CN1027908C - 硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉及其制备方法 - Google Patents
硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- NICDRCVJGXLKSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;trihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.Cl.O[N+]([O-])=O NICDRCVJGXLKSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
- F16B33/00—Features common to bolt and nut
- F16B33/06—Surface treatment of parts furnished with screw-thread, e.g. for preventing seizure or fretting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/08—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases only one element being applied
- C23C8/24—Nitriding
- C23C8/26—Nitriding of ferrous surfaces
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0093—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for screws; for bolts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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- C23C8/34—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases more than one element being applied in more than one step
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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Abstract
公开了一种硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉及其制备方法,在奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的表面上形成一层含超硬表面层和内硬层的硬质渗氮层,所述硬质渗氮层预定部分除掉其超硬表面层,仅剩下连接心部的内硬层。其制造方法是将奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材置于含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛下,以在其表面上形成氟化层,在渗氮气氛下加热氟化的螺钉,以将螺钉的表面层制成一层含超硬表面层和内硬层的硬质渗氮层,然后除掉超硬层露出内硬层。
Description
本发明涉及一种耐蚀性优良的硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉及其制备方法。
一般来说,奥氏体不锈钢与碳钢相比,对酸或盐具有更高的耐蚀性。但是,其表面硬度和强度比碳钢差。因此,不宜用这种不锈钢作需要靠自攻性紧固铁基板材的螺钉,例如自攻螺钉,自钻螺钉和干墙螺钉等。为此,使用电镀渗碳的铁制品或13Cr不锈钢制品。但需要指出的是,这些制品的缺点在于不仅其抗氧化性(防锈性)要比奥氏体不锈钢制品的差,而且其紧固能力也很弱,因为近来受严重的环境污染问题之一酸雨的影响,其基材遭到腐蚀。在这方面,奥氏体不锈钢制品的耐酸性极优良。因此,本发明提供一种通过渗氮硬化奥氏体不锈钢保持其自攻性与铁制品一样良好的技术(日本专利申请177660/1989)。按照该项技术,在不锈钢螺钉外表周围可形成一硬质层,靠该层能钻入和自攻入足够厚的铁板。虽然在所得硬化层中多数表面硬质层(15-50μm)极硬,但也不一定充分防锈和耐酸,很容易造成锈蚀。根据本发明人的调查发现,比超硬表面层还往里的部分具有与不锈钢基材同样的耐蚀性,不会造成象铁制品和13Cr制品那样由酸雨所带来的腐蚀问题。在外观方面,改变可见部件的颜色、特别是改变
