CN102884160A - 纯化含芳族多环化合物的芳烃提取物的方法 - Google Patents
纯化含芳族多环化合物的芳烃提取物的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了降低芳烃提取物中多环芳烃或HAP的含量的方法,所述方法为在血红素蛋白的存在下经由氧化性化合物氧化HAP,其特征在于,使芳烃提取物与氧化剂在非反应性有机溶剂中接触,然后与固定的或负载的血红素蛋白接触。
Description
本发明涉及一种纯化源自原油精炼的含高毒性多核芳烃(HAP)的芳烃提取物的方法,所述芳烃提取物被用作工业橡胶和轮胎工业中的增塑剂。
芳烃提取物为原油精炼过程中用于获得润滑油的方法的副产物,特别是始自常压渣油的真空蒸馏产物。其由来自润滑油的有价残液通过极性溶剂如糠醛、苯酚或N-甲基吡咯烷酮的单次或双次提取产生或也自这些馏出物的加氢处理和脱蜡阶段产生。这些提取物在ETRMA(欧洲轮胎及橡胶制造商协会)处鉴定并对应于定义“C20-C50烃的复杂组合,通过(1)自重质石油馏出物的溶剂提取或(2)在催化剂的存在下用氢处理重质石油馏出物、然后用溶剂脱蜡而获得”。迄今为止,DAE(或馏出芳烃提取物)是唯一完全满足轮胎工业规范的产品,并因此不可或缺。由于DAE的禁令,其他提取物,例如MES(或温和提取溶剂)或此外TDAE(或经处理的馏出芳烃提取物),逐渐被引入橡胶配方中。某些提取物源自真空渣油的脱沥青和然后的单次或双次提取,分别称为RAE(或残余芳烃提取物)和TRAE(或经处理的残余芳烃提取物)。
芳烃提取物通常含有10-50重量%的多环芳族化合物(PCA)、25-60重量%的链烷属化合物和45-20重量%的环烷属化合物。芳烃提取物被广泛用于轮胎和工业橡胶工业中,因为它们促进能量损失的降低,这可能增加这些轮胎或橡胶的产量。此外,它们改善其所引入进的橡胶的机械性质和低温性能。
作为提示,PCA化合物为由至少两个具有5-6个碳原子的环组成的分子,其至少两个碳原子是共用的且至少一个环为芳环。这些PCA化合物因芳环的数量和排列以及与芳环相连的烷基链的取代的不同而不同。取决于环的数量,PCA分为轻质PCA化合物(至多三个环)或重质PCA(超过三个环)并具有非常不同的物理化学和毒理学特性。这些多环芳族(PCA)化合物中的一些包含至少一个具有至少一个硫、氮和/或氧原子的杂环。在这些PCA化合物中,被称为HAP或多核芳烃的一些被归类在主要污染物之列,因其有毒特性而危及公众健康。另一特征在于,与PCA不同,HAP在其化学结构中不包含杂环。这些HAP化合物为生物活性分子,可被生物机体所吸收。在这些HAP化合物中,苯并(a)芘(B(a)P)、和苯并(b)荧蒽已知特别有毒。取决于其接触的代谢物的化学结构及其致突变特性,这些有毒HAP化合物可能导致免疫系统的应答降低,从而增大感染的风险或甚至可能致癌。
为要求芳烃提取物生产商降低能够对环境有负面影响的芳烃提取物中存在的有毒HAP的含量,欧洲当局于2005年发布了新的指令(DIRECTIVE 2005/69/CE),其对苯并(a)芘的浓度设置了1ppm的限制并对指令中述及的所有有毒HAP设置了10ppm的限制,这相当于比目前的浓度低约十倍的浓度。
面对该指令,芳烃提取物生产商已尝试通过不同的方法来降低芳烃提取物或DAE中有毒HAP的含量。
最早试验的方法之一涉及对芳烃提取物进行第二溶剂提取,如专利EP417980中所述,通常是用糠醛。制得的产品对应于TDAE。此方法在溶剂方面成本非常高,产率并不总是令人满意,且TDAE的化学组成不同于DAE的化学组成并因此具有非常不同的物理化学性质。
试验以移除HAP的其他方法有使用能吸收具有2个和3个环的HAP如萘和菲的细菌如假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas)或红球菌(Rhodococcus)。一些HAP可通过在木质素真菌如黄孢原毛皮革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)或微真菌如雅致小克银汉霉(Cunninghamella elegans)的存在下氧化而降解。然而,这些方法常常导致芳烃分子的完全降解。对芳烃提取物应用这些方法,除这些细菌或真菌高昂的成本及在工业装置中利用它们的困难性外,还将导致获得的化合物的性质与目前引入轮胎和工业橡胶中的芳烃提取物的那些非常不同。
另一方法是通过以受控的方式氧化它们来进行芳环的部分开环,从而形成对环境具有较低毒性的环氧化和/或羟基化衍生物,例如醛衍生物、醌、酸和/或醇或此外化合物混合物。
因此,本申请人在其专利FR2888246中描述了原油的常压馏分(特别是汽油、煤油和柴油馏分)中存在的多环芳族化合物在氧化剂和固定或未固定于载体上的血红素蛋白的存在下的氧化。与芳烃提取物一样,这些馏分含有多环芳族(PCA)化合物,但在后者中,此氧化方法涉及对标准氢化处理顽固的化合物(特别是苯并噻吩和吡咯衍生物)的降解。由于所述馏分的流动性和顽固性芳族化合物的低含量,此方法通过在固定于或负载于细固体颗粒上的血红素蛋白的存在下使氧化剂与待处理的所述馏分接触,在基本上水性的介质中进行,在反应性或非反应性溶剂中进行也同样好。
