亚单位剂量形式。
本文描述的药物组合物的给药能够是间断的,或者渐变的、连续的、恒定的或受控的速率给药。药物组合物可以给予至温血动物,例如哺乳动物比如小鼠、大鼠、猫、兔、狗、猪、牛或猴;但是有利地给予人。此外,每天给予药物组合物的时机和次数可以变化。
本发明化合物可以用于治疗各种障碍和病症,并且可以由此与用于治疗或预防那些障碍或病症的各种其它适宜的治疗剂组合使用。从而,本发明的一种实施方式包括给药与其它治疗化合物组合的本发明化合物。例如,本发明化合物能够与下述试剂组合使用:其它NNR配体(比如varenicline),NNRs的变构调节剂,抗氧化剂(比如自由基捕获剂),抗菌剂(比如青霉素抗生素),抗病毒剂(比如核苷类似物,如齐多夫定和阿昔洛韦),抗凝药(比如华法林),抗炎剂(比如NSAIDs),解热药,镇痛药,麻醉药(比如用于手术),乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂(比如多奈哌齐和加兰他敏),抗精神病药(比如氟哌啶醇,氯氮平,奥氮平和喹硫平),免疫抑制剂(比如环孢素和甲氨蝶呤),神经保护剂,类固醇(比如类固醇激素类),皮质类固醇(比如地塞米松,强的松和氢化可的松),维生素,矿物,保健品,抗抑郁药(比如丙米嗪,氟西汀,帕罗西汀,依他普仑,舍曲林,文拉法辛和度洛西汀),抗焦虑药(比如阿普唑仑和丁螺环酮),抗惊厥药(比如苯妥英和加巴喷丁),血管扩张剂(比如哌唑嗪和西地那非),情绪稳定剂(比如丙戊酸盐和阿立哌唑),抗癌药(比如抗增殖剂),抗高血压剂(比如阿替洛尔,可乐定,氨氯地平,维拉帕米和奥美沙坦),缓泻药,粪便软化剂,利尿药(比如呋塞米),抗痉挛药(比如双环维林),抗运动障碍剂,和抗溃疡药(比如艾美拉唑)。上述药学活性剂的组合可以一起或分开地给予,并且在分开给予时,给药可以以任意次序同时地或依次地进行。选择化合物或试剂的量和给药的相对时机以便实现所希望的治疗效果。本发明化合物与其它治疗剂的组合给药可以以下述形式同时组合给药:(1)包括两者化合物的单元药物组合物;或(2)各包括所述化合物之一的分开的药物组合物。另选地,组合可以以顺序方式分开给予,其中首先给予一种治疗剂然后给予第二种治疗剂。所述顺序给药可以在时间上相隔短暂或很长。
本发明的又一方面包括组合疗法,包括向受试者给药治疗或预防有效量的本发明化合物和一种或多种其它疗法包括化疗、放疗、基因疗法或免疫疗法。
IV.使用药物组合物的方法
本发明化合物能够用于预防或治疗已提出或显示其它类型烟碱化合物可用作治疗剂的各种病症或障碍,比如CNS障碍、炎症、与细菌和/或病毒感染有关的炎性反应,疼痛,代谢综合征,自身免疫障碍,成瘾,肥胖或本文进一步详细描述的其它障碍描述。该化合物还能够用作诊断剂(在体外和在体内)。所述治疗和其它的教导描述于例如本文预先列出的参考文献中,包括Williams等人,Drug News Perspec.7(4):205(1994),Arneric等人,CNS Drug Rev.1(1):1-26(1995),Arneric等人,Exp.Opin.Invest.Drugs5(1):79-100(1996),Bencherif等人,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.279:1413(1996),Lippiello等人,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.279:1422(1996),Damaj等人,J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.291:390(1999);Chiari等人,Anesthesiology91:1447(1999),Lavand’homme andEisenbach,Anesthesiology91:1455(1999),Holladay等人,J.Med.Chem.40(28):4169-94(1997),Bannon等人,Science279:77(1998),PCT WO94/08992,PCT WO96/31475,PCT WO96/40682,和Bencherif等人的美国专利号5,583,140,Dull等人的美国专利号5,597,919,Smith等人的美国专利号5,604,231和Cosford等人的美国专利号5,852,041。
CNS障碍
化合物及其药物组合物用于治疗或预防各种CNS障碍,包括神经变性疾病、神经精神病障碍,神经病学障碍和成瘾。化合物及其药物组合物能够用来治疗或预防年龄相关性和不相关的认知低下和功能障碍;注意力障碍和痴呆,包括由于传染物或代谢紊乱导致的那些;提供神经保护;治疗惊厥和多发大脑梗死;治疗情感障碍,强迫和成瘾行为;提供止痛;控制炎症,比如由细胞因子和核因子kappa B介导的那些;治疗炎性病症;提供疼痛缓解;和治疗感染,作为抗传染剂用于治疗细菌、真菌、和病毒感染。在本发明化合物和药物组合物能够用来治疗或预防的障碍、疾病和病症中尤其包括:年龄有关联的记忆缺陷(AAMI),轻微认知减退(MCI),年龄相关性认知下降(ARCD),早老痴呆,早发型阿尔茨海默氏病,老年痴呆,阿尔茨海默氏类型痴呆,阿尔茨海默氏病,认知病损无痴呆(CIND),Lewy体痴呆,HIV-痴呆,AIDS痴呆综合征,血管性痴呆,Down综合征,头部创伤,外伤性脑损伤(TBI),拳击员痴呆,克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布病和普利朊病,卒中,中央缺血,外周缺血,注意涣散障碍,注意力缺陷伴多动障碍,诵读困难,精神分裂症,精神分裂症样精神障碍,情感性分裂症,精神分裂症中的认知功能障碍,精神分裂症中的认知低下,帕金森症包括帕金森病,脑炎后帕金森症,帕金森症-Gaum痴呆,额颞痴呆帕金森氏类型(FTDP),匹克病,Niemann-匹克病,亨廷顿舞蹈病,亨廷顿舞蹈病,运动障碍,迟发性运动障碍,痉挛张力失常,运动机能亢进,进行性核上性麻痹,进行性核上性轻瘫,不安腿综合征,克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布病,多发性硬化,肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS),运动神经元病(MND),多系统萎缩症(MSA),皮质基底变性,格-巴二氏综合征(GBS),和慢性炎症性脱髓鞘性多发性神经病(CIDP),癫痫,常染色体型主要夜间额叶癫痫,躁狂症,焦虑,抑郁,包括严重抑郁障碍(MDD),经前期烦躁不安,惊恐障碍,食欲过盛,食欲缺乏,发作性睡病,过度日间嗜睡,双相情感障碍,广泛性焦虑症,强迫性障碍,愤怒爆发,进行障碍,对立违抗性障碍,Tourette综合征,孤独症,药物和酒精成瘾,烟草成瘾,从而用作吸烟停止、强迫性过食和性功能障碍药物。
认知病损或功能障碍可以与精神病障碍或病症有关,比如精神分裂症和其它精神障碍,包括但不限于精神障碍,精神分裂症样精神障碍,情感性分裂症,妄想性障碍,短暂精神障碍,共享型精神障碍,和由于一般医学病症的精神障碍,痴呆和其它认知障碍,包括但不限于轻微认知减退,早老痴呆,阿尔茨海默氏病,老年痴呆,阿尔茨海默氏类型痴呆,年龄相关记忆缺陷,Lewy体痴呆,血管性痴呆,AIDS痴呆综合征,诵读困难,帕金森症包括帕金森病,认知病损和帕金森病痴呆,多发性硬化的认知病损,由外伤性脑损伤引起的认知病损,由于其它一般医学病症的痴呆,焦虑障碍,包括但不限于恐怖性障碍不伴广场恐怖,恐怖性障碍伴广场恐怖,无惊恐障碍病史的广场恐怖,特定恐怖症,社会恐怖症,强迫性障碍,创伤后应激障碍,急性应激障碍,广泛性焦虑症和由于一般医学病症的广泛性焦虑症,情感障碍,包括但不限于严重抑郁障碍,情绪恶劣性精神障碍,双向型抑郁,双向型躁狂症,双向型I障碍,与躁狂有关的抑郁,抑郁或混合发作,双向型II障碍,循环性精神障碍,和由于一般医学病症的情感障碍,睡眠障碍,包括但不限于睡眠障碍,重度失眠症,重度睡眠过度,发作性睡病,深眠状态障碍,梦魇障碍,夜惊症和梦游症障碍,精神发育迟滞,学习障碍,运动技能障碍,沟通障碍,全身性发育迟缓,注意涣散和破坏性行为障碍,注意涣散障碍,注意力缺陷伴多动障碍,婴儿期、儿童期或成人的喂食和进食障碍,抽动障碍,消除障碍,物质相关的障碍,包括但不限于物质依赖,物质滥用,物质中毒,物质戒除,酒精相关的障碍,苯丙胺或苯丙胺类似物相关的障碍,咖啡因相关的障碍,大麻相关的障碍,可卡因相关的障碍,迷幻剂相关的障碍,吸入剂相关的障碍,尼古丁相关的障碍,阿片类物质相关的障碍,苯环利定或苯环利定类似物相关的障碍,和镇静剂、催眠药或抗焦虑药相关的障碍,人格障碍,包括但不限于强迫性人格障碍和冲动控制障碍。
