CN102883686B - 局部髋关节假体 - Google Patents

局部髋关节假体 Download PDF

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CN102883686B
CN102883686B CN201080061820.1A CN201080061820A CN102883686B CN 102883686 B CN102883686 B CN 102883686B CN 201080061820 A CN201080061820 A CN 201080061820A CN 102883686 B CN102883686 B CN 102883686B
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joint
prosthese
bone
head
femur
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CN102883686A (zh
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斯洛博丹·泰皮奇
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SCYON ORTHOPAEDICS AG
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61F2/3601Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses for replacing only the epiphyseal or metaphyseal parts of the femur, e.g. endoprosthetic femoral heads or necks directly fixed to the natural femur by internal fixation devices
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/16Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans
    • A61B17/1662Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body
    • A61B17/1664Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body for the hip
    • A61B17/1668Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body for the hip for the upper femur
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/3603Femoral heads ; Femoral endoprostheses for replacing only the epiphyseal or metaphyseal parts of the femur, e.g. endoprosthetic femoral heads or necks directly fixed to the natural femur by internal fixation devices implanted without ablation of the whole natural femoral head
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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
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  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
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  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)

Abstract

本发明通过将优选关节几何形状与假体部件表面处理相结合,减少了局部髋关节假体内的摩擦和磨损。髋臼被扩髓到骨。关节连接表面之一-扩髓髋臼的表面或者股骨头假体的表面-是球形的,以便在主负载传递区域形成充填流体的间隙。充填流体的间隙由环状接触区域密封,凹凸部件在接触区域上叠合合。优选表面处理是用类金刚石涂层,这导致非常低的磨损系数和非常高的抗骨磨损阻力。假体头部由传统的柄、穿孔壳体,或者螺接到股骨上的股骨颈假体而固定到股骨上,以便被骨部分覆盖并且在下内侧方位部分暴露,假体头部在下内侧方位抵接距骨区域的扩髓皮质。