美国专利6,461,859描述了一种使用血红素蛋白氧化石油馏分的含硫化合物的方法,在其中,含硫的PCA在第一阶段中氧化,然后在第二蒸馏阶段中从介质移除。
在本发明的上下文中,本申请人关注于芳烃提取物中存在的HAP的降解,这些芳烃提取物的性质需要保持且其比柴油、汽油和煤油馏分要粘稠得多并因此更难处理。所述芳烃提取物的粘度使得不可能向所述芳烃提取物直接同样地应用专利FR2888246中使用的方法。具体而言,使血红素蛋白与芳烃提取物接触具有众多缺陷,例如,使用的目标在于降低所述芳烃提取物的粘度的溶剂基本上是有机的且其不应抑制或减慢氧化反应。
本发明因此涉及一种可原位降解HAP而不改变芳烃提取物的机械和物理性质的方法。此外,本发明涉及以相当低的成本实施一种高效方法。取决于待处理的芳烃提取物的量,HAP的该降解应能同样好地连续、不连续或半连续地进行。
本发明的一个主题因此是一种降低芳烃提取物中多环芳烃或HAP的含量的方法,所述方法为在血红素蛋白的存在下用氧化剂氧化HAP,其特征在于,使所述芳烃提取物与所述氧化剂在非反应性有机溶剂中接触,然后与固定的或负载的血红素蛋白接触。
该方法的第一个优势在于芳烃提取物/氧化剂混合物在与反应的催化剂(这里为负载或非负载的血红素蛋白)接触之前被致使均质化的事实。此接触因用促进混合物的均质化的适宜溶剂降低混合物的粘度而得到促进。
另一优势在于仅HAP化合物减少,HAP化合物首先氧化,而这些提取物的所有特性保持不变。
在本发明的一个特定的实施方案中,使芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物优选在与血红素蛋白接触之前均质化以促进所述接触并因此提高所述方法的效率。
使芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物与血红素蛋白接触的温度为15-80℃、优选25-45℃。
根据另一实施方案,所述方法包括从经处理(即,被氧化)的芳烃提取物分离有机溶剂的最后阶段:如此回收的有机溶剂优选被再循环,不排除现有技术纯化阶段。
所述有机溶剂是非反应性的,即其不与芳烃提取物、氧化剂和血红素蛋白混合物反应并且不与所述混合物的组分形成化学键,特别是共价键。有利地,所述有机溶剂选自能稀释所述芳烃提取物的二烷基酮、羧酸烷基酯、N-烷基吡咯烷酮和二甲亚砜(或DMSO)。该溶剂优选选自甲基乙基酮、丙酮、乙酸乙酯(ethyl ethanoate)、甲基异丁基酮、乙酸乙酯(ethylacetate)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)。该选择特别重要,因为溶剂不得使所用的血红素蛋白变性或抑制氧化反应。
在本发明的该实施方案中,所述氧化剂选自可溶于有机介质中的氧化性化合物。在后者中,优选分子氧(O2)、空气、臭氧(O3)、初生过氧化氢(H2O2)、有机或无机过氧化物、烷基化过氧化氢、芳基过氧化氢和过酸。
本发明主要应用于包含超过10%、优选超过20%的多环芳族化合物(或PCA)的芳烃提取物。
此外,这些芳烃提取物包含的环烷属和链烷属化合物的混合物低于70重量%。
通常,这些芳烃提取物含有低于500ppm、优选5-300ppm的HAP。
根据本发明的方法的主题的芳烃提取物优选属于由真空馏出物的芳烃提取物如DAE(馏出芳烃提取物)、MES和/或残余芳烃提取物(或RAE)或此外由提取这些芳烃提取物所产生的任何提取物如TDAE和或TRAE构成的组。
在本发明的一个优选的实施方案中,所述芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物在使这些化合物各自的浓度比(以重量计)为40-10/90-60/0.001-2、优选为30-20/80-70/0.1-1的范围内选择。更确切地说,根据本发明的方法以指定的顺序包括如下步骤:
i)在有机溶剂中溶解10-40重量%的芳烃提取物的步骤,
ii)使稀释在溶剂中的提取物与氧化剂接触,然后使混合物均质化,
iii)通过冲洗或浸泡使固定的血红素蛋白与步骤ii)的均质化混合物接触;
iv)回收并然后分离经处理的提取物与溶剂,以及任选地
v)再循环溶剂至步骤i),优选在后者的纯化之后。
为实施本发明,所述固定的或负载的血红素蛋白选自血红蛋白和肌红蛋白。
还已注意到,为了高效,固定血红素蛋白的方法是重要的。因此在本发明的上下文中,血红素蛋白被固定在细固体无机颗粒之上或之中,所述颗粒由激光粒度测定仪测得的平均尺寸在5nm到5mm之间。优选地,这些颗粒的尺寸在10nm到2mm之间。其选自基于碱性或碱土氧化物的结晶、非晶形或复合材料,优选选自包括氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化钛或包括这些材料中的至少一者的任何复合材料在内的材料。