认知表现可以用确证的认知等级来评价,比如阿尔茨海默氏病评价等级的认知分量表(ADAS-cog)。对本发明化合物在改善认知中的有效性的一种测量可以包括测量患者的根据上述等级的变化程度。
虑及强迫和成瘾行为,本发明化合物可以使用用作尼古丁成瘾的疗法,包括用作吸烟停止剂,和用于其它脑奖赏障碍,比如物质滥用包括酒精成瘾、非法药和处方药成瘾,进食障碍,包括肥胖和行为成瘾,比如赌博或成瘾的其它相似行为表现。
上述条件和障碍例如在American Psychiatric Association:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition,Text Revision,Washington,DC,American Psychiatric Association,2000有进一步详细讨论。还可以参照该手册中对与物质使用、滥用和依赖有关的症状和诊断特征的更多细节。
炎症
已知的是,神经系统主要是迷走神经通过抑制巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的释放来调节固有免疫应答的规模。该生理学机理称为"胆碱能药物抗炎途径"(参见,例如,Tracey,"The Inflammatory Reflex,"Nature420:853-9(2002))。过度的炎症和肿瘤坏死因子合成在各种疾病中导致发病和甚至死亡。这些疾病包括但不限于内毒素血症,类风湿性关节炎,骨关节炎,牛皮癣,哮喘,动脉粥样硬化,自发性肺纤维化,和炎性肠病。
能够通过给予本文描述的化合物治疗或预防的炎性条件包括但不限于慢性和急性炎症,牛皮癣,内毒素血症,痛风,急性假痛风,急性痛风性关节炎,关节炎,类风湿性关节炎,骨关节炎,同种异体移植排斥,慢性移植排斥,哮喘,动脉粥样硬化,单核-吞噬细胞依赖性肺伤害,自发性肺纤维化,特应性皮炎,慢性阻塞性肺疾病,成人呼吸窘迫综合症,镰状细胞疾病中的急性胸部综合征,炎性肠病,肠易激综合征,包括腹泻占优势的肠易激综合征,克罗恩病,溃疡,溃疡性结肠炎,急性胆管炎,口疮性口炎,恶病质,隐窝炎,肾小球肾炎,狼疮性肾炎,血栓形成,和移植物抗宿主反应。
与细菌和/或病毒感染有关的炎性反应
许多细菌和/或病毒感染与毒素形成所带来的副作用和身体对细菌或病毒和/或毒素的天然应答有关。如上文所讨论,身体对感染的应答常常牵涉产生显著量的TNF和/或其它细胞因子。这些细胞因子的过度表达能够引起显著伤害,比如脓毒性休克(在细菌是脓毒性时),内毒素性休克,尿脓毒病,病毒性肺炎和毒性休克综合征。
细胞因子的表达由NNRs介导,并且能够通过给予这些受体激动剂或部分激动剂来抑制。因此,作为这些受体的激动剂或部分激动剂的本文描述的那些化合物能够用来使得与细菌感染以及病毒和真菌感染有关的炎性反应最小化。所述细菌感染的实例包括炭疽、肉毒中毒和脓毒症。这些化合物中的某些还可以具有抗微生物特性。另外,所述化合物能够用于治疗雷诺病,亦即病毒诱导的疼痛性外周血管收缩。
这些化合物还能够用作辅助疗法与现有疗法组合以治理细菌、病毒和真菌感染;这些化合物是比如抗生素,抗病毒药和抗真菌药。抗毒素还能够用来结合至传染性物质产生的毒素并且允许结合的毒素通过身体而不产生炎性反应。抗毒素的实例公开于例如Bundle等人的美国专利号6,310,043。对细菌和其它毒素有效的其它试剂可以是有效的,并且它们的治疗效果能够通过与本文描述的化合物联合给药来补充。
疼痛
能够给予化合物来治疗和/或预防疼痛,包括急性疼痛、神经病学疼痛、炎性疼痛、神经病性疼痛和慢性疼痛。化合物能够与阿片类结合使用以最小化鸦片成瘾的可能性(例如吗啡节制疗法)。本文描述的化合物的镇痛活性能够展示在按美国公开专利申请号20010056084A1(Allgeier等人)的描述进行的持续炎性痛和神经性疼痛的模型中(例如,在炎性痛的完全Freund佐剂大鼠模型中的机械痛觉增敏和在神经性疼痛的小鼠部分坐骨神经结扎模型中的机械痛觉增敏)。
镇痛效果适于治疗各种起源或病原学的疼痛,尤其是治疗炎性疼痛和有关的痛觉增敏,神经性疼痛和有关的痛觉增敏,慢性痛(例如,严重慢性痛,术后痛和与各种病症包括癌有关的痛,心绞痛,肾或胆绞痛,月经,偏头痛,和痛风)。炎性痛可以起源各异,包括关节炎和风湿样疾病,腱滑膜炎和脉管炎。神经性疼痛包括三叉神经或疱疹神经痛,神经病比如糖尿病性神经病痛,灼痛,腰痛和传入神经阻滞综合征比如臂丛撕脱。
新血管形成
例如通过给予烟碱受体的拮抗剂(或某些剂量的部分激动剂)的新血管形成的抑制能够治疗或预防特征是不希望的新血管形成或血管生成的病症。所述病症能够包括特征是炎性血管生成和/或缺血诱导性血管生成的那些。与肿瘤生长有关的新血管形成还能够通过给予充当烟碱受体的拮抗剂或部分激动剂的本文描述的那些化合物得以抑制。
烟碱受体的特异性拮抗作用减少对炎症、缺血和瘤形成的血管生成应答。虑及评价本文描述的化合物的适当动物模型系统的指导可以参见例如Heeschen,C.等人,"A novel angiogenic pathway mediated bynon-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors,"J.Clin.Invest.110(4):527-36(2002)。
能够用本文描述的化合物治疗的代表性肿瘤类型包括SCLC,NSCLC,卵巢癌,胰癌,乳腺癌,结肠癌,直肠癌,肺癌,口咽癌,下咽癌,食管癌,胃癌,胰癌,肝癌,胆囊癌,胆管癌,小肠癌,尿道癌,肾癌,膀胱癌,尿道上皮癌,女性生殖道癌,宫颈癌,子宫癌,卵巢癌,绒毛膜癌,妊娠滋养细胞疾病,男性生殖道癌,前列腺癌,精囊癌,睾丸癌,胚细胞瘤,内分泌腺癌,甲状腺癌,肾上腺癌,垂体腺癌,皮肤癌,血管瘤,黑色素瘤,肉瘤,骨骼和软组织肉瘤,卡波西肉瘤,脑肿瘤,神经肿瘤,眼肿瘤,脑膜肿瘤,星形细胞瘤,胶质瘤,胶质母细胞瘤,成视网膜细胞瘤,神经瘤,成神经细胞瘤,神经鞘瘤,脑膜瘤,造血恶性引起的固体肿瘤(比如白血病,绿色瘤,浆细胞瘤和蕈样肉芽肿病和皮肤T-细胞淋巴瘤/白血病的斑块和肿瘤),和淋巴瘤引起的固体肿瘤。
化合物还能够与其它形式的抗癌治疗物结合给予,包括与本领域已知的抗肿瘤剂比如顺铂、阿霉素、道诺霉素等和/或抗-VEGF(血管内皮生长因子)试剂联合给药。
化合物能够以上述方式给予从而其靶向肿瘤场所。例如,化合物能够在缀合至将微粒导向肿瘤的各种抗体的微球、微粒或脂质体中给予。额外地,化合物能够存在于微球、微粒或脂质体中,其大小适于通过动脉和静脉但停留在围绕肿瘤的毛细血管床中并将化合物局部地给予肿瘤。所述药物递送装置是本领域已知的。
其它障碍
除了治疗CNS障碍、炎症和新血管形成和疼痛之外,本发明化合物还能够用来预防或治疗NNRs于其中起作用的某些其它病症、疾病和障碍。实例包括自身免疫障碍比如狼疮,与细胞因子释放有关的障碍,感染继发的恶病质(例如,发生在AIDS、AIDS有关的综合征和瘤形成中),肥胖,pemphitis,尿失禁,膀胱活动过度(OAB),腹泻,便秘,视网膜疾病,传染病,肌无力,Eaton-Lambert综合征,高血压,先兆子痫,骨质疏松症,血管收缩,血管扩张,心律不齐,I型糖尿病,II型糖尿病,食欲过盛,食欲缺乏和性功能障碍,以及PCT申请WO98/25619中公开的那些适应症。还能够给予本发明化合物以治疗惊厥比如癫痫症状的那些,和治疗病症比如梅毒和克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布病。