Description

局部髋关节假体
发明背景
1.技术领域
本发明涉及局部髋关节假体。更具体而言,涉及一种髋关节假体,包括用于股骨头的假体,用于与骨盆的扩髓骨关节连接,其中关节的形状使得只可能环形接触。该假体头部涂覆有降低摩擦涂层,例如非定形的类金刚石涂层。通过将假体头部附接到股骨头、股骨颈的骨上,或附接到股骨干上,可以将假体头部固定到该股骨上。
2.背景技术
目前使用的髋关节假体是全髋关节假体或是部分髋关节假体,在全髋关节假体中在股骨部件和假体的髋臼部件之间发生关节连接,在部分髋关节假体中只有股骨侧被替代并与天然髋臼关节连接。部分髋关节假体几乎专用于多数由于外伤而导致股骨颈骨折的年长患者,并且只能在髋臼仍然覆盖有软骨时使用。
这两类通常都令人满意地工作,但是也都会引起一些并发症,这些都可能是由于关节本身或者关节与骨的固定的性能不佳。
全髋关节替代物中关节所使用的材料的磨损常常会导致生物学后遗症,可能需要用新的植入物进行修正手术。
超高分子重量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)一直是最常用的关节材料,其磨损被认为对于无菌性松动是主要起作用的因素,由此限制了人工关节的使用寿命。自六十年代以来减少UHMWPE磨损一直是研究和研发的重要课题,在近十年来该问题日益紧迫。
在由Charnley引入全关节替代物后40年,UHMWPE一直是例如用于全髋关节的髋臼杯或者全膝关节假体的胫骨平台的人工关节的凹部最常用的材料。虽然UHMWPE在关节替代物的成功和广泛使用中起了重要作用,但是已经证实UHMWPE在它们失效的最常见模式-无菌性松动-中是罪魁祸首。硬的、凸的、金属或陶瓷部件与软聚合物内衬的关节连接产生的磨损颗粒聚集在关节内和关节周围,直至颗粒浓度非常高,从而尽管聚合物在成大块时具有通常优良的生物相容性,聚合物开始生物反应,最终导致骨损失、关节部件松动以及关节替代物功能障碍。
在刚过去的几十年中,已经寻找、发现多种降低磨损的方法并将它们投入临床应用中,这些方法全部都聚焦于改进关节对在界面处的磨损特性。
在凸的金属或陶瓷部件上,这些努力包括降低表面粗糙度、增大几何形状-例如股骨头的球形-的精度以及提高材料的硬度。提高硬表面的润湿也被认为是通常减少磨损的重要因素,
这些措施通过如下方面来实现:(i)在冶金方面以及机加工方法上更好地选择和加工金属;(ii)采用硬涂层,例如通过氧化在原位增加或产生;(iii)采用大块陶瓷部件。
在实验室试验中和从活体观察中,磨损以两倍的数量级降低。
再最近,通过交联对UHMWPE材料的改进已经获得了很大的关注。交联可以通过物理(照射)和/或化学方法实现。实验室试验已经表明很大的变化性,大都是由于磨损产生方法和采用的评价方法不同。对关节模拟器所进行的且对人造物品具有仔细补偿的试验,表明与常规UHMWPE相比磨损减少5至10倍。
目前,在有关该主题的海量文献中已经提到了交联可能产生的问题。其中包括强度降低,尤其是在疲劳时;颗粒平均尺寸减少,使得磨损碎片更具生物活性;以及在体内长期退化的危险。
交联UHMWPE已经被广泛临床使用了大约5年-对于最终判断其益处风险比而言时间太短。数个临床观察表明实际磨损减少约为两倍,但是,在用来评价磨损的方法以及由此所报告的结果中还存在很多变化。
在60年代引入UHMWPE之前一直使用金属-金属关节,UHMWPE从此成为主要的临床应用。在八十年代中,由于UHMWPE表面磨损的生物学问题,金属-金属被再次引入,并具有可用的更好的冶金和制造技术,有希望获得更好的临床结果。与UHMWPE相比,重量磨损率低十倍数量级;体积磨损率低上百倍。但是,已经观察到有潜在有害金属离子的系统聚集,并且风险仍然未知,尤其在最需要改进的关节替代品的年轻患者中。
陶瓷-陶瓷关节就磨损而言在技术上是最好的,但是多种常规障碍和高价格直至最近一直将其应用保持在总体的较小百分比。由于陶瓷极脆,以及表面极小的瑕疵或破损引起的关节迅速退化,还是存在部件破裂的风险,即使这些风险比较低。生产中必需的精密技术和质量控制对它们的广泛应用而言也是一个阻碍。最近,陶瓷-陶瓷关节在临床接受方面已经遇到了另一个主要挫折,因为已经发现大量的陶瓷-陶瓷关节在患者迈出的每一步中会发出短促尖锐的噪音。
CH449173,MauriceMueller的"Gelenkprothese",公开了一种金属-金属假体,其中的接触限于座于杯内凹部中的聚合物垫。
DE4423020,WolfgangFitz的"Gelenkprothese",公开了一种髋关节假体杯,其带有位于无负载下部区域内的润滑流体储器,与凹槽相结合,在滑动支承领域公知是有利的,因为更容易从关节中去除磨损颗粒。