为固定血红素蛋白,使后者以1-2000mg血红素蛋白每g无机颗粒的比率吸附在固体颗粒的表面上和/或其孔隙中。
固定血红素蛋白于这些固体颗粒上的方法可以以两种方式进行:或通过用血红素蛋白的水溶液,例如5-100g/l的血红素蛋白,冲洗填充有这些固体颗粒的柱,或通过将血红素蛋白浸泡在水/丙酮混合物(例如以1/3体积的相对比)中,固体在使用前干燥。
在所预见的血红素蛋白中,以10-200mg/g二氧化硅的含量将血红素蛋白(优选选自牛和/或猪的血红蛋白)固定在颗粒尺寸为5nm到5mm的细二氧化硅上。
关于血红素蛋白、其制备方法、载体、固定方法等的更多细节,也可参考本申请人的上述申请。
下面结合两张附图和下面给出的实施例描述本发明。
图1为根据本发明的方法的简图,其中连续实施根据本发明的方法。
图1示出了用于芳烃提取物(1)、溶剂(2)和氧化剂(3)的三个贮存设施。管(4)将芳烃提取物送往反应器(5),反应器(5)含有负载于固体颗粒上的血红素蛋白。管(6)和(7)相继向管(4)中传送可稀释芳烃提取物的溶剂、然后氧化剂,混合物能以一定的方法(未示出)均质化。均质化的混合物经由管(8)引入反应器(5)中。在溶剂中的混合物中的经氧化的提取物经由管(9)移除到分离设施(10),例如蒸馏塔,经氧化的提取物经由管(11)被回收,而溶剂经由管(12)被回收。该管(12)可任选地经由纯化处理设施(未示出)再循环溶剂。
图2示出,以糠醛作为溶剂,蒽的%消失随时间(以分钟来表示)的变化,其中比较了不含氧化剂的对照组与氧化剂/血红素蛋白重量比分别为400和800的两种情形。
图3示出,以甲基乙基酮作为溶剂,蒽的%消失随时间(以分钟来表示)的变化,其中比较了不含氧化剂的对照组与氧化剂/血红素蛋白重量比分别为400和800的两种情形。
图4示出,以甲基乙基酮作为溶剂,蒽的%消失随时间(以分钟来表示)的变化。
下面给出的实施例目的在于证实本发明的有益效果而非限制其范围。
实施例1
本实施例的目的是说明固定于细固体颗粒上的血红素蛋白通过两种制备方法:间歇法和连续法的制备,在间歇法中,血红素蛋白被吸收到固体颗粒中,连续法为用血红素蛋白的溶液冲洗细固体颗粒的床。
间歇法产生固定于二氧化硅上的血红素蛋白X,下文称之为血红素蛋白X。
向适合离心的容器中引入1g200二氧化硅(Degussa)、200mg牛血红蛋白(3.1μmol)和10mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH6,50mM)。混合物于0℃下搅拌5分钟,然后逐滴加入30mL丙酮,10分钟加完。混合物于0℃下继续搅拌30分钟,然后于3000rpm下离心10分钟。试管底部收集到的固体残余物用10mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 6)洗涤,然后于3000rpm下离心10分钟,接连进行3次。然后将所得固体于真空下在P2Os的存在下干燥。该血红素蛋白X含有133mg血红蛋白每克二氧化硅。
连续法产生固定于二氧化硅上的血红素蛋白Y,下文称之为血红素蛋白Y。
实施例2
本实施例比较溶剂的性质对蒽(一种HAP模型分子)的降解的影响。
在于糠醛中的溶液中或在具有甲基乙基酮(MEK)的溶液中的氧化剂的存在下于相同的反应条件下比较蒽的降解。因此分别在糠醛和MEK中制备含有约100ppm蒽的两种母液。使用这些溶液来制备标准溶液以通过HPLC-UV(λ=251.1nm)测定溶液中被降解的蒽。向置于磁力搅拌下的100ml烧瓶中引入16ml溶剂(糠醛或MEK),然后是4ml蒽的母液(即混合物中蒽浓度为20ppm,这对应于工业溶液中HAP的浓度水平),最后是800mg负载的血红素蛋白。在均质化如此获得的混合物后,加入20和40μl 70%的叔丁基过氧化物/水溶液,然后启动记时计。对含糠醛或MEK的两个混合物中的每一个定期取样:将其在乙腈中稀释,然后用HPLC分析。
图2和3与无氧化剂的对照样品相比较地示出了在分别存在糠醛(图2)和MEK(图3)的情况下存在氧化剂时蒽的降解所致的蒽浓度的降低。
应指出,在这两种氧化剂/血红蛋白比率下,糠醛均抑制蒽降解反应;因此,糠醛给出的结果低于MEK。
实施例3
本实施例描述在存在实施例1中所述血红素蛋白Y的情况下蒽的连续降解。
以1ml/分钟的流率向填充有血红素蛋白Y的柱连续供给含150ppm蒽(ANT)和叔丁基过氧化物(tBuOH)的MEK溶液,[tBuOH]/[ANT]摩尔比固定在300。通过比较由GC-MS(气相色谱-质谱联用仪)在柱的入口和出口间测得的蒽含量来确定降解的蒽的量。图4中给出了蒽的消失随时间变化的曲线图。
实施例4
本实施例描述芳烃提取物中的HAP在存在实施例3中所述血红素蛋白Y的情况下通过连续法的降解。
该芳烃提取物为DAE-型提取物,含有15-25%的PCA,包括1-0.01%的HAP(TOTAL EXAROL 41)。