本发明化合物可以用来治疗细菌感染和皮肤病学病症,比如落叶性天疱疮,寻常性天疱疮,和其它障碍,比如皮肤棘层松解,其中存在具有高神经节NNR抗体滴定度的自身免疫应答。在这些障碍中,并且在其它自身免疫性疾病比如重症肌无力中,抗体的fab片段结合至NNR受体(交联2受体),这诱导内化和降解。
诊断用途
化合物能够用于诊断组合物比如探针中,特别是将其修饰以包括适当标记物的情况下。出于该意图,本发明化合物最优选用放射性同位素部分11C标记。
给予的化合物能够用位置发射扫描术(PET)检测。希望高特异性活性以在非饱和浓度将选择的受体亚型可视化。给予的剂量一般在毒性范围之下并且提供高对比度图像。化合物期望能够以非毒性水平给药。剂量的确定以同位素标记成像领域技术人员已知的方式进行。参见例如,伦敦等人的美国专利号5,969,144。
化合物能够用已知技术给予。参见例如,上述伦敦等人的美国专利号5,969,144。化合物能够在掺入其它成分的配制剂组合物中给予,所述其它成分是比如用于配制诊断组合物的成分的那些类型。进行本发明有用的化合物最优选以高纯度使用。参见Elmalch等人的美国专利号5,853,696。
在将化合物给予受试者(例如人类受试者)之后,化合物在受试者中的存在能够通过适当技术成像并定量以指出其存在、量和功能。除了人类之外,化合物还能够给予动物比如小鼠、大鼠、狗和猴。SPECT和PET成像能够用任意适当的技术和设备进行。参见Villemagne等人,In:Arneric等人(Eds.)Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors:Pharmacology andTherapeutic Opportunities,235-250(1998)和Elmalch等人的美国专利号5,853,696,各自通过援引并入本文,用于公开代表性的成像技术。
V.合成实施例
实施例1:外型-N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺
向2-降莰烷酮(降樟脑)(16.0g,145mmol)和1,3-二溴丙烷(203mmol,20.7mL;41.1g)的二乙醚(450mL)溶液加入氨基钠(363mmol,14.8g),将混合物在回流下搅拌24小时。将混合物倾至200mL冰水中,分离有机层。水层用200mL醚萃取。浓缩经合并的醚萃取物,在60-100℃于10-20托真空蒸馏液体残余物,获得14g的不纯产品。将其溶于150mL己烷,与高锰酸钾(12.0g,75.9mmol)的水(150mL)溶液搅拌5小时。将两相混合物过滤通过硅藻土床,然后用己烷(100mL)洗涤。分离己烷层,水层用600mL己烷萃取。合并己烷层,浓缩,在硅胶柱上纯化,用10-40%乙醚/己烷洗脱,获得螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮(方案1化合物II)(6.1g,28%收率),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.55-2.49(m,2H),2.18-2.08(m,2H),2.00-1.58(m,7H),1.49-1.36(m,3H);LCMS(m/z):151(M+1)。
在-78℃,向(甲基)三苯基鏻溴化物(49.9mmol,18.2g)的无水四氢呋喃(THF)(100mL)溶液加入正丁基锂(46.5mmol,18.6mL的2.5M己烷溶液)。在-78℃搅拌混合物30分钟。向该混合物加入螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮(5.00g,33.3mmol)。在环境温度搅拌所得混合物20小时。加入己烷(300mL),过滤混合物。浓缩滤液,残余物在80g硅胶柱纯化,用己烷洗脱,获得3-亚甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷](方案1化合物III)(3.7g,75%),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ4.82(s,2H),2.63(brs,1H),2.22(brs,1H),2.05-1.78(m,6H),1.63-1.52(m,1H),1.48-1.34(m,3H),1.21-1.12(m,2H)。
在15分钟内在50℃,向3-亚甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷](2.10g,14.2mmol)和硫氰酸钾(14.2mmol,1.39g)的悬浮液缓慢加入硫酸(1.40g;14.3mmol)的水(0.52mL)溶液。溶液在85℃搅拌5.5小时。将溶液冷却至环境温度,用甲苯(20mL)稀释,用水(20mL)和碳酸氢钠饱和水溶液(10mL)按顺序地洗涤。收集甲苯层,在无水硫酸钠上干燥,过滤。向滤液加入二(甲氧基乙氧基)铝氢化钠(28mmol,7.9mL的65-70%甲苯溶液),所得混合物在85℃搅拌2小时。将混合物冷却至0℃,分批缓慢加入滴加3N含水氢氧化钠(3mL)和5%次氯酸钠(15mL)混合物。分离甲苯层,用水(30mL)洗涤。然后用1N盐酸水溶液(2x10mL)萃取甲苯层。弃去甲苯层,加入10%含水氢氧化钠使得经合并的盐酸萃取物呈碱性(pH10)。碱性含水混合物用醚(2x30mL)萃取。收集醚萃取物,浓缩,通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,用0-40%CMA(氯仿:甲醇:30%氨水,9:1:0.1)/氯仿洗脱,获得外型-N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺(0.38g,15%收率)(方案1化合物IV),是油状物。将该油状物溶于5mL二氯甲烷,在冰浴中冷却,与2mL的6M盐酸水溶液合并。浓缩混合物,真空干燥,获得盐酸盐。1H NMR(D2O,400MHz):δ2.41(s,3H),2.24-2.18(m,2H),1.98-1.90(m,1H),1.82-1.74(m,1H),1.67-1.58(m,2H),1.52-1.11(m,8H),0.95(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):180(M+1)。
通过NMR确定外型立体化学。
实施例2:外型-N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺的手性色谱分离
将外型-N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺(2.0g)溶于20mL乙腈,用0.2mL注射在手性柱上分离(手性Pak AD-H,5微米,250x20cm),用0.2%的二乙胺的乙腈/异丙醇(95:5)溶液洗脱,流速10mL/min。分开地浓缩含级分的峰1(早洗脱)和峰2(晚洗脱)。将两种残余物单独地溶于10mL二氯甲烷,用2mL6N盐酸水溶液处理,浓缩至干。这些盐酸盐产品分别重0.74g(峰1)和0.48g(峰2)。
实施例3:N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺
向2-降莰烷酮(25.0g,227mmol)和1,4-二溴丁烷(68.0g,317mmol)的二乙醚(700mL)溶液加入氨基钠(23.1g,567mmol)。该混合物在回流下加热24小时,冷却,倾至200mL冰-水中。收集有机层,水层用200mL二乙醚萃取。浓缩经合并的二乙醚萃取物,残余物在65-80℃于7-15托蒸馏,获得19g的不纯产品。将其溶于己烷(500mL),与含水高锰酸钾(30g,0.19mol,500mL)搅拌5小时。过滤混合物,收集己烷层。水层用600mL己烷萃取。浓缩经合并的己烷层,残余物在硅胶柱上纯化,用5-15%乙酸乙酯/己烷洗脱,获得螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-酮(12.6g,33.8%),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.56(d,J=5.1Hz,1H),2.24(bs,1H),1.44-1.88(m,14H);LCMS(m/z):165(M+1)。