DE19604458,HagenSeifert的"Gelenkpfanne",公开了一种髋关节假体杯,其成形为整个在环上赤道附近接触头部,通过接触区域内的凹槽,能够使在充填流体的杯内的球形凹口充当震动吸收器。控制杯的刚度,在杯壁内具有多个环形腔。该概念是液压支承本质的一个。缺少流体支撑(例如在负载持续时间足够长例如几分之一秒的任何情况下可能发生),如果该负载由赤道附近接触区支撑,那么有可能导致非常高的摩擦力矩,或者如果该头部落入凹口内,则将减少到标准支撑(加上接触区的摩擦)。
DE19915814,ManekButtermilch等的"Gelenk-EndoprothesemitverschleissarmerGleitpaarung",公开了一种陶瓷-陶瓷全髋关节假体,其中两个关节连接部件之间的接触是线接触,通过改进的头部或杯几何形状实现。在两种情况下,以偏离中心的两个曲率半径代替单个曲率半径将会产生配合不当,导致线接触。Herzian应力减小,但并未消除。该发明的几何形状的特征还在于,关节的非球形部件在接触线处在其轮廓内具有扭结(限定该非球形部件横截面的两个圆圈不相切)。
EP0053794,ManfredSemlitsch等的"髋关节杯",公开了一种内假体,其中股骨头和髋臼杯都是由氧化陶瓷材料构成的,环形凹槽设置在髋关节杯的开口的区域内,其中放置有可塑性变形材料的生物惰性环。环面向关节球的表面基本没有中断且无级地并入杯的球形表面。在关节球与关节杯之间在杯边缘处产生半脱位和相关的短期线型支承接触的情况下,即使在干摩擦的情况下,其结果也是在关节球和可塑性变形材料环之间形成有利的摩擦,在半脱位时形成接触。
EP0821922,ClaudeHubin和MarieJeanSterpin的"具有特殊阱的髋关节假体关节部件",,公开了一种金属-金属关节的髋关节假体杯,设置有极部凹口,用作磨损颗粒的阱。换言之,该头部还能够具有阱/凹口。
FR2727856,BarbaLaurent等的"Ensembleprothetiqueauto-lubrifiantpourI'articulationdelahanche",公开了一种硬-硬(金属-金属,或者陶瓷-陶瓷)关节,用于在使用中可以维持滑液的层流膜的这种形状和尺寸的全髋关节假体。流体储器设置在极部区域。对于什么样的杯的几何形状符合流体膜润滑的要求没有提供细节,而提供了杯和头部之间的间隙为0.005-0.05mm的范围,其覆盖了硬-硬支承使用的标准径向间隙。
GB1322680,GeorgesGirard和RamiroCameo的"假体和涉及假体的改进",公开了一种全髋关节假体,其中头部表面设置有用于减少关节磨损的槽图案。作为现有技术,发明人引用了一种假体,其中球形头部与“足球形”即细长的杯关节连接,导致线接触而非点接触。
US2002/0116068,TerryMcLean的"限制假体部件的容置系统",公开了一种全髋关节假体的截头部,在转到功能位置之前,其能够穿过杯开口内的槽缝侧向插入杯。这导致头部被保持在杯内,覆盖超过180度。意料之外的结果是传统点接触现在变为沿着头部的截头段边缘的线接触。
US2005/0246026,PaulLewis等的"模块整形外科植入装置",公开了一种模块髋臼杯,具有三个元件,能够以不同的方式进行组合,允许外科医生选择不同尺寸和特征的植入物。通过所有三个部件的中心孔固定,如象在US6,527,809中那样,将点接触变为沿衬垫边缘的线接触。
US2005/0261776,ScottTaylor的"带有环形接触支承表面的假体连接件",公开了一种全髋关节假体的截头的或环形的髋臼部件,其中头部和杯的两元件内部的接触是沿着线而非点。
USP5,181,926,RudolfKoch和RobertStreicher的"具有可相对滑动元件的骨植入物",公开了一种全髋关节假体,其中在聚合物衬垫腔内的杯侧含有硬材料的自对准衬垫,其与头部关节连接。
USP5,549,693,ChristianeRoux和MichelPequignot的"髋臼假体",公开了一种总关节假体,其中杯侧在其开口含有陶瓷环,非常像天然的上唇,其形成对陶瓷头部的密封。环的位置使得结合的摩擦力矩非常高。
USP5,593,445,ThomasWaits的"双轴假体关节",公开了一种总关节假体,其中在头部和杯之间设置有环形的第三元件,增大负载时的接触区域面积,在头部和杯之间在负载方向自对准。
USP5,702,456,DavidPienkowski的"减少磨损颗粒产生的植入物",公开了一种在植入之前预磨损假体的方法,其中通过摩擦处理产生的颗粒数量通常只是稍微增加,不会给身体带来负担。只期望从该过程中获得具有长期效果的最小改进。
USP5,725,593,FrancescoCaracciolo的"总解剖学髋关节假体",公开了一种表面置换的全髋关节假体,其中股骨杯具有多个圆形凸起,用于减少球形杯内的摩擦。
USP5,766,258,BeatSimmen的"腕假体",公开了一种腕假体,其中在本发明的一个实施例中,两个独立的关节之一用非圆形元件制成,以便它们倾向于落入或者自定中到稳定位置,在该位置它们变得叠合(congruent)。