同前面那样测定柱的入口和出口间DAE中所含的几种HAP的含量。结果在下表I中给出。
表I
大多数情况下,根据本发明的方法可使欧洲指令中提及的HAP降解超过20%。
Claims (19)
1.一种降低芳烃提取物中多环芳烃或HAP的含量的方法,所述方法包括在血红素蛋白的存在下用氧化性化合物氧化所述HAP,其特征在于,使所述芳烃提取物与氧化剂在非反应性有机溶剂中接触,然后与固定的或负载的血红素蛋白接触。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括在使所述芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物与所述血红素蛋白接触之前均质化所述混合物的步骤。
3.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,使所述芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物与所述血红素蛋白接触的温度为15-80℃、优选25-45℃。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括分离经处理的芳烃提取物与所述有机溶剂的最终步骤,所述有机溶剂被再循环。
5.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂选自二烷基酮、羧酸烷基酯、N-烷基吡咯烷酮和二甲亚砜或DMSO。
6.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂选自甲基乙基酮、丙酮、乙酸乙酯(ethyl ethanoate)、甲基异丁基酮、乙酸乙酯(ethyl acetate)、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)。
7.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化剂选自可溶于有机介质中的氧化性化合物。
8.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化剂选自分子氧(O2)、空气、臭氧(O3)、初生过氧化氢(H2O2)、有机或无机过氧化物、烷基化过氧化氢、芳基过氧化氢和过酸。
9.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述芳烃提取物包含超过10%、优选超过20%的多环芳族化合物或PCA。
10.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述芳烃提取物包含低于70重量%的环烷属和链烷属化合物的混合物。
11.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述芳烃提取物选自真空馏出物的芳烃提取物、MES和/或残余芳烃提取物或RAE、或此外由提取这些芳烃提取物所得到的任何提取物如TDAE和/或TRAE。
12.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物中这些化合物各自的重量比为40-10/90-60/0.001-2。
13.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述芳烃提取物、溶剂和氧化剂混合物中这些化合物各自的重量比为30-20/80-70/0.1-1。
14.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,将所述芳烃提取物稀释在所述有机溶剂中,然后与所述氧化剂混合,然后均质化。
15.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括:
i)在有机溶剂中溶解10-40重量%的芳烃提取物的步骤,
ii)使所述稀释在所述溶剂中的提取物与所述氧化剂接触,然后使所述混合物均质化,
iii)通过冲洗或浸泡使固定的血红素蛋白与步骤ii)的均质化混合物接触;
iv)回收并然后分离经处理的提取物与所述溶剂,和任选地
v)再循环所述溶剂至步骤i),任选地在所述溶剂纯化之后。
16.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述固定的或负载的血红素蛋白选自血红蛋白和肌红蛋白。
17.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述血红素蛋白被固定在细分的固体无机颗粒之上或之中,所述颗粒由激光粒度测定仪测得的平均尺寸在5nm到5mm之间,优选在10nm到2mm之间,这些颗粒选自基于碱性或碱土氧化物的结晶、非晶或复合材料,优选选自包括氧化铝、二氧化硅、氧化锆、氧化钛或包括这些材料中的至少一者的任何复合材料在内的材料。