在-78℃,向(甲基)三苯基鏻溴化物(17.6g,48.4mmol)的THF(100mL)溶液加入正丁基锂(18.1mL2.5M THF溶液,45mmol),搅拌混合物30分钟。向该混合物加入螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-酮(5.30g,32.3mmol),在环境温度搅拌反应18小时。加入己烷(200mL),过滤混合物。浓缩滤液,残余物在80g硅胶柱上纯化,用己烷洗脱,获得3-亚甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷](4.80g,91.7%),是油状物。
在50℃,将硫酸(1.61mL,2.96g,30.2mmol)缓慢加至3-亚甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷](4.80g,29.6mmol)和硫氰酸钾(2.96g,30.2mmol)的悬浮液。然后,将反应混合物在85℃搅拌5.5小时,冷却至环境温度,用甲苯(30mL)稀释,用水洗涤(20mL),随后用碳酸氢钠饱和水溶液(10mL)洗涤。甲苯层在无水硫酸钠上干燥,过滤。向滤液加入二(甲氧基乙氧基)铝氢化钠(40%甲苯溶液,2当量),在85℃搅拌反应2小时。将反应冷却至0℃,缓慢加入(间隔滴加)3N含水氢氧化钠(20mL)的5%含水次氯酸钠(35mL)溶液。分离甲苯层,用水(30mL)洗涤。然后,将甲苯层用1N盐酸水溶液(2x10mL)萃取,弃去甲苯层。加入10%含水氢氧化钠使得盐酸水溶液层呈碱性(pH10),用二乙醚萃取。浓缩二乙醚萃取物,残余物通过硅胶柱色谱法纯化,用0-40%CMA(氯仿:甲醇:30%含水氨水,9:1:0.1)/氯仿,获得N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺(1.2g,53%),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.28(s,3H),2.24(bs,1H),1.84-1.76(m,2H),1.73-1.68(m,1H),1.62-1.52(m,4H),1.48-1.24(m,7H),1.09-1.05(m,1H),1.04(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):194(M+1)。
实施例4:制备N-取代的螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺的一般程序
某些N-取代的螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺能够这样制备:将螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮还原胺化。下述程序是示范性的,其运用甲胺并提供N-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺三氟乙酸盐。运用二甲胺、氮杂环丁烷和吡咯烷以相似发生进行还原胺化。
向螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮(0.15g,1.0mmol)和甲胺(4.0mL2.0M THF溶液,8.0mmol)的1,2-二氯乙烷(10mL)溶液加入乙酸(0.2mL)和三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠(0.85g,4.0mmol)。在环境温度搅拌反应48小时,用二氯甲烷(10mL)稀释,用饱和碳酸氢钠水溶液(10mL)洗涤,浓缩。残余物在制备型HPLC上纯化,用0.05%甲酸/水和0.05%甲酸/乙腈的混合物洗脱。浓缩所选级分,将残余物溶于甲醇(2mL)。加入三氟乙酸(0.1mL),浓缩混合物,真空干燥,获得N-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺三氟乙酸盐(0.088g),是胶状物。1H NMR(CD3OD,400MHz):δ3.06-3.02(m,1H),2.568(s,3H),2.54(brs,1H),2.34(brs,1H),2.02-1.83(m,6H),1.56-1.42(m,5H),1.26-1.32(m,1H);LCMS(m/z):166(M+1)。
实施例5:(1S,3R,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐和(1S,3S,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐
用L-樟脑作原料重复用D-樟脑作原料的下述化学方法,产生作为此处描述的那些的对映体的产品。
在100℃,将D-(+)-樟脑(4.40g,28.9mmol)和氨基钠(2.50g,61.5mmol)在甲苯(100mL)中的混合物搅拌30分钟。将1,3-二溴丙烷(31.8mmol,3.24mL,6.42g)的甲苯(20mL)溶液加入,在回流下加热反应3小时。将反应冷却至环境温度,用水(100mL)洗涤,在无水硫酸钠上干燥,浓缩。将残余物溶于5%甲醇/氯甲烷(80mL),冷却至-78℃。溶液通臭氧直至保持蓝色(~10分钟)。然后加入二甲基硫醚(2mL),缓慢温热反应至环境温度。浓缩反应混合物,残余物在硅胶柱(40g)上纯化,用0-20%醚/己烷洗脱,获得(1S,4R)-4,7,7-三甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮(1.66g,29.9%收率),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.26(m,1H),2.10-1.97(m,5H),1.85-1.1.66(m,2H),1.62-1.53(m,1H),1.47-1.40(m,1H),1.28-1.19(m,1H),0.94(s,3H),0.88(s,3H),0.75(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):193(M+1)。
在175℃,将(1S,4R)-4,7,7-三甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-酮(1.60g,8.32mmol)和甲酰胺(10mL)在甲酸(7mL)中的混合物搅拌72小时。将反应混合物冷却至环境温度,倾至200mL冰-水中,用醚(2x50mL)萃取。经合并的醚萃取物用水(40mL)洗涤,在无水硫酸钠上干燥,浓缩,获得N-(4,7,7-三甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-基)甲酰胺(1.55g,84.2%收率),是胶状物。
