CN102805805A

CN102805805A - Medicament for treating rhinitis and preparation method thereof

Info

Publication number: CN102805805A
Application number: CN2012103047354A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 兰恒志
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2012-08-25
Filing date: 2012-08-25
Publication date: 2012-12-05
Anticipated expiration: 2032-08-25
Also published as: CN102805805B

Abstract

The invention discloses a medicament for treating rhinitis and a preparation method thereof. The medicament is mainly prepared from medicaments including dahurian angelica root, mint, siberian cocklour fruit, towel gourd stem, lily, Chinese globeflower flower, grassleaf sweelflag rhizome, weeping forsythia and the like. The medicament has the medicinal functions of expelling wind and heat, regulating qi, invigorating the blood, tonifying qi and dredging channels, has a good curative effect on rhinitis, and has a high curative rate.

Description

A kind of medicine of treating rhinitis and preparation method thereof

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of medicine of treating rhinitis and preparation method thereof, belong to the field of Chinese medicines.

Technical background

Rhinitis is nasal mucosa or submucous tissue because viral infection, courses of infection, stimulus etc. cause nasal mucosa or submucous tissue impaired, caused acute or chronic inflammatory disease.Rhinitis causes producing too much mucus, causes symptoms such as watery nasal discharge, nasal obstruction usually.Show as congested or edema, the patient nasal obstruction occurs through regular meeting, stream clear water tears, and rhinocnesmus, throat is uncomfortable, symptoms such as cough.At present, western medical treatment is many to be main with medicine and operative treatment, take medicine for a long time and can cause very big infringement to Liver and kidney, and operation wound is big, unsuccessful then do not have the leeway of redemption.Therefore, there is great demand in people to the Chinese medicine of effective treatment rhinitis.

Summary of the invention

The inventor has found the medicine of effective treatment rhinitis finally, thereby has accomplished the present invention according to the research of theory of Chinese medical science and clinical repeatedly test and checking.

The object of the invention just provides a kind of composition of medicine that can treat rhinitis.

Another object of the present invention has just provided the method for preparing of this composition of medicine.