USP6,527,809,LevonDoursounian和MichelPorte的"试验髋臼或者可调节方向的可植入髋臼",公开了一种模块髋臼杯,其中与头部关节连接的杯镶嵌物具有中心开口,允许进入该机构将杯锁定在期望的位置。作为副作用,其将头部和镶嵌物之间的接触状态限定为沿着中心开口边缘的线接触,这种案例见US4,840,631,RobertMathys的"带有液压头部支撑的人工髋关节窝",但是Mathys没有公开液压支撑。
USP4,031,570,OttoFrey的"假体髋臼",公开了一种环面形非球形杯,曲率半径等于球形头部的曲率半径,但是曲率中心偏离中心轴线,以便避免干扰杯内的头部,将球在球形窝内的理论点接触变为球在环形窝内的线接触,进一步地,为了改善润滑的目的,变为在杯周边的槽内以及在端部的凹口/窝内的线接触。通过将点接触改变为线接触,Herzian应力减少,但未被消除,而本发明将点接触改变为面接触。
USP4,840,631,RobertMathys的"具有液压头部支撑的人工髋关节窝",公开了一种具有圆柱形凹口的髋关节,凹口加工成该杯,形成关节液储器,其在负载时加压,密封槽的边缘。该技术方案的缺点是在凹槽边缘产生高应力,将导致局部性磨损,可能损害密封并因此损害液压支撑。
DietmarKubein-Meesenburg等的USP5,336,267、USP5,383,936、USP5,738,686以及USP6,312,471,公开了减少关节假体的关节内应力的理论基础和技术方案,其全部导致以理论线接触代替点接触。Herzian应力减少,但并未消除。
GB1322680,GeorgesGirard等的"假体",公开了一种金属-金属全髋关节,其中凹入的杯部件设置有多个凹槽,仅留下终止于球形表面的凸起接触球形头部。建议用这类接触来降低在窝内关节的传统的、光滑的球形表面的干扰风险,特别是在金属-金属组合内,其中所需公差难以得到且在制造中难于保持。
USP6,645,251,AbrahamSalehi等的"减少整形外科植入物磨损的表面和方法",公开了一种基于对凹入表面开槽的方法,为了提高润滑性和分配应力。正如可以从技术滑动支撑中获知的那样,槽的主要优点源自改进从关节中去除磨损颗粒。流体捕获在改善润滑中也起到重要的作用。但是,公开的槽事实上可能在槽边缘导致更高的局部应力,从而使该目的失败。在外科整形设备工业中尚未公布支持该理论的数据,也没有甚至有限地接受该方法的证据。
USP6,425,921,HansGrundei和WolframThomas的"人工关节植入物用滑动配对件",公开了可选方法,其中在关节凸部件内加工槽。对此类关节部件进行的实际髋关节模拟器试验表明磨损没有任何减少。
USP6,800,095,BillJ.Pope等的"用在假体关节内的金刚石表面的股骨头",公开了一种用金刚石制造的超硬支承表面,其附接到股骨头的金属基层。
USP6,488,715,BillJ.Pope等的"用在假体关节内的金刚石表面的杯",公开了一种用金刚石制造的超硬支承表面,其附接到髋臼杯的金属基层。
USP4,846,841,IndongOh的"股骨假体",公开了一种股骨假体,其借助覆盖扩髓骨的壳体将假体头部与股骨头和股骨颈的残余部分连接,其内部特点是允许无骨骨水泥的骨接合。
USP5,258,033,PeterLawes和RobinS.M.Ling的"全髋关节替代股骨部件",公开了一种用于骨水泥固定的股骨表面置换部件,其中假体头部的内表面是锥形的,以便在骨水泥和头部之间的界面变松时导致骨水泥覆盖层的压缩。
USP6,626,949,CharlesO.Townley的"涂覆金刚石的关节植入物",公开了一种关节假体,其中的一个或两个关节连接表面由聚合物制成,并用金刚石涂覆以便减少磨损。
USP6,090,145,MichalHassler和Jean-PierrePequignot的"局部舟骨植入物以及治疗舟骨疾病的方法",公开了一种用热解碳制成的舟骨局部假体。
部分或整个手指、手以及腕关节假体,以及用热解碳和石墨制成的径向头部假体已经在临床中使用了20多年,并且可以从例如Tornier,Saint-Ismiercedex,France和从AscensionOrthopedics,Inc.,Austin,Texas,USA商业购买。
WO/2005/094731,SlobodanTepic和HenrikMalchau的"关节假体无骨水泥锚固的双壳植入物",公开了一种可液压打开的柔顺的双壳结构,用于用穿孔的壳体来金属支撑关节假体,用于进行快速骨接合。
US2006/0178737,LeoT,Furcht的"覆盖的医疗器械",公开了在该医疗器械表面的任何部分采用涂覆金刚石。发明人明显没被告知涂覆金刚石植入物的各种现有技术已经长时间投入临床使用。
USP4,129,903,ArnoldH.Huggler的"带有球形头部的铰链假体关节",公开了一种借助张紧装置的假体-包括髋关节内假体-固定方法,张紧装置在颈部切骨术中放置的压力盘上保持力。
USP5,549,704,FranzSutter的"万能关节假体",公开了股骨头表面置换假体的固定方法,采用穿孔圆柱体将假体锚固在股骨头和股骨颈的网状骨内。