紧固后可见的螺钉头的颜色并不可取。为了解决这些问题,已提出了应用某些方法,例如用镀铜掩蔽住螺钉头进行渗氮的方法,和奥氏体不锈钢的螺钉头部分通过焊接与碳化铁材制成的钻孔部分结合的方法。但是这类方法也有缺点。在前一种方法中,通过镀铜部分掩蔽很麻烦且成本高;在后一种方法中,所用的多种原料成本高。可以完全用Ni-Zn、Zn或Ni进行镀覆,以防止由渗氮表面的超硬膜层产生的锈。由于大多数镀层对硫酸耐蚀性较差,因此不可能排出酸雨造成的锈蚀(特别是在户外使用的螺钉)。所以,在光泽度和保持美观方面,镀覆本身有效,但在防锈方面却不理想。
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉,它具有与铁制品相同的、对待钻的钢板的钻入、自攻和紧固特性,而且紧固后可见的螺钉头具有与奥氏体基材同样良好的缓蚀性。
为了实现上述目的,作为第一要点,本发明提供了一种奥氏体不锈钢螺钉,其特征在于在奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的表面上形成含超硬表面层和在其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬的渗氮层,预定部分的所述硬氮化层被除掉其超硬表面层,仅剩下连接心部的内硬层;作为第二要点,本发明提供了一种制造硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材置于含氟-或含氟化物气体的气氛下以在其表面上形成氟化层,在渗氮气氛下加热氟化的螺钉以将螺钉的表面层制成一层含有超硬表面层和在其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬的渗氮层,并将所述硬渗氮层预定部分的所述超硬表面层除掉以露出连接心部的内硬层。
所述内硬层指的是金属组合物层,其硬度比不锈钢基材心部高
约20%。
在寻找奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的渗氮层上为何生锈的累积调查过程中,本发明人发现:所述渗氮层有两层,一层是超硬表面层,另一层是其下的内硬层;超硬表面层在金属组合物中包含金属互化物(如CrN,Cr2N和Fe2-3);内硬层是一种固溶体,其中N,C,Fe-C与心部奥氏体是固溶的。如前所述,本发明人认为如果除掉超硬表面层,露出其下的内硬层,则可防止生锈,基本上不会损伤表面硬度和强度(因为仅在所述超硬层上生锈),这样便产生了本发明。
通过从奥氏体不锈钢螺钉表面形成的渗氮层上除去超硬表面层,本发明能使下面连接心部的内硬层暴露出来。一般来说,超硬表面层厚为15-50μm且表面硬度(Hv)为1200-1400,内硬层厚为30-150μm且表面硬度(Hv)为320-650。与奥氏体不锈钢基材相比,内硬层的表面硬度要高的多,而对酸和碱的耐蚀性与其差不多类似。
在本发明中,螺钉由奥氏体不锈钢基材制成。按上述方法渗氮后,只除掉渗氮层中的表面层(超硬表面层)。除掉表面层可采用化学或机械方法。在化学法中,将预定部分的超硬表面层(如螺钉头)浸入强酸(如HF-HNO3)或王水中2-30分钟,最好2-15分钟。在机械法中,将所述部分进行机械磨光等等。从均匀除去此层考虑,优选化学法。除了螺钉头部分之外,最好也除掉轴部分的超硬表面层,但这要取决于螺钉除掉表面层之后不会影响
紧固作用。
本发明的硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉按以下所述的方法生产。也就是说,将奥氏体不锈钢基材(以下称为钢材)预先放在含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛下以在钢表面上形成氟化层,然后在渗氮气氛下加热以除掉所述氟化层,同时除掉后的表面(钢材表面)成为渗氮层。除掉形成的渗氮层中的超硬表面层以防止生锈。
在渗氮之前上述预处理中所用的术语“含氟-或含氟化物气体”指的是至少一种选自NF3、BF3、CF4、HF、SF6和F2的氟源组分在惰性气体(例如N2)中的稀释体。在这些氟源组分中,NF3最适用,因为它比其它物质活性强,易处理而且具有其它优点。如前所述,在本发明中,将钢件置于温度250-400℃(就NF3而言)的上述含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛下对钢表面进行预处理,然后用公知的渗氮气体(如氨)进行氮化(或碳氮化)。在特殊情况下,当仅用F2气或由F2气或惰性气等构成的混合气作为含氟或含氟化物的气体时,上述保温范围是100℃-250℃。举例来说,氟源组分(如NF3)在这种含氟或含氟化物气体中的浓度应为1000-100,000ppm,最好20,000-70,000ppm最佳30,000-50,000。在这种含氟或含氟化物气氛中的保温时间可根据钢的种类、工件的几何形状和尺寸、加热温度以及前述条件方便地加以选择,一般在10分钟-数10分钟之内。