在0℃,向N-(4,7,7-三甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-基)甲酰胺(1.50g,6.78mmol)的THF(40mL)溶液缓慢加入氢化铝锂(27.1mmol,27.1mL1.0M THF溶液)。在加入完成之后,将反应回流48小时。将反应混合物冷却至0℃,分批加入固体硫酸钠十水合物(10g)猝灭。在搅拌1小时之后,过滤该混合物,浓缩滤液。残余物在40g硅胶柱上纯化,用0-100%CMA(氯仿:甲醇:30%含水氨水;9:1:0.1)/氯仿作洗脱液,获得外型-胺产品,(1S,3R,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺(0.49g;35%收率),和内型-胺产品,(1S,3S,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺(0.30g;21%收率),均是油状物。将其各自溶于1mL浓盐酸将两种产品转化为它们的盐酸盐,浓缩,真空干燥样品。外型-(1S,3R,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐的1H NMR(D2O,400MHz):δ2.80(s,3H),2.72(brs,1H),2.22-1.91(m,4H),1.84-1.72(m,3H),1.54-1.45(m,2H),1.38-1.31(m,1H),1.10-1.01(m,1H),0.87(s,3H),0.75(s,3H),0.72(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):208(M+1)。内型-(1S,3S,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐的1H NMR(D2O,400MHz):δ3.12(brs,1H),2.79(s,3H),2.26-2.16(m,1H),2.01-1.85(m,3H),1.78-1.69(m,3H),1.60-1.51(m,1H),1.36-1.24(m,2H),1.08-1.00(m,1H),0.85(s,3H),0.78(s,3H),0.75(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):208(M+1)。
实施例6:将仲胺转化为N-甲基叔胺的一般程序
某些N-甲基叔胺能够这样制备:还原胺化相应仲胺。下述程序是示范性的,其运用甲醛并提供外型-(1S,3R,4R)-N,N,4,7,7-五甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐。对各种仲胺进行类似的N-甲基化反应。
向(1S,3R,4R)-N,4,7,7-四甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺(0.10g,0.48mmol)和30%含水甲醛(1mL)的甲醇(4mL)溶液加入三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠(0.31g,1.4mmol),在环境温度搅拌反应16小时。反应用饱和的碳酸氢钠水溶液(30mL)淬灭,用二氯甲烷(2x30mL)萃取。将甲酸(0.2mL)加入经合并的有机萃取物,在旋转式蒸发仪上将其浓缩。残余物通过制备型LCMS纯化,用0.05%甲酸/水和0.05%甲酸/乙腈混合物洗脱。包含选择的级分,加入10%含水氢氧化钠使其呈碱性(pH9),用二氯甲烷(2x30mL)萃取。经合并的有机萃取物用0.5mL浓盐酸处理。浓缩该混合物,真空干燥,获得(1S,3R,4R)-N,N,4,7,7-五甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺盐酸盐(0.06g),是白色固体。1H NMR(D2O,400MHz):δ3.27(s,3H),3.19(s,3H),3.10(s,1H),2.55-2.28(m,4H),2.18-1.97(m,3H),1.80-1.60(m,3H),1.45-1.36(m,1H),1.28(s,3H),1.02(s,3H),1.01(s,3H);LCMS(m/z):222(M+1)。
实施例7:N-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-胺三氟乙酸盐
将纯净的3-亚甲基-2-降莰烷酮(8.9g,73mmol)、随后纯净的二碘甲烷(8.30mL,103mmol)加入二乙醚(75mL)中的锌-铜偶(9.1g,57mmol)的浆料。在回流下加热所得混合物6小时。加入第二部分锌-铜偶(10g),继续回流额外的16小时。然后,用水(200mL)淬灭反应,用二乙醚(200mL)稀释。将两相混合物过滤通过硅藻土垫。分离有机层,用10%盐酸水溶液(2x50mL)洗涤,在无水硫酸镁上干燥,浓缩。将残余物通过硅胶柱,用二氯甲烷洗脱。浓缩所选级分,在瓶-对-瓶(bulb-to-bulb)蒸馏设备上于3托真空蒸馏残余物,收集螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-酮(1.6g),是油状物。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz):δ2.71-2.69(m,1H),2.06(brs,1H),2.00-1.72(m,3H),1.66-1.57(m,3H),1.09-1.00(m,2H),0.91-0.89(m,1H),0.80-0.75(m,1H)。
向螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-酮(0.13g,0.96mmol)和甲胺(4.0mL2.0M THF溶液,8.0mmol)的1,2-二氯乙烷(10mL)溶液加入乙酸(0.2mL)和三乙酰氧基硼氢化钠(0.85g,4.0mmol),在环境温度搅拌反应48小时。将反应用二氯甲烷(10mL)稀释,用饱和的碳酸氢钠水溶液(10mL)洗涤,浓缩。残余物在制备型HPLC上纯化,用0.05%甲酸/水和0.05%甲酸/乙腈混合物洗脱。浓缩所选级分,将残余物溶于甲醇(2mL)。加入三氟乙酸(0.1mL),浓缩混合物,真空干燥,获得N-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丁烷]-3-胺三氟乙酸盐(0.005g),是胶状物。1H NMR(CD3OD,400MHz):δ2.76(brs,1H),2.59(s,3H),1.85-1.82(m,1H),1.69-1.55(m,6H),1.34-1.28(m,1H),0.83-0.78(m,1H),0.67-0.62(m,1H),0.58-0.50(m,2H);LCMS(m/z):152(M+1)。
实施例8:N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-胺盐酸盐
在氮下,向如Gream和Pincombe,Aust.J.Chem.27:543-565(1974)的描述(通过援引并入本文)制备的(3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚[5]烯-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-基)甲醇(9.4g,57mmol)的甲醇(20mL)溶液加入0.8g10%Pd/C(润湿)。用氢(50psi)替换气氛,在环境温度振摇混合物4小时。然后,将反应过滤通过硅藻土垫,然后将其用甲醇洗涤。浓缩滤液,产生9.60g的(3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-基)甲醇,是白色固体(99%)。
向搅拌中的三氧化铬(8.0g,76mmol)于冰浴中冷却的水(30mL)中的溶液仔细地加入96%硫酸(6.9mL,120mmol)。在冰浴中继续冷却并搅拌氧化剂溶液,并在20分钟时间段内将(3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-基)甲醇(9.5g;57mmol)的丙酮(115mL)溶液加入。在加入完成之后,搅拌反应混合物3小时同时温热至环境温度。然后,将反应用水(45mL)和乙酸乙酯(200mL)稀释。缓慢地加入亚硫酸氢钠粉末直至褐色消散和水层变蓝。然后分相,水层用乙酸乙酯(2x100mL)洗涤。合并有机层,在无水硫酸镁上干燥。过滤除去干燥剂,浓缩滤液,产生绿色油状物。油状物通过硅胶(200g)柱色谱法纯化,用0-50%乙酸乙酯/己烷梯度洗脱。合并所选级分,浓缩,产生6.0g的3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-羧酸,是白色固体(58%)。