USP6,197,065,DanielL.Martin和JohnRobertWhite的"节段性骨替代的方法和装置",公开了一种在横切骨上固定植入物的方法,借助在植入骨界面保持负载的柔顺的张紧锚,为骨向内生长提供稳定性,即使在骨接合过程中因偶然负载引起短暂的破裂。
可机加工部件精度的实际限制,包括温度和辐射引起收缩的影响,如果用于灭菌聚合物杯,防止在体内使用时干扰部件,已经导致保证活体性能可接受的国际标准。
ISO标准7206-2;27.80至28.00和7206-2;28.10至28.30分别指定了全髋关节假体的头部和杯部件的几何形状和尺寸。
头部部件的球形和尺寸公差-全髋关节假体的金属或陶瓷股骨头部件应偏离圆度不大于10微米。如果用于抵靠硬材料杯(金属或陶瓷的),那么将不大于5微米。该直径将等于标称直径+0.0,-0.2mm。对于金属-金属或陶瓷-陶瓷关节,没规定该公差,但是在所有情况下,都将有径向间隙。实际上,头部加工现今采用比标准需求严格得多的规范。
杯部件的球形和尺寸公差-对于聚合物部件不规定球形;对于硬材料不超过5微米。聚合物杯的尺寸公差在20±2摄氏度为标称直径+0.3,+0.1mm。实际上,UHMWPE杯比标称直径至少多+0.2mm。对于金属或陶瓷杯没有给定公差,但是制造商必须保证径向间隙。硬配对的典型径向间隙为0.02至0.030mm。
局部髋关节假体,例如Austin-Moore,从五十年代开始首先被投入临床应用,相当普遍。用金属或陶瓷材料制成的股骨头被高度磨光,打算用于关节连接髋臼的天然软骨。主流类型是所谓的双极局部髋关节,其中在通常粘合的标准股骨部件中,由放置在标准的小头部上的第二大头部补充,与髋臼腔的尺寸匹配。与Austin-Moore假体相对照,双极设计是模块的,允许颈部长度尺寸更灵活。
部分假体的功能限制与髋臼软骨的较短寿命非常相关,在磨损时由于骨上金属或骨上陶瓷关节的较差摩擦性能导致关节疼痛。双极设计的目的是通过在装于髋臼内的大头部和附接到骨干的小头部之间设置第二关节来解决该问题。但是,推荐的机构存在多个问题。大头部和软骨之间的摩擦力矩小于大头部和小头部之间的摩擦力矩,只要软骨发挥其功能,因此大多数运动发生在髋臼内。一旦软骨损坏,运动将转移到内关节,但是摩擦性能差的大头部将依然会偶然在骨床内移动和摇摆。这导致比较软的外头部表面损伤,加速骨对外头部关节的磨损。自始至终,外头部在内头部上的位置不理想,导致外头部冲击骨干颈以及髋臼内关节连接表面损失。
USP3,510,883,R.F.CathcartIII的"关节假体",公开了一种改进的Austin-Moore型局部髋关节假体,其中假体头部是非球形的,以便在髋臼软骨上产生泵送作用。卵形的Cathcart假体目的是用来减少与髋臼球形腔的一致性,因此提倡一种与本发明完全相反的原理。在其硕士论文"人类髋关节连接的一致性",MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,1980的附录中,Tepic提供了一种由Cathcart对人类股骨头进行的测量的计算机模拟,说明了其方法的不足如何导致其关于天然股骨头形状的错误结论,事实上,人类天然的股骨头是非常球形的。
在其博士论文"滑液关节软骨层内的动力学和产熵",MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,1982,Tepic为本发明提供了实验和分析背景,其是对天然滑液关节的粗糙模仿,其中:(1)低摩擦损失是由于滑液“渗出”(McCutchen提出的软骨润滑机理,参见LewisPR,McCutchenCW的“Experimentalevidenceforweepinglubricationinmammalianjoints(哺乳动物关节内渗出润滑的实验证据)”,Nature,1959年10月24日;184:1285)流出通过两个关节部件接触而密封的储器,以及(2)在人工股骨头的情况下,由于类金刚石涂层,储器周围密封处的固体接触本身是低摩擦的。
用不同材料制成的局部髋关节在具有完好关节软骨的狗体内进行了试验(参见CookSD,ThomasKAKesterMA,"WearCharacteristicsoftheCanineAcetabulumAgainstDifferentFemoralProstheses(髋臼对不同股骨假体的磨损特性)"JBJS,1989;71-B(2):189-197)。在18个月时针对热解碳股骨头的软骨残存可能性是92%;对钴-铬以及钛合金可能仅为20%。
与由氧化锆、钴-铬、钛和热解碳制成的球形植入物关节连接的皮质牛骨在玻璃器皿内的磨损试验(参见StrzepaP,KlawitterJ,"AscensionPyroCarbonHemisphereWearTestingAgainstBone(阿森松高温碳半球对骨的磨损试验)"PosterNo.0897,51stAnnualMeetingoftheOrthopedicResearchSociety(整形外科研究协会年会))表明采用热解碳比采用任何其它材料的磨损要显著地低两个数量级。热解碳和ADLC处理后的金属对包括骨的大多数硬质材料的摩擦系数接近0.05-比骨-骨或者任何其它公知硬质材料-骨至少低一个数量级。