为了更具体地说明上述采用含氟或含氟化物的气体进行预处理和渗氮,将奥氏体不锈钢螺钉例如除油清洗,然后装入例如图1所
示的加热处理炉1中。该炉1是一个坑炉,包括内容器4,周围是分布在外壁2内的加热器3,进气管5和排气管6插入炉中。由气瓶15和16通过流量计17、阀18,等等以及进气管5供气。利用由马达7驱动的风扇8煽动炉内气氛。将放置在金属容器11中的工件10装入炉内。在图1中,参考数字13代表真空泵,14代表毒物清除器。将含氟或含氟化物的反应气,例如由NF3和N2构成的混合气,引入炉内并与工件一起在规定反应温度进行加热。在250-400℃,NF3挥发出初生态氟,从而清除了钢件表面上的有机和无机杂质,同时,这种氟迅速与表面上的基体元素铁和铬反应和/或与钢件表面上存在的氧化物(如FeO,Fe3O4和Cr2O3)反应。结果,在金属表面上,按下述反应形成了在金属组合物中含FeF2、FeF3、CrF2CrF4之类的化合物的非常薄的氟化层:
FeO+2F→FeF2+1/2O2
Cr2O3+4F→2CrF2+3/2O2
这些反应使工件表面上的氧化层转化成氟化层。同时,除掉了表面上吸附的O2。在无O2,H2和H2O的情况下,这种氟化层在温度高达600℃时是稳定的,估计还可能防止在金属基材上形成氧化层和吸附氧,直至后序渗氮步骤为止。在炉料表面也形成了类似的稳定氟化层,而且最大限度地降低了对炉料表面上破坏作用。
然后,将这种含氟或含氟化物反应气处理过的工件在480℃-700℃的渗氮温度下加热。在所述加热条件下加入NH3或由
NH3和碳源气(如RX气)构成的混合气之后,可能氟化层利用H2或微量水受到了还原或破裂,例如按以下所示的反应式得到活泼金属基:
CrF4+2H2→Cr+4HF
2FeF3+3H2→2Fe+6HF
这种活泼金属基形成之后,其上吸附了活性N原子,然后它们进入金属结构中并扩散,结果,在表面上形成了含CrN,Fe2N,Fe3N和Fe4N之类的氮化物层(渗氮层)。
如图2所示,由此形成的渗氮层含有超硬表面层20和其下的内硬层21。参考数字22指的是奥氏体不锈钢基材(心部)。在本发明中,螺钉头的超硬表面层20除掉后,在螺钉表面上暴露出内硬层21(如图3所示)。举例来说,除表面层可通过于约50℃加热HNO3-HF溶液,将预定部分(如所述不锈钢螺钉的钉头)浸入该溶液中约10-120分钟以熔化和除去超硬表面层和暴露出其下的内硬层。如前所述,上面的硬表面层厚为15-50μm。对除去该层来说,优先选择将该层浸入浓溶液(如前述酸)的方法。在某些情况下,也可采用打光机抛光的方法除层。以此方式除掉超硬表面层之后,下面的内硬层便显露出来。内硬层厚30-150μm,其表面硬度和强度比超硬表面层差,但远优于不锈钢基材。其耐蚀性与奥氏体不锈钢一样优良。因此,不会因酸雨等等生锈。
也就是说,用上述方法得到的奥氏体不锈钢螺钉在自攻和紧固功能方面具有与铁制品同样的特性,但抗酸和盐腐蚀性却得到很大
的改善。
图1示出了预处理炉的截面图。
图2示出了说明硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的渗氮层情况的截面图。
图3示出了说明除掉其超硬表面层情况的截面图。
图4示出了干墙螺钉头部分的渗氮层情况。
图5示出了螺纹部分的渗氮层的情况。
图6示出了阳极极化曲线图。
以下用实施例的方式进一步说明本发明
实施例1
将SUS316型不锈钢工件的十字槽头干墙螺钉(4×25,十字槽平头螺钉)用四氯乙烯清洗,然后装入图1所示的处理炉1中,且在含5000ppmNF3的N2气气氛下于380℃保温15分钟,然后于530℃加热,在该温度下渗氮处理3小时,同时由50%NH3和50%N2构成的混合气引入炉内。然后,将工件风冷并从炉中取出。
由此得到的各工件的渗氮层厚度均匀,表面硬度为1200-1380Hv,而基材部分的硬度为250-260Hv。
之后,将所述不锈钢工件的端顶(干墙螺钉头)到10mm深度的部分浸入15%HNO3-5%HF溶液(50℃),历时20分钟,然后取出,由此除去渗氮层中的超硬表面层。
在钉头部位(其中已除掉超硬表面层)和其它部位分别测定由
此得到的不锈钢工件的表面硬度。结果示于表1。
表1
超硬表面层 除掉的部分
(螺纹部分) (钉头部分)
表面硬度 1200-1380 380-580
(Hv)
用光学显微镜观察所述不锈钢工件的截面表明,剩下的具有超硬表面层的螺纹部分由两种渗氮层构成,即超硬表面层和下面的内硬层21(如图5所示);而除掉了超硬表面层的钉头部分仅由一种渗氮层构成,即内硬层21(如图4所示)。在图4中,参考数字23是十字槽。
此外,对由此得到的不锈钢工件(干墙螺钉)进行加速腐蚀试验。首先,将螺钉在距钉头端顶5mm以下切割成螺钉头和其它部分,然后单独进行中性盐雾试验。结果示于表2。