Medicine of the present invention selects the Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Herba Menthae, Fructus Xanthii, Ramulus Luffae, Bulbus Lilii, Flos Trollii, Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Platycodonis, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Herba Houttuyniae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii, Flos Chrysanthemi, Fructus Arctii, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Fructus Forsythiae, Herba Asari, Herba Ephedrae, Fructus Mume, Fructus Lycii, Radix Adenophorae, Herba Centipedae, Herba Andrographis medicine to make up; Make each efficacy of drugs produce synergism these drug regimens, thus recurrence that can the efficacious therapy rhinitis.Wherein select for use the Radix Angelicae Dahuricae to be because its nature and flavor are hot, temperature is gone into lung, spleen, stomach warp, dispel the wind, and dampness, detumescence, the analgesic function is controlled headache, supraorbital bone pain, toothache, nasal sinusitis, cold-damp stomachache, hemorrhoidal hamorrhage anal fistula, leucorrhea with red and white discharge, ulcer sores, skin pruritus due to dryness, scabies.Select for use Herba Menthae to be because its nature and flavor are hot, lung, Liver Channel are gone in cold, and dispelling wind is arranged, and heat radiation is warded off dirtyly, and the antidotal function is controlled affection due to external wind and heat, headache, conjunctival congestion, laryngopharynx swelling and pain, dyspepsia flatulence, aphtha, toothache, skin ulcer scabies, urticaria.Select for use Fructus Xanthii to be because its nature and flavor are sweet, temperature, poisonous, go into lung, Liver Channel, diffusing wind is arranged, pain relieving, damp eliminating, parasiticidal function is controlled headche due to wind-cold, nasal sinusitis, toothache, anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, four foot spasm and pain, mange, pruritus.Select for use Ramulus Luffae to be because its nature and flavor are bitter, be slightly cold, mild toxicity is gone into the heart, spleen, kidney three warps, and Shujin is arranged, invigorate blood circulation, and spleen invigorating, parasiticidal function is controlled waist knee joint numb limbs and tense tendons, menoxenia, edema, nasal sinusitis, gingival atrophy.Select for use Bulbus Lilii to be because its property sweet and slightly bitter taste is flat, go into the heart, lung meridian, nourishing the lung to arrest cough is arranged, the function of clearing away heart-fire for tranquillization is controlled the pulmonary tuberculosis chronic cough, cough and spit expectorant blood, and waste heat is unclear after the calentura, fidgets due to deficiency palpitation with fear, staring spells, beriberi edema.Select for use Flos Trollii to be because its nature and flavor are bitter, cold in nature, nontoxic, the function of heat-clearing and toxic substances removing is arranged, control sense, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, acute otitis media, acute myringitis, acute conjunctivitis, acute lymphangitis, aphtha, furuncle.Select for use Radix Scrophulariae to be because its nature and flavor are bitter, salty, lung, kidney channel are gone in cold, and YIN nourishing is arranged, pathogenic fire reducing, and relieving restlessness, the antidotal function is controlled the calentura excessive thirst, sends out speckle, the hectic fever due to YIN-deficiency consumptive fever, it is not peaceful to sleep night, spontaneous sweating, constipation is hindered in Tianjin, hematemesis and epistaxis, laryngopharynx swelling and pain, carbuncle, scrofula.Select for use Radix Platycodonis to be because its nature and flavor toil is flat, go into lung, stomach warp, lung qi dispersing gas is arranged out, the function of the evacuation of pus of eliminating the phlegm is controlled the exogenous cough, laryngopharynx swelling and pain, lung abscess vomiting pus, fullness in the chest and hypochondriac pain, dysentery stomachache.Select for use Radix Glycyrrhizae to be because its nature and flavor are sweet flat, go into spleen, stomach, lung meridian, have and middle emergency, lung moistening, detoxifcation; The function of coordinating the actions of various ingredients in a prescription is processed with controlling weakness of the spleen and stomach, lack of appetite, stomachache loose stool; The overstrain heating, consumptive lung disease cough, cardiopalmus, frightened carbuncle; Give birth to controlling laryngopharynx swelling and pain, peptic ulcer, ulcer sores is separated poison of drug and alimentary toxicosis.Select for use Herba Houttuyniae to be because its nature and flavor are hot, cold, go into meridian of Hand-TAI YIN, heat-clearing and toxic substances removing is arranged, the function of inducing diuresis to remove edema is controlled pneumonia, lung abscess, hematodiarrhoea, malaria, edema, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, carbuncle, hemorrhoid, proctoptosis, eczema, tinea alba, scabies.Select for use be Radix Ophiopogonis because its property sweet and slightly bitter taste is cold, go into lung, stomach, heart channel, nourishing YIN and moistening the lung is arranged, the relieving restlessness that clears away heart-fire, the function of reinforcing stomach reg fluid is controlled dryness of the lung dry cough, spits blood, spitting of blood, consumptive lung disease, lung abscess, the asthenia dysphoria with smothery sensation, clear thirsty, hinder in calentura Tianjin, dry mouth and throat, constipation.Select for use Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii to be because its nature and flavor are arduous, temperature is gone into bladder, kidney channel, and diffusing exterior cold is arranged, wind-damp dispelling, and the function in sharp joint, the wind and cold that cures cold, it is lossless to have a headache, anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, stiffness of the nape muscular contracture, joint ache, edema due to wind pathogen edema, skin sore.Selecting Flos Chrysanthemi for use is that lung is gone in cold because of its nature and flavor sweetness and bitterness, and Liver Channel has dispelling wind, and the heat that disappears makes eye bright, and the antidotal function is controlled headache, and is dizzy, conjunctival congestion, irritable feverish sensation of chest and heart, furuncle, toxic swelling.Select for use Fructus Arctii to be because its nature and flavor are arduous, lung, stomach warp are gone in cold, and dispelling wind and heat pathogens is arranged, the lung qi dispersing rash, and the function of subduing swelling and detoxicating is controlled the cough due to pathogenic wind-heat, laryngopharynx swelling and pain, macule is not passed through, and rubella is had an itch, carbuncle sore tumefacting virus.Select for use Rhizoma Acori Graminei to be because its nature and flavor are arduous, tepor is gone into the heart, liver, spleen channel, has and has one's ideas straightened out, and eliminating phlegm is regulated the flow of vital energy, and invigorates blood circulation; Diffusing wind, the function of drying, the Zhi epilepsy, syncope due to accumulation of phlegm, the calentura coma, forgetful, deafness with qi stagnation; Ambition is unhappy, stomachache, stomachache, anemofrigid-damp arthralgia, swollen ulcer drug, traumatic injury.Select for use Fructus Forsythiae to be because its nature and flavor are bitter, the heart, liver, gallbladder meridian are gone in cold, and heat clearing away is arranged, detoxifcation, eliminating stagnation, the repercussive function, control warm, erysipelas, macule, carbuncle and ulcer toxic swelling, scrofula, urine stranguria with urinary obstruction.Select for use Herba Asari to be because its nature and flavor are hot, temperature is gone into lung, kidney channel, dispel the wind, and cold expelling, row water is opened the function of stealing, and controls air-cooled headache, nasal sinusitis, pain relieving, phlegm retention cough with dyspnea, rheumatic arthralgia.Select for use Herba Ephedrae to be because its nature and flavor are arduous, temperature is gone into lung, urinary bladder channel, and diaphoresis is arranged, and relievings asthma; The function of diuretic, the cold table that cures the wound is real, and fever with chills is lossless, headache is had a stuffy nose, arthralgia, cough and asthma, edema due to wind pathogen edema; dysuria, ailment said due to cold or exposure insensitive impediment, munbness, rubella pruritus.Select for use Fructus Mume to be because its nature and flavor are sour, temperature is gone into liver, spleen, and lung, large intestine channel has convergence to promote the production of body fluid, and the anthelmintic function of relieving colic caused by ascaris is controlled chronic cough, the deficiency-heat excessive thirst, chronic malaria, dysentery is had blood in stool, hematuria, metrorrhagia, ascariasis of biliary tract stomachache, vomiting, ancylostomiasis, psoriasis, bulbar conjunctiva polyp.Select for use Fructus Lycii to be because its nature and flavor are sweet, flat, nourishing kidney is arranged, lung moistening, tonifying liver, the function that makes eye bright, the treating the liver kidney yin is lost, and soreness of the waist and knees is had a dizzy spell, the many tears of blurred vision, cough due to consumptive disease is quenched one's thirst, and loses clear.Selecting Radix Adenophorae for use is that lung, Liver Channel are gone in cold, and nourishing YIN and clearing away lung-heat is arranged because of its property sweet and slightly bitter taste, and the function of expelling phlegm for arresting cough is controlled lung-heat type cough, and chronic consumptive disease chronic cough, the moon are hindered the dry pharynx laryngalgia.Select for use Radix Scutellariae to be because its nature and flavor bitter cold is gone into cardiopulmonary, gallbladder, large intestine channel, the removing the relative excess fire is arranged, except that damp and hot, the function of arresting bleeding and miscarriage prevention is controlled the high fever excessive thirst, the cough due to lung-heat.Select for use Herba Centipedae to be because its nature and flavor are hot, temperature is gone into the meridian of Hand-TAI YIN edema caused by disorder of QI, dispels the wind, and cold expelling wins and wets, and goes nebula, the function of stuffy nose relieving plug; Cure cold asthma of cold-type, sore throat, pertussis, eruptive disease stomachache, amebic dysentery, malaria; Infantile malnutrition with diarrhea, nasal sinusitis, polyp, corneal nebula is puckery itches, ecthyma, scabies, traumatic injury.Select for use Herba Andrographis to be because its nature and flavor are bitter, cold in nature, nontoxic, go into the heart, lung two warps, heat-clearing and toxic substances removing is arranged, removing heat from blood repercussive function; Control acute bacillary dysentery, gastroenteritis, flu, epidemic encephalitis, tracheitis, pneumonia; Pertussis, pulmonary tuberculosis, lung abscess, cholecystitis, hypertension; Epistaxis, oropharynx swells and ache, furuncle carbuncle, burn due to hot liquid or fire, venom.