向搅拌中的3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-羧酸(2.8g,15mmol)和三乙胺(2.6mL,18mmol)在冰浴中冷却的甲苯(70mL)中的溶液加入二苯基膦酸叠氮化物(3.5mL,16mmol)。将反应混合物温热至90℃,搅拌2.5小时。然后,将苯甲醇(1.7mL,16mmol)加入反应,在90℃搅拌混合物额外的16小时。冷却反应混合物,浓缩。残余物通过硅胶(60g)柱色谱法纯化,用0-15%乙酸乙酯/己烷梯度洗脱。合并所选级分,浓缩,产生1.6g的物质的混合物,包括3-异氰酸基-3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]和相应的苄基氨基甲酸酯,是白色固体。将该混合物溶于无水THF(16mL),在冰浴中冷却。缓慢加入氢化铝锂(8.5mL2.0M THF溶液,17mmol)。将反应温热至55℃持续3小时。然后,在冰浴中冷却反应,用二乙醚(20mL)稀释。仔细的加入水直至气体产生平息,猝灭反应。在环境温度搅拌所得粘稠白色浆料1小时,在此期间盐变得更加颗粒化。然后,将浆料过滤通过硅藻土垫,滤饼用二乙醚(10mL)然后乙酸乙酯(10mL)洗涤。经合并的滤液用6M盐酸(3x4mL)萃取。合并含水萃取物,在旋转式蒸发仪上浓缩,产生1.6g的N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.1]庚烷-2,1'-环丙烷]-3-胺盐酸盐,是白色固体(53%收率)。1H NMR(400MHz,D2O):δ2.52(s,1H),2.46(s,3H),1.72(d,J=11Hz,1H),1.49-1.41(m,3H),1.39-1.32(m,2H),1.28(d,J=11Hz,1H),1.02(s,3H),0.59-0.51(m,3H),0.45-0.43(m,1H);LCMS(m/z):166(M+1)。
实施例9:N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺盐酸盐和N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺盐酸盐
用Kozikowski和Schmiesing,J.Org.Chem.48:1000-1007(1983)描述的程序(通过援引并入本文)制备中间体二环[2,2,2]辛-5-烯-2-酮,然后随后转化为N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺和N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺。
将丙烯腈(79.4g,1.49mol),1,3-环己二烯(60g,0.75mol),和氢醌(1.1g,10mmol)的混合物封于管中并在120℃加热18小时。浓缩所得混合物,在硅胶上通过色谱法纯化,用乙酸乙酯(0.5%至1%)/石油醚混合物洗脱,提供5-氰基二环[2,2,2]辛-2-烯(64g,64%收率)的异构体(大致内型/外型)的可分离混合物,是白色半固体。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ1.32(m,2H),1.75(m,3H),2.04(m,1H),2.43(m,1H),2.62(m,1H),2.78(m,1H),6.23(m,1H),6.30(m,1H);1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ1.28(m,2H),1.50(m,3H),1.94(m,1H),2.68(m,2H),2.87(m,1H),6.29(m,1H),6.44(m,1H);LCMS(m/z):134(M+1)。
向回流中的吡啶(14.2g,0.180mol)、五氯化磷(28.0g,0.135mol)和氯仿(100mL)的混合物滴加5-氰基二环[2,2,2]辛-2-烯(12g,90mmol)的氯仿(50mL)溶液。在回流下加热所得混合物15小时,冷却,倾倒至冰上。浓缩有机层,残余物通过色谱法在硅胶上纯化,用乙酸乙酯(0.5%至1%)/石油醚的混合物洗脱,提供5-氯-5-氰基二环[2,2,2]辛-2-烯(14.3g,95%收率),是白色半固体。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ1.3-1.5(m,3H),2.02-2.18(m,2H),2.51(m,1H),2.72(m,1H),3.12(m,1H),6.22(m,1H),6.41(m,1H);GCMS(m/z):167。
向搅拌中的5-氯-5-氰基二环[2,2,2]辛-2-烯(65g,0.39mol)(代表进行数次前述程序)的二甲亚砜(500mL)溶液加入氢氧化钾(87.4g,1.56mol)和水(30mL)。在室温下搅拌所得混合物15小时,用水(1000mL)稀释,用醚(4x500mL)萃取。经合并的醚萃取物用盐水洗涤,在无水硫酸钠上干燥,浓缩。残余物通过色谱法在硅胶上纯化,用二乙醚(1%至5%)/石油醚的混合物洗脱,提供二环[2,2,2]辛-5-烯-2-酮(23.8g,50%收率),是白色固体。1H NMR(300MHz,CDCl3)δ1.53~1.84(m,4H),2.01~2.02(m,2H),2.96~2.99(m,1H),3.11~3.13(m,1H),6.15~6.21(m,1H),6.43~6.48(m,1H);GCMS(m/z):122。
在-78℃,将正丁基锂(56.5mL1.6M己烷溶液,90.4mmol)加入二异丙胺(11.2mL,8.05g,79.6mmol)的无水THF(108mL)溶液。将混合物温热至0℃,搅拌30分钟。将溶液再次冷却至-78℃,加入溶于THF(10mL)的二环[2,2,2]辛-5-烯-2-酮(5.00g,36.2mmol)。在-78℃搅拌反应30分钟,然后加入六甲基磷酸三酰胺(13.9mL,14.3g,79.6mmol)随后是1,4-二溴丁烷(4.76mL,8.59g,39.8mmol)。将反应混合物温热至环境温度,搅拌16小时,用氯化铵饱和水溶液(50mL)淬灭,用醚(100mL)稀释,用水(3X50mL)洗涤。有机层在无水硫酸钠上干燥,过滤,浓缩。将残余物在120g二氧化硅柱上纯化,用100%己烷洗脱4倍柱体积,随后梯度洗脱至9:1的己烷/乙酸乙酯。浓缩所选级分,产生螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-酮(5.1g;~90%GC/MS纯),是透明油状物。将物质不加进一步纯化地溶于无水THF(20mL)并冷却至-78℃。然后加入甲基镁溴化物(28.6mL3.0M二乙醚溶液,85.8mmol),将反应缓慢地温热至环境温度。在环境温度搅拌反应18小时,仔细加入氯化铵饱和水溶液猝灭。将反应转移至分液漏斗,除去水层。有机层用水(10mL)洗涤两次,在无水硫酸钠上干燥,过滤,浓缩。剩余的物质(无色油状物)是3-甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-醇(4.9g)和原料的混合物。