发明内容
本发明通过将关节优化几何形状与假体部件表面处理相结合,减少了局部髋关节内的摩擦和磨损。该髋臼被扩髓到骨。关节连接表面之一-扩髓髋臼的表面或股骨头假体的表面-是非球形的,以便在主负载传递区域形成流体填充间隙。该流体填充间隙由环形接触区域密封,凹部件和凸部件在环形接触区域上叠合。优选表面处理是类金刚石涂层,导致对骨的非常低的摩擦系数和高耐磨性。假体头部依靠传统的骨干、穿孔的壳体,或者螺接到股骨上的股骨颈假体而固定到股骨上,以便假体头部被骨局部覆盖,并在下内侧方位局部暴露,假体头部在下内侧方位抵接距骨区域的扩髓皮质。
根据本发明的一方面,提供了一种局部髋关节,其中一个并且只有一个关节元件是球形的,从而允许其它关节元件自由转动,其它关节元件是非球形的并且被成形为与该球形元件形成环状叠合接触。人工关节可以包括头部,该头部关节连接在通过扩髓髋臼形成的骨腔内。该骨腔可以是球形的,头部在主负载传递区域可以是平的,从而留出流体填充间隙以用于改善润滑。可选地,骨腔可以是非球形的-在主负载传递区域变深-头部可以是球形的,从而在此导致用于改善润滑的流体充填间隙。
头部和扩髓腔的几何形状可以使得形成期望的接触表面。该接触表面可以包括围绕回转轴线的大体为球形的圆形区域,该回转轴线沿主关节力矢量方向定向。
头部优选用生物相容金属制成,例如钛合金,钴铬合金,或者不锈钢合金,也可以用低摩擦的硬涂层涂覆,例如无定形的类金刚石涂层(ADLC)。可选地,头部可以用碳制成,例如热解碳,与ADLC具有基本相同的表面特性。
该假体头部可以借助适合快速骨接合的穿孔壳体固定到股骨上。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种部分髋关节假体,其中股骨的假体头部通过抵接扩髓股骨颈的圆柱形假体颈部从下内侧皮质外侧固定到股骨颈上,同时横穿股骨颈的前后皮质以便从内部与股骨颈的上外侧区域接合。该假体头部可以通过独特的新型颈部假体固定到股骨,颈部假体螺接到股骨的切除头部和颈部上,以便假体颈部的下内侧方位位于股骨颈的下内侧方位外侧并抵接距骨区的皮质骨,同时该假体颈部在上外侧方位从内侧接合该骨。该假体颈部使得大量近侧股骨的松质骨完好无损,还给距骨皮质提供非常稳定的负载传递。该假体颈部可以被穿孔以便迅速骨接合并且改善新的再塑骨的血管供应。
该股骨头假体可以通过传统的柄固定到股骨上,如果头部-颈部区域内骨状态为不能够使用首先的两个装置。
可以在涂覆之前对头部表面高度抛光,以便使骨表面磨损最少,将摩擦引起的产热减少到低于热坏死阈值。
面对骨的假体部件可以被处理以用于最佳骨接合,包括例如通过化学-物理蚀刻产生多孔涂层和多孔表面,可选地被处理以包括类似骨组织材料的矿物。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供了一种采用局部髋关节假体的髋关节外科处理方法,其中一个并且只有一个关节元件是球形的,从而允许其它关节元件自由转动,其它关节元件是非球形的并且被成形为与该球形元件形成环状叠合接触。
根据本发明的另一方面,非球形髋臼扩髓器成形为对骨进行扩髓,具有球形带、位于极部区域的凹口以及赤道区域,赤道区域比对应于球形带的球的直径更宽。
本领域的技术人员可以认识到本发明的上述各方面可以相互组合。
附图说明
图1是髋关节的示意性剖视图。
图2是近侧股骨的示意性剖视图。
图3是股骨头部分切除的近侧股骨的示意性剖视图。
图4是近侧股骨的示意性剖视图,其中股骨头局部切除,股骨颈在导针上被扩髓。
图5a-5b是本发明的股骨头假体和股骨颈假体的透视图。
图6是近侧股骨的示意性剖视图,其中股骨头假体和股骨颈假体固定到股骨上。
图7是近侧股骨的透视图,其中股骨头假体和股骨颈假体固定到股骨上。
图8是近侧股骨的透视图,其中股骨头假体和股骨颈假体固定到股骨上,假体头部的平头部件偏离颈轴线以便沿着主关节力矢量排列。
图9是髋臼扩髓至骨以形成头部的球形腔的局部示意性剖视图。
图10本发明的髋关节假体关节连接在球形扩髓髋臼内的局部示意性剖视图。
图11是被球形扩髓以去除受损软骨和骨的表面层的股骨头的示意性剖视图。
图12是用具有穿孔内壳体的股骨头假体表面置换的股骨头的示意性剖视图。
图13是被非球形扩髓以去除受损软骨和骨的表面层并形成用于接纳球形头部假体的腔的髋臼的示意性剖视图。
图14是固定到传统股骨柄上、关节连接在非球形扩髓髋臼内的球形股骨头假体的示意性剖视图。
具体实施方式
为了简单清楚地表述,本说明书选用人类全髋关节,但是同样的技术论点和设计方法也能够用于动物的髋关节假体,尤其用于狗和猫的髋关节假体。
本发明是本发明人的在先发明的延伸,该发明为PCT专利申请WO2008/058756,公布于2008年5月22日,其在此通过引用("Tepic申请")全部并入。该Tepic申请公开了一种关节假体,例如髋关节假体,其中凸和凹部件形状不同,以提供宽广的接触表面。如Tepic申请指出的那样,部件之间的形状差别还改善了部件尤其是接触表面的润滑性能。尽管那种结构导致明显减少磨损,但是其仍然值得关注,尤其是在凹部件用UHMWPE形成时。本发明可以进一步减少磨损,其中头部用ADLC处理,最重要的是,减少为仅磨损骨中存在的生物材料,这些材料容易被天然机体再吸收。