The specific embodiment

Amount of drug of the present invention also is that the inventor draws through groping in a large number to sum up, and the consumption of each component all has better curative effect in following weight range

Radix Angelicae Dahuricae 25-35 gram Herba Menthae 10-20 gram Fructus Xanthii 5-15 gram

Ramulus Luffae 5-15 gram Bulbus Lilii 10-20 gram Flos Trollii 14-18 gram

Radix Scrophulariae 10-14 gram Radix Platycodonis 15-25 gram Radix Glycyrrhizae 16-20 gram

Herba Houttuyniae 25-35 gram 16-20 Radix Ophiopogonis gram Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii 10-20 gram

Flos Chrysanthemi 10-14 gram Fructus Arctii 7-11 gram Rhizoma Acori Graminei 10-14 gram

Fructus Forsythiae 15-25 gram Herba Asari 15-25 gram Herba Ephedrae 10-20 gram

Fructus Mume 15-25 gram Fructus Lycii 15-25 gram Radix Adenophorae 20-24 gram

Radix Scutellariae 15-25 gram Herba Centipedae 25-35 gram Herba Andrographis 15-25 gram

Wherein, be preferably

The Radix Angelicae Dahuricae 30 gram Herba Menthaes 15 gram Fructus Xanthii 10 grams

Ramulus Luffae 10 gram Bulbus Liliies 15 gram Flos Trolliis 16 grams

Radix Scrophulariae 12 gram Radix Platycodoniss 20 gram Radix Glycyrrhizaes 18 grams

Herba Houttuyniae 30 gram 18 gram Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygiis Radix Ophiopogonis 15 grams

Flos Chrysanthemi 12 gram Fructus Arctiis 9 gram Rhizoma Acori Graminei 12 grams

Fructus Forsythiae 20 gram Herba Asaris 20 gram Herba Ephedraes 15 grams

Fructus Mume 20 gram Fructus Lycii 20 gram Radix Adenophoraes 22 grams

Radix Scutellariae 20 gram Herba Centipedae 30 gram Herba Andrographis 20 grams

The method for preparing of medicine of the present invention is following

One, gets the raw materials ready

1, the Radix Angelicae Dahuricae: choose clean impurity, wash, soak, pull out and run through, slightly shine when crust does not have soapy feeling, again behind the moistening, chip drying;

2, Herba Menthae: choose clean impurity, remove undesirable root, leaf is trembled down in addition put earlier, then stem is sprayed clear water, run through the back cutting, dry, again with leaf and even;

3, Fructus Xanthii: choose most impurity, deburring, sieve dedust bits, little stir-fry is to yellow, and taking-up cools;

4, Ramulus Luffae: choose clean impurity, wash, soak, run through the back cutting, dry;

5, Bulbus Lilii: choose decontamination, black lobe, the ash disposal of winnowing with a dustpan bits;

6, Flos Trollii: former medicine is chosen decontamination, sieve dedust bits;

7, Radix Scrophulariae: choose clean impurity, remove removing LU, clean running through, section is dried;

8, Radix Platycodonis: choose clean impurity, remove removing LU, clean and pull out, run through the back section, dry;

9, Radix Glycyrrhizae: choose decontamination, clean, be soaked in water when eighty per cant passes through, pull out, run through section, airing;

10, Herba Houttuyniae: remove clean impurity, remove undesirable root, clean cutting, dry;

11, Radix Ophiopogonis: choose clean impurity, be soaked in water, pull out, take out the heart after running through, clean again and dry;

12, Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii: choose decontamination, clean, run through, section is dried;

13, Flos Chrysanthemi: choose clean leaf stalk, anthocaulus and spare impurity;

14, Fructus Arctii: choose decontamination, sieve removes spare;

15, Rhizoma Acori Graminei: choose decontamination, clean, soak slightly, run through, section is dried;

16, Fructus Forsythiae: choose clean impurity, stranding is opened, and removes discarding stalk;

17, Herba Asari: Ex-all impurity, water spray profit, cutting is in time dried;

18, Herba Ephedrae: choose decontamination, remove most woody stems and undesirable root, wash, little profit back cutting is drying to obtain;

19, Fructus Mume: choose clean impurity, sieve dedust bits are cleaned, and dry;

20, Fructus Lycii: the clean impurity of winnowing with a dustpan, pluck the residual stalk and the base of a fruit;

21, Radix Adenophorae: choose clean impurity, go reed, wash, slightly profit is cut into slices, and well sifted dries;

22, Radix Scutellariae: choose decontamination, remove residual stem, soak into or put to soak slightly in the boiled water and pull out with cold water, section is dried;

23, Herba Centipedae: choose clean impurity, cutting is dried;

24, Herba Andrographis: get crude drug, remove impurity, wash quickly is clean, moistens cutting, drying slightly.