不加进一步纯化地,将上述刚产生的样品与氰化钠(1.93g,37.8mmol)的乙酸(20mL)溶液合并。将该混合物冷却至0℃,在该温度搅拌的同时缓慢加入硫酸(20mL)。反应在完全加入各试剂后变为深红色,将其在环境温度搅拌18小时。然后,将其通过加入100mL水淬灭,加入3M含水氢氧化钠使之呈碱性(pH9),用二氯甲烷(4x50mL)萃取。经合并的有机层在无水硫酸钠上干燥,浓缩,获得灰白固体。将固体溶于无水THF(200mL),冷却至0℃并保持在该温度,将氢化铝锂(25.2mL2M的THF溶液,50.4mmol)溶液缓慢加入。将反应加热至回流18小时,在冷却冰浴中,仔细加入5g的硫酸钠十水合物猝灭。搅拌所得混合物30分钟,过滤。浓缩滤液,残余物在120g硅胶柱上纯化,用0-70%CMA/氯仿洗脱,提供N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺(0.20g,2.7%收率)。将该物质分散在二氯甲烷(5ml)中,用0.5mL4M盐酸二噁烷溶液处理转化为HCL盐,浓缩所得混合物。将作为结果的无定形固体溶于甲醇(3mL),用二乙醚(3mL)进行沉淀。吸除溶剂,将沉淀与二乙醚(3mL)研磨三次。然后,将盐酸盐样品真空干燥。1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD)δ1.02(s,3H),1.19-1.42(m,4H),1.51-1.64(m,7H),1.81(m,1H),2.21(m,2H),2.73(s,3H),5.57(dd,J1=9Hz,J2=3Hz,1H),6.01(d,J=6Hz,1H);LCMS(m/z):206(M+1)。
将N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛[5]烯-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺(80mg,0.39mmol)溶于甲醇(7.8mL),加入10%Pd/C(润湿)(41mg)。将该混合物置于氢气球下,在环境温度搅拌16小时。然后,将反应混合物过滤通过硅藻土,浓缩滤液,剩余N,3-二甲基螺[二环[2.2.2]辛烷-2,1'-环戊烷]-3-胺(45mg,56%收率)。将其溶于二氯甲烷(3mL),用0.3mL4M盐酸二噁烷溶液处理转化为其盐酸盐,浓缩所得混合物。将作为结果的无定形固体溶于甲醇(3mL),用二乙醚(1mL)进行沉淀。吸除溶剂,将沉淀用二乙醚(3mL)研磨三次。然后,将盐酸盐样品真空干燥。1H NMR(300MHz,CD3OD)δ0.99(s,3H),1.31(m,2H),1.45-1.70(m,10H),1.85(m,1H),2.08(m,3H),2.22-2.35(m,1H),2.65(s,3H),3.02(m,1H);LCMS(m/z):208(M+1)。
VI.生物学测试
在烟碱乙酰胆碱受体处的相互作用的表征
物质和方法
细胞系.SH-EP1-人类α4β2(Eaton等人,2003),SH-EP1-人类α4β4(Gentry等人,2003)和SH-EP1-α6β3β4α5(Grinevich等人,2005)细胞系得自Dr.Ron Lukas(Barrow Neurological Institute)。SH-EP1细胞系,PC12,SH-SY5Y和TE671/RD细胞在Dulbecco修饰的Eagle培养基(Invitrogen,C arlsbad,C alifornia)中保持在增殖生长阶段,上述培养基含10%马血清(Invitrogen),5%胎牛血清(HyClone,Logan UT),1mM丙酮酸钠,4mM L-谷氨酰胺。为了维持稳定的转染子,将α4β2和α4β4细胞培养基用0.25mg/mL zeocin和0.13mg/mL潮霉素B补充。对于α6β3β4α5细胞用0.25mg/mL zeocin,0.13mg/mL潮霉素B,0.4mg/mL遗传霉素,和0.2mg/mL稻瘟素保持选择。
受体结合测试
从大鼠组织制备膜。大鼠皮质得自Analytical Biological Services,Incorporated(ABS,Wilmington,Delaware)。组织解剖自雌性Sprague-Dawley大鼠,在干冰上冷冻和运输。组织储存在-20℃直至膜制备需要。在10体积(重量:体积)的冰冷制备型缓冲剂(11mM KCl,6mM KH2PO4,137mM NaCl,8mM Na2HPO4,20mM HEPES(游离酸),5mM碘乙酰胺,1.5mM EDTA,0.1mM PMSF pH7.4)中,通过Polytron(Kinematica GmbH,瑞士)汇集并匀化10只大鼠的皮质。在4℃,将所得匀化物于40,000g离心20分钟,将所得团粒再悬浮于20体积的冰冷水中。在4℃温育之后60分钟,在4℃于40,000g离心20分钟收集新的团粒。将最终团粒再悬浮于制备型缓冲剂中,并储存在-20℃。在测试日,将组织解冻,于40,000g离心20分钟,然后再悬浮于Dulbecco磷酸缓冲的盐水,pH7.4(PBS,Invitrogen),直至2-3mg蛋白质/mL的最终浓度。用Pierce BCA蛋白质测试试剂盒(PierceBiotechnology,Rockford,IL),采用牛血清白蛋白作为标准,测定蛋白质浓度。
自克隆细胞系制备膜。在冰冷的pH7.4的PBS中收获细胞,然后用Polytron(Kinematica GmbH,瑞士)匀化。匀化物于40,000g离心20分钟(4℃)。将团粒再悬浮于PBS,用Pierce BCA蛋白质测试试剂盒(穿入生物技术,Rockford,IL)测定蛋白质浓度。
至在膜制剂中的受体的竞争结合。在膜上用经调整的公开程序(Lippiello和Fernandes1986;Davies等人,1999)标准方法来测试至烟碱受体的结合。简言之,将膜自冷冻储备液中重构,在冰上于150μl测试缓冲剂中(PBS)在竞争化合物(0.001nM至100μM)和放射性配体存在下温育2小时。[3H]-尼古丁(L-(-)-[N-甲基-3H]-尼古丁,69.5Ci/mmol,Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences,Waltham,MA)用于人类α4β2结合研究。[3H]-地棘蛙素(52Ci/mmol,Perkin-Elmer Life Sciences)用于其它烟碱受体亚型处的结合研究。L-[二苯乙醇酸-4,4-3H]奎宁环基二苯羟乙酸酯([3H]QNB)用于毒蕈碱的受体结合研究。用预浸于0.33%聚乙烯亚胺(w/v)中的GF/B过滤器在多支管组织采集器(Brandel,Gaithersburg,MD)上快速过滤来终止温育,以便减少非特异性结合。过滤器用冰冷的PBS洗涤3次,通过液体闪烁计数测定保留的放射性。
结合数据分析。结合数据表达为百分比总控制结合。各点的重复取平均,对药物浓度的log作图。通过最小二乘非线性回归用GraphPadPrism软件(GraphPAD,San Diego,CA)确定IC50(产生50%结合抑制的化合物浓度)。Ki用Cheng-Prusoff公式(Cheng和Prusoff,1973)计算。
钙流通功能测试
在各实验之前24至48小时,将细胞在96孔黑壁透明底板(Corning,Corning,NY)中铺板,60-100,000细胞/孔。在实验日,轻柔地除去生长培养基,将测试缓冲剂(20mM HEPES,7mM TRIS碱,4mM CaCl2,5mM D-葡萄糖,0.8mM MgSO4,5mM KCl,0.8mM MgCl2,120mM N-甲基D-葡萄糖胺,20mM NaCl,pH7.4,用于SH-EP1-人类α4β2细胞;或者10mM HEPES,2.5mM CaCl2,5.6mM D-葡萄糖,0.8mM MgSO4,5.3mM KCl,138mM NaCl,pH7.4,含TRIS-碱,用于全部其它细胞系)中的200μL1X FLIPR钙4测试试剂(MolecularDevices,Sunnyvale,CA)加入各孔,在37℃温育板1小时(对于在29℃-处理的SH-EP1-人类α4β2细胞则为29℃)。为了抑制研究,在染料加入的时间加入竞争化合物(10pM-10μM)。自温育器移除板,让其平衡至室温。转移板至FLIPR Tetra荧光成像读板器(Molecular Devices),用于加入化合物和监测荧光(激发485nm,发射525nm)。将钙流通量与阳性(尼古丁)和阴性对照(缓冲剂单独)对比。阳性对照定义为100%应答,各试验化合物的结果表达为基于阳性对照的百分比。为了抑制研究,激动剂尼古丁以1μM浓度用于SH-EP1-人类α4β2和SH-EP1-人类α4β4细胞,以10μM浓度用于PC12和SH-SY5Y细胞,而以100μM浓度用于TE671/RD细胞。