生产和临床使用成本的主要减少预期在本发明的局部髋关节替代物中。外科手术时间可以减少约15分钟。手术后并发症也更不易发生,尤其是髋关节错位和发生肺栓塞。该过程很好地适合于所谓的髋关节微创入路。在传统入路中,可以使用前外侧和后入路,即不需要新的外科手术技巧。如果需要改进,将本发明的局部假体转换为传统全髋关节替代物是一件简单的事情。
图1是人体髋关节的示意性剖视图。股骨1在近内侧方位包括股骨头2和股骨颈3。大转子4锚固大部分拉向骨盆的肌腱,例如梨状肌、臀小肌、臀中肌、方形腿节、闭孔肌外部和内部,此外还连贯地锚固在远侧方向朝向膝关节作用的肌腱,尤其是股外侧肌。小转子5锚固腰大肌和髂肌的肌腱。股骨头由软骨6覆盖。剖视图中股骨干的骨髓腔10由内侧皮质7和外侧皮质8限定。其由脂髓填充,如果在制备和/或插入常规有柄股骨部件期间由于腔受压而通过远端静脉引流挤入循环中,将带来肺阻塞的高风险。股骨的近侧方位9充填有松质骨。骨盆11将该头部容纳在其凹髋臼内,凹髋臼由软骨下骨12限定,由软骨13覆盖。
图2仅表示近侧股骨的剖视图。头部2由软骨6覆盖稍微多于半球,半球面向上方、中间和稍前方。股骨头的小窝14容纳股骨头的韧带。
图3表示外科手术过程的第一步,其中需要将假体附接至股骨,其中利用锯沿着平面20从颈部3切除头部2,几乎是沿着“赤道”,与股骨颈3的轴线21成大约90度。
图4表示外科手术股骨准备的下一个步骤。将导针22沿股骨颈轴线21插入,使用插管圆柱形扩髓器23切出定中在导针22上的圆柱型槽27。采用适当定位的导针22和适当尺寸的扩髓器23,股骨颈终端具有近侧完全扩髓部24、局部完好下内侧皮质25和远侧抵接部26,在股骨的距骨区域内,在小转子5正上方。
图5a表示假体头部40的透视图。头部沿带51的部分的曲率半径41等于球形扩髓髋臼的半径。头部的极部区域52的曲率半径42比曲率半径41大。头部的下部分的曲率半径43小于曲率半径41。为便于制造,这三个部分(半径分别是41,42和43)全都是球形的,它们的中心都可以位于头部的主轴上。部分51和52之间的过渡带54具有较小的曲率半径44。部分51和头部的下部分之间的过渡带55的半径为45。采用这些过渡,最终的头部具有平滑的对称的外轮廓。头部在内部设置有圆锥形凹口46。按照在髋关节系统中常用的,可以通过将圆锥形凹口加工成在头部内更深或更浅,将头部设置成几种长度,。
根据本发明的局部髋关节假体治疗患者的完善系统的头部基本直径(半径41的两倍)为大约40至大约70mm的范围,以1或2mm递增。从头部的轴线开始测量的限定带51中间的位置的角度应当为约30至约55度,理论上最佳为45度。带51的宽度应当为约5至约15度。极部区域的半径42可以比半径41大几毫米,例如2至4mm,而半径43应当小约0.2至1mm。
图5b表示假体颈部30的透视图。假体颈部的上部34是圆锥形31适合装入头部40的圆锥凹口46内。中心孔32允许其套在导针22上插入股骨的扩髓颈部。凹口33提供了植入物与将其螺接到股骨颈的仪器接合的装置。颈部假体的下部35通过相同螺距的外螺纹36和内螺纹37与骨啮合。优选置于螺纹之间的数个可选孔38用于更好的给将在植入物周围形成的新骨进行动脉供应。
图6表示植入有本发明假体的近侧股骨1的示意性剖视图。该假体包括头部40和颈部30。假体颈部在下内侧方位60盖在天然股骨颈外上外侧,从而与其内螺纹接合,并且在扩髓抵接部26处抵接皮质。假体颈部在上外侧方位61通过内螺纹和外螺纹与切除和扩髓的天然颈部的骨接合。沿平面A-A的剖面表明假体颈部如何在其前后皮质处横切天然颈部,以便假体颈部的方位60处于天然颈部外部。
这是本发明的假体颈部独有的、新颖的、非常重要的特点。它允许负载传递到抵接部26处中间皮质的强壮骨上,同时通过锚固于天然颈部的外侧方位和横切颈部的皮质,提供在抵接部内侧抗倾斜的稳定性。颈部的松质骨保持较为完好,仅被导针干涉。
图7表示植入有假体颈部30和假体头部40的近侧股骨1的前方位透视图。颈部30在下内侧方位60处可见,在上外侧方位61处被骨挡住。
图8表示植入有假体颈部30和假体头部40的近侧股骨前方位的透视图。头部非球形部件现在定中于轴线73上,偏离颈部的轴线21一个角度74。股骨干轴线71和股骨颈部轴线21之间的角度70通常为约135度,但是显然其随患者不同而显著变化。偏离角度74的目的是使被环形部75环绕的头部平整部分与关节负载72严格对准,环形部75紧密地配合髋臼的球形腔并因此密封头部和髋臼之间截集的流体的池。负载72的方向确实随患者的活动而改变,但是当偏离大约15至35度,优选偏离25度时,在大部分角度下和横过髋关节的力下,该池保持密封状态的可能性很大。角度74不应当在前平面内,而是在具有大约15度前倾角的平面内。对于外科医生来说,要将头部放置到最佳位置,那么头部就需要一个标记,标记最好在一旦附接到颈部就面对骨的底部上,为了想要放置成平整部件面向前、中间和上。