18.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述血红素蛋白以1-2000mg血红素蛋白每g无机颗粒的比率吸附在所述固体颗粒的表面上和/或其孔隙中。
19.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述血红素蛋白为以1-2000mg血红素蛋白每g无机颗粒的比率固定在所述固体颗粒上和/或其孔隙中的血红蛋白。
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PCT/IB2011/051503 WO2011125042A1 (fr) | 2010-04-09 | 2011-04-07 | Procede de purification des extraits aromatiques contenant des composes polycycliques aromatiques |
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US20190178066A1 (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2019-06-13 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Biological upgrading of hydrocarbon streams with dioxygenases |
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EP0417980A1 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | BP Oil Deutschland GmbH | Process for the production of process oils with a low content of polycyclic aromatic compounds |
US6461859B1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2002-10-08 | Instituto Mexicano Del Petroleo | Enzymatic oxidation process for desulfurization of fossil fuels |
WO2007006925A2 (fr) * | 2005-07-08 | 2007-01-18 | Total France | Procede de degradation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques utilisant une hemoproteine immobilisee |
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US7300568B2 (en) * | 2003-11-21 | 2007-11-27 | Bp Corporation North America Inc. | Method of manufacturing oxygenated fuel |
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EP0417980A1 (en) * | 1989-09-12 | 1991-03-20 | BP Oil Deutschland GmbH | Process for the production of process oils with a low content of polycyclic aromatic compounds |
US6461859B1 (en) * | 1999-09-09 | 2002-10-08 | Instituto Mexicano Del Petroleo | Enzymatic oxidation process for desulfurization of fossil fuels |
WO2007006925A2 (fr) * | 2005-07-08 | 2007-01-18 | Total France | Procede de degradation des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques utilisant une hemoproteine immobilisee |
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