神经递质释放
用预先描述(Bencherif等人,1998)的得自大鼠脑的纹状突触体进行多巴胺释放研究。在冰冷的含0.32M蔗糖(8mL)的5mM HEPES(pH7.4)中用玻璃/玻璃匀化器汇集和匀化来自2只大鼠(雌性,Sprague-Dawley,重150-250g)的纹状组织。然后,于1,000x g离心组织10分钟。弃去团粒,上清液于12,500x g离心20分钟。将所得团粒再悬浮于冰冷的含灌注缓冲剂的单胺氧化酶抑制剂(128mM NaCl,1.2mM KH2PO4,2.4mM KCl,3.2mM CaCl2,1.2mM MgSO4,25mMHEPES,1mM维生素C,0.02mM帕吉林HCl和10mM葡萄糖,pH7.4)中,于23,000x g离心15分钟。将最终团粒再悬浮于灌注缓冲剂(2mL)用于即时使用。
在37℃的振摇温育器中,温育突触体悬浮液10分钟以恢复代谢活性。加入[3H]多巴胺([3H]DA,特异性活性=28.0Ci/mmol,NEN研究产品),最终浓度0.1μM,在37℃温育悬浮液又一10分钟。将灌注缓冲剂(100μL)和组织(100μL)的等分试样加载于Brandel Suprafusion系统(系列2500,Gaithersburg,MD)的超融合室中。以大约0.6mL/min的速率将灌注缓冲剂(室温)泵送入室中,洗涤8分钟时间段。在灌注流中施用竞争化合物(10pM-100nM)持续8分钟。然后在灌注流中施用尼古丁(10μM)48秒。在整个实验过程中自各室连续地收集级分(各12秒),以便捕获基础释放和激动剂-诱导的峰释放,以重新确定在激动剂施用之后的基线。灌流液直接收集入闪烁小瓶中,向其加入闪烁流体。闪烁计数定量释放的[3H]DA。对于各室,将级分峰面积对其基线标准化。
释放表达为用不存在竞争者的对照尼古丁所获得的释放的百分比。在各测试中,各试验化合物浓度用2个室重复;对重复取平均。定义引起特异性离子流通半数最大抑制的化合物浓度(IC50)。
膜片钳电生理学
细胞处理.在自温育器除去GH4C1-大鼠T6’Sα7细胞之后,抽吸培养基,细胞胰蛋白酶化3分钟,轻柔研磨将其自板脱除,用记录培养基洗涤两次,再悬浮于2ml外部溶液(组成参见下文)。将细胞置于安装在倒置Zeiss显微镜(Carl Zeiss Inc.,Thornwood,NY)平台上的Dynaflow芯片上。平均地,确定全细胞记录构型需要5分钟。为了避免改变细胞条件,每单次加载记录单个细胞。为了诱发短暂应答,用Dynaflow系统(Cellectricon,Inc.,Gaithersburg,MD)施用化合物0.5秒,其中各通道递送以50或150psi的压力-驱动的溶液。
钳电生理学.使用常规全细胞电流记录。用玻璃微电极(5-10MΩ阻抗)以在细胞表面形成紧密封闭(>1GΩ)直至施用抽吸以转化为常规的全细胞记录。然后,在保持电势-60mV电压钳住细胞,测量应答配体施用的离子电流。用ADC板1440(Molecular Devices),将用Axon700A放大器记录的全细胞电流于1kHz滤波并于5kHz采样。全细胞接触阻抗小于20MΩ。全细胞电流的数据采集用Clampex10(MolecularDevices,Sunnyvale,CA)完成,结果用Prism5.0(GraphPad Software Inc.,San Diego,CA)作图。实验数据表示为平均值±S.E.M.,用Student t和Two Way ANOVA检验分析不同条件的差异的统计学显著性。全部实验在室温下(22±1℃)进行。浓度-应答特征用Hill公式拟合,用Prism5.0分析。
溶液和药物施用。标准外部溶液含有:120mM NaCl,3mM KCl,2mM MgCl2,2mM CaCl2,25mM D-葡萄糖,和10mM HEPES,用TRIS碱将其调节至pH7.4。全细胞记录的内部溶液由下述组成:110mMTris二碱式磷酸,28mM TRIS碱,11mM EGTA,2mM MgCl2,0.1mMCaCl2,和4mM Mg-ATP,pH7.3。(Liu等人,2008)。为了引发全细胞电流应答,通过将细胞自对照溶液移动至含激动剂的溶液来回移动递送化合物,使得溶液交换发生在~50ms内(基于10-90%的峰电流升高时间)。特别调节化合物施用间的间隔(0.5-1分钟)以确保受体应答性的稳定性(不会降低功能),用于本文大多数研究中的移液管溶液的选择也是出于相同目的。(-)-尼古丁和乙酰胆碱(ACh)购自Sigma-Aldrich(St.Louis,MO)。全部药物每日制备自储备溶液。
为了确定本发明化合物对ACh诱导的电流的抑制,我们建立了稳定的基线记录,施用70μM ACh(通常稳定的5-10次联贯施用)。然后,将ACh(70μM)与浓度范围1nM至10μM的试验化合物联合施用。由于尾部电流(ACh施用最后0.5秒测量的电流)发生最深刻的变化,抑制和恢复作图代表尾部电流的幅度。
制表概要
如表1所示,本发明代表性的化合物一般对于人类α4β2和神经节受体亚型展示1-100mM范围的抑制常数(Ki值),这指出对于这些受体亚型的邻位阻结合位点(也即竞争性激动剂的结合位点)的低亲和力。然而,表1的数据也说明本发明代表性的化合物有效地抑制这些受体亚型的离子流通,其典型IC50值小于约2mM且典型Imax值为>95%。归纳起来,该数据展示本发明代表性的化合物通过不牵涉在邻位阻位点的结合的机制有效地抑制由这些受体亚型介导的离子流通。
观察到的特异性药理学应答可以根据且取决于所选的特定活性化合物或是否存在药物载体,以及所用的配制剂类型和给药模式而变化,所述期望的结果变化或差异是本发明实践所预期的。
尽管本发明的特定实施方式在说明书中进行了详细说明,但是本发明并不受限于此。上述详述作为本发明的范例提供,并不应解释为构成对本发明的任意限制。本领域技术人员将清楚其各种变型,不背离本发明主旨的全部变型都期望包括在所附权利要求的范围以内。
Claims (9)
1.式I化合物:
式I
其中
R1和R2各自单独地是H或C1-6烷基,或R1和R2与它们连接至的氮原子组合形成3至8元环;
R3是H或C1-6烷基;
R4,R5,R6和R7各自单独地是H或C1-6烷基;
L1是选自下述的连接体种类:CR8R9和CR8R9CR10R11;
L2是选自下述的连接体种类:CH2,CH2CH2,CH2CH2CH2和CH2CH2CH2CH2;和
R8,R9,R10和R11各自单独地是氢或C1-6烷基;
或其药学上可接受的盐。
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R1是H而R2是C1-6烷基。
3.权利要求1或2的化合物,其中R3是C1-6烷基。
4.权利要求1或2的化合物,其中R4,R5,R6和R7各自是H。
5.权利要求1或2的化合物,其中L1是CR8R9,而R8和R9各自是氢。
6.权利要求1或2的化合物,其中L2是CH2CH2。
7.药物组合物,包含权利要求1-6中任一项要求保护的化合物和药学上可接受的载体。
8.权利要求1-6中任一项要求保护的化合物用于制备药物的用途,所述药物用于治疗或预防由神经元的烟碱受体介导的疾病或病症。
9.权利要求8的用途,其中所述疾病或病症是IBS-D,OAB,尼古丁成瘾,吸烟停止,抑郁,严重抑郁障碍,或高血压。
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