图9表示用球形扩髓器101进行骨盆骨11中的髋臼的外科手术准备。软骨层13通常由于关节病严重损害,一些软骨下骨12被扩髓成半径102的球形100。如前所述,半径102应当等于附图5头部的半径41。
图10表示植入有假体头部40的近侧股骨1前方位的透视图,假体头部40置于扩髓髋臼内,其表示在示意性剖视图中。在头部40和扩髓骨之间具有间隙110,其保持润滑滑液,并通过头部40的配合部51与扩髓髋臼形成的接触带将滑液密封在间隙内。主关节负载72偏离颈部轴线21角度74。
图11表示股骨2头部的可选外科手术准备。软骨层6与一些支撑松质骨一起由扩髓器121扩髓成球-圆柱形120。扩髓在导针122上进行;也可以使用锯齿状套筒123引导扩髓器121定中于头部2上。
图12表示本发明的另一个实施例的示意性剖视图,其中假体头部140通过压配在股骨扩髓头部上的内部的穿孔壳体150而固定到股骨上。为使固定良好起作用,股骨头的骨需要处于良好状态,具有良好的血管供应,从而应用仅限于患者的较小子集。该假体头部是非球形的,带151上的半径141紧密配合扩髓髋臼的半径。极部区域152上的半径142大于半径141。过渡区154具有较小的曲率半径144,过渡区155具有半径145。假体头部140的下段也是球形的,其半径143小于半径141,以防止头部卡在髋臼内,髋臼被扩髓到半径102,与半径141相同,参见图9。
这类双壳固定是待审申请WO/2005/094731的主题,SlobodanTepic和HenrikMalchau的"Doubleshellimplantforcementlessanchorageofjointprostheses(用于关节假体无骨水泥锚固的双壳植入物)"。
图13表示本发明的另一个实施例,其中髋臼扩髓成非球形,而假体头部是具有半径205的球形。扩髓器200将髋臼201扩髓成由扩髓器的形状限定的精确轮廓204。带203上的半径202等于假体头部的半径205。在极部,扩髓器去除了比球形扩髓器去除的更多的骨。在扩髓器赤道处也是同样的。由此与假体头部的接触限于带203。
图14表示近侧股骨1的透视图,球形假体头部300通过传统柄310固定于骨上。该髋臼表示在骨盆11的示意性剖视图中,在关节连接表面之间形成间隙301。
在所有上述情况下,为了使根据本发明的关节令人满意地起作用,满足两个基本条件:(1)在关节内否则具有最大接触应力的区域内设置间隙,以便为围绕该间隙的接触区域提供润滑,这可以通过在接触带上针对性的叠合来获得;(2)与扩髓骨关节连接的假体头部表面具有非常低的摩擦系数,植入物的优选表面是涂覆在金属基层表面的非定形类金刚石涂层。热解碳是一个昂贵的可选择物。
上述假体股骨颈是将假体头部固定到股骨残余骨上的优选的新的方案。经皮质概念允许采用几何形状简单的植入物进入到距骨区域内致密皮质骨。通过提供外螺纹和内螺纹与骨接合以具有最大稳定性而不会不当损坏相关骨的血管工艺,扩展了带螺纹植入物的真实和证实的理念。

Claims (9)

1.一种局部髋关节假体,其中一个且只有一个关节元件是球形关节元件,以允许其它非球形关节元件自由转动,所述非球形关节元件成形为与所述球形关节元件形成环状的叠合接触,其中关节的凸侧是由金属制成的假体股骨头(40,300),所述假体股骨头具有无定形的类金刚石涂层(ADLC)并且成形为在球形带(51)上与扩髓髋臼形成环状的叠合接触,所述球形带位于假体股骨头的曲率半径(41)与扩髓髋臼的曲率半径相同的表面上,
其中,所述假体股骨头(40,300)成形为经由带有外螺纹(36)和内螺纹(37)的、用于抵接扩髓股骨颈的圆柱形假体颈部(30)而从下内侧皮质(60)外侧固定到股骨颈,同时横穿股骨颈的前后皮质以从内侧与股骨颈的上外侧区域接合。
2.如权利要求1所述的局部髋关节假体,其中关节的凹侧是在髋臼中扩髓出的球形腔。
3.如权利要求1所述的局部髋关节假体,其中假体股骨头(40)的所述表面上的球形带(51)定中于轴线(73),该轴线对应于作用在髋关节上的主负载矢量(72)的定向。
4.如权利要求1所述的局部髋关节假体,其中与扩髓髋臼叠合的球形带(51)定中为与假体股骨头的回转轴线成30度至55度角,球形带的宽度在5至15度之间。
5.如权利要求1所述的局部髋关节假体,其中关节的凹侧是在髋臼中扩髓出的非球形腔(201),球形带(203)上的半径(202)等于球形假体股骨头的半径(205)。
6.如权利要求1或2所述的局部髋关节假体,其中在关节中的主负载传递区域形成间隙(110,301)。
7.如权利要求1所述的局部髋关节假体,其中假体颈部设置有多个孔(38),用于帮助在股骨颈的骨中形成血管和锚固。
8.如权利要求4所述的局部髋关节假体,其中与扩髓髋臼叠合的球形带(51)定中为与假体股骨头的回转轴线成约45度角。
9.如权利要求4所述的局部髋关节假体,其中球形带的宽度为约10度。
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