Two, preparation

The Radix Angelicae Dahuricae, Herba Menthae, Fructus Xanthii, Ramulus Luffae, Bulbus Lilii, Flos Trollii, Radix Scrophulariae, Radix Platycodonis, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Herba Houttuyniae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii, Flos Chrysanthemi, Fructus Arctii, Rhizoma Acori Graminei, Fructus Forsythiae, Herba Asari, Herba Ephedrae, Fructus Mume, Fructus Lycii, Radix Adenophorae, Herba Centipedae, the Herba Andrographis of said weight are put into the clear water that medicinal cupping adds 4 times of amounts to be soaked 30 minutes; Decocted with high heat 15 minutes; Reuse slow fire boiling 30 minutes; The extracting juice that removes slag promptly gets medicinal liquid.

Medicine of the present invention has wind and heat dispersing, vital energy regualting and blood circulation-promoting, and the pharmic function that QI invigorating is sensible is used to treat the rhinitis good effect, and cure rate is high.

The specific embodiment:

Below come further to set forth the beneficial effect of medicine according to the invention, these Test Example to comprise that the animal toxicity test of medicine of the present invention and clinical observation on the therapeutic effect test through Test Example.

The animal toxicity test of [Test Example 1] medicine of the present invention

Get 30 of new zealand rabbits, the male and female dual-purpose, body weight 2.0-2.5kg divides two groups, and 15 every group, wherein one group is the overdose test group, and another group is the normal amount test group.The super quantity group is 28ml/kg, and normal amount is 10ml/kg, and administering mode is the administration by gavage administration, serve on 7 days every day twice, observes the administration reaction every day, and the result shows that two groups of rabbit are movable, diet is normal, and medicine does not have bad toxic and side effects.

The clinical observation of [Test Example 2] Drug therapy rhinitis of the present invention

1, physical data

Accept out-patient's 220 examples for medical treatment.

2, diagnostic criteria

The clinical manifestation of rhinitis is nasal obstruction: the nasal obstruction characteristics are intermittent.By day, day heat, work or when motion nasal obstruction alleviate, and night, sit quietly or when cold nasal obstruction increase the weight of.Another characteristics of nasal obstruction are for replacing property.As when lying on one's side, the congestion that occupies downside, the upside nasal airflow is good.Since the nasal obstruction, or hyposmia, the headache, giddy, be symptoms such as closed rhinolalia in a minute.

Many tears: often be mucus or sticking purulence, idol becomes purulence.Purulence is dyed the back appearance more than sending out sexuality season.

Olfactory sensation descends: be mostly due to two kinds of reasons that one is nasal mucosa swelling, nasal obstruction, air-flow can not get into the olfactory sensation zone; Two for the regio olfactoria mucosa receives the chronic inflammatory disease long-time stimulus, and olfactory function goes down or disappears.

Headache, giddy: chronic sinusitis shows as a sense of heaviness more.

Whole body performance: majority have headache, inappetence, it is tired to be prone to, hypomnesis and insomnia etc.

3, Therapeutic Method

Select above-mentioned medicament for use, take to the patient, take 1 dose at every turn, every day is early, middle and late respectively obeys 1 time, and 20 days is a course of treatment, takes two courses of treatment continuously.

4, efficacy assessment standard

Produce effects: treatment back clinical symptom disappearance, it is normal that nasal cavity and respiratory tract recover, and follows up a case by regular visits to and do not have recurrence half a year;

Take a turn for the better: clinical symptoms is obviously improved, and progressively recovers normal;

Invalid: clinical partial symptoms does not have change, does not reach improvement standard person.

5, therapeutic outcome

Figure 2012103047354100002DEST_PATH_IMAGE001

In above-mentioned treatment, with Drug therapy rhinitis patient 220 examples of the present invention, produce effects 190 examples as a result, obvious effective rate is 86.36%, 13 examples that take a turn for the better, improvement rate is 5.90%, invalid 17 examples, total effective rate is 92.27%.

Claims

1. medicine of treating rhinitis, it is characterized in that: it is to be processed by the crude drug in the following weight scope:

Ramulus Luffae 5-15 gram Bulbus Lilii 10-20 gram Flos Trollii 14-18 gram

Fructus Forsythiae 15-25 gram Herba Asari 15-25 gram Herba Ephedrae 10-20 gram

Fructus Mume 15-25 gram Fructus Lycii 15-25 gram Radix Adenophorae 20-24 gram

Radix Scutellariae 15-25 gram Herba Centipedae 25-35 gram Herba Andrographis 15-25 gram.

2. medicine according to claim 1, wherein the consumption of each crude drug is:

Ramulus Luffae 10 gram Bulbus Liliies 15 gram Flos Trolliis 16 grams

Fructus Forsythiae 20 gram Herba Asaris 20 gram Herba Ephedraes 15 grams

Fructus Mume 20 gram Fructus Lycii 20 gram Radix Adenophoraes 22 grams

Radix Scutellariae 20 gram Herba Centipedae 30 gram Herba Andrographis 20 grams.

3. according to the method for preparing of claim 1 or 2 said medicines, it is characterized in that: it comprises the following steps:

(1) gets the raw materials ready

(1) Radix Angelicae Dahuricae: choose clean impurity, wash, soak, pull out and run through, slightly shine when crust does not have soapy feeling, again behind the moistening, chip drying;

(2) Herba Menthae: choose clean impurity, remove undesirable root, leaf is trembled down in addition put earlier, then stem is sprayed clear water, run through the back cutting, dry, again with leaf and even;

(3) Fructus Xanthii: choose most impurity, deburring, sieve dedust bits, little stir-fry is to yellow, and taking-up cools;

(4) Ramulus Luffae: choose clean impurity, wash, soak, run through the back cutting, dry;

(5) Bulbus Lilii: choose decontamination, black lobe, the ash disposal of winnowing with a dustpan bits;

(6) Flos Trollii: former medicine is chosen decontamination, sieve dedust bits;

(7) Radix Scrophulariae: choose clean impurity, remove removing LU, clean running through, section is dried;

(8) Radix Platycodonis: choose clean impurity, remove removing LU, clean and pull out, run through the back section, dry;

(9) Radix Glycyrrhizae: choose decontamination, clean, be soaked in water when eighty per cant passes through, pull out, run through section, airing;

(10) Herba Houttuyniae: remove clean impurity, remove undesirable root, clean cutting, dry;

(11) Radix Ophiopogonis: choose clean impurity, be soaked in water, pull out, take out the heart after running through, clean again and dry;

(12) Rhizoma Et Radix Notopterygii: choose decontamination, clean, run through, section is dried;

(13) Flos Chrysanthemi: choose clean leaf stalk, anthocaulus and spare impurity;

(14) Fructus Arctii: choose decontamination, sieve removes spare;

(15) Rhizoma Acori Graminei: choose decontamination, clean, soak slightly, run through, section is dried;

(16) Fructus Forsythiae: choose clean impurity, stranding is opened, and removes discarding stalk;

(17) Herba Asari: Ex-all impurity, water spray profit, cutting is in time dried;

(18) Herba Ephedrae: choose decontamination, remove most woody stems and undesirable root, wash, little profit back cutting is drying to obtain;

(19) Fructus Mume: choose clean impurity, sieve dedust bits are cleaned, and dry;

(20) Fructus Lycii: the clean impurity of winnowing with a dustpan, pluck the residual stalk and the base of a fruit;

(21) Radix Adenophorae: choose clean impurity, go reed, wash, slightly profit is cut into slices, and well sifted dries;

(22) Radix Scutellariae: choose decontamination, remove residual stem, soak into or put to soak slightly in the boiled water and pull out with cold water, section is dried;

(23) Herba Centipedae: choose clean impurity, cutting is dried;

(24) Herba Andrographis: get crude drug, remove impurity, wash quickly is clean, moistens cutting, drying slightly;

(2) preparation