表2
钉头表面 500小时后未见变化
螺纹部分 4小时后生锈
这就是说,除掉超硬表面层的钉头部分在加速腐蚀试验进行500小时之后未生锈等等,相反,4小时之后螺纹部分生锈。
在不锈钢工件(干墙螺钉)中,钉头部分的表面硬度和强度比螺纹部分的略低,但螺纹部分的表面硬度和强度很大程度上得到保持,且对轻型钢材具有自攻性和钻紧性,而这些特性是普通不锈钢螺钉得不到的。
实施例2
制备若干个奥氏体不锈钢六角头自钻螺钉4×20mm(XM7)和SUS板材(25×35×1mm),用丙酮清洗,装入图1所示的炉内,在含5000ppm NF3的N2气氛下于400℃保温15分钟,然后升温到530℃,在N2+90%H2的混合气体保持30分钟,在该温度下,于20%NF3+80%RX气氛中渗氮5小时,然后从炉中取出。
对于钻螺钉,从钉头顶端到下面10mm的部分;对于板材,则整个部分浸入强酸(盐酸1+硝酸3,45℃2次稀释)20分钟,取出后清洗。然后,为使其光滑,用Ni-Zn电镀螺钉整个部分。根据JIS拧丝试验测定拧丝(Screwing)特性。
对20个样品进行拧丝试验,即把螺钉拧入厚度为2.3mm的钢(SPCC)板。因此,平均拧入时间为2.12秒。该时间几乎与钉头部分端到下面10mm未浸入HNO3-HF溶液的拧入时间几乎相同。
对于板材,记录于5%H2SO4溶液中的阳板极化数据。结果示于图6。由曲线A可见,浸泡在酸中除掉超硬表面层的部分显
示出与曲线B所示的基材表面差不多类似的耐蚀性。
实施例3
将奥氏体不锈钢自攻螺钉(4×12mm)和少量螺钉(4×13mm)装入图1所示的炉中,在含1%F2的气氛下于200℃保温40分钟,然后加热到550℃且在30%NH3+10%CO2+60%RX气氛下于该温度渗氮5小时。其它处理与实施例2相同。用CASS试验方法对那些螺钉进行老化试验,结果表明,即使在700小时后也未见生锈,而在渗铜铁制品(Ni-Zn镀)和13Cr型不锈钢制品中,在24小时内分别产生了白锈和红锈。
如上所述,在本发明的奥氏体不锈钢螺钉中,将螺钉头部分的超硬表面层从其渗氮层除掉以露出内硬层,因为超硬表面层含有CrN、Cr2N和Fe2-3之类的金属互化物,容易生锈。内硬层含固溶体层(其中N,C等等与不锈钢基材呈固溶形式),几乎不生锈且具有相当高的表面硬度和强度。因此,在奥氏体不锈钢螺钉中,钉头部分不受酸雨等影响生锈。由于其螺纹部分未除掉其超硬表面层,结果表面硬度和强度几乎与碳钢产品的相同,使得螺钉具有自攻性和自紧性。在奥氏体不锈钢螺钉中,由于其基材具有耐蚀性且内硬层防锈,即使在渗氮层中的超硬表面层上生锈,则锈既不扩层到整个部件,也不影响强度。在本发明中,由于上述奥氏体不锈钢工件在含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛中保持一段时间,且在渗氮之前表面上形成了氟化层,然后在此状态下渗氮,则形成的渗氮层均匀和较深,从而得到表面特性优良的硬质奥氏不锈钢螺钉。
Claims (7)
1、一种硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉,其特征在于在奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的表面上形成一层包括超硬表面层和其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬质渗氮层,所述硬质渗氮层的预定部分被除掉其超硬表面层,仅剩下连接心部的内硬层。
2、根据权利要求1所述的硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉,其中超硬表面层厚为15μm-50μm,内硬层厚为30μm-150μm。
3、根据权利要求1所述的硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉,其中具有剩下的超硬表面层部分包括螺纹部分和钻端部分。
4、一种制造硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在渗氮气氛下加热奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材以将螺钉表面层制成含硬质表面层和其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬质渗氮层,然后除去所述硬渗氮层预定部分的超硬表面层以暴露出连接心部的内硬层。
5、根据权利要求4所述的制造硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:在渗透气氛下加热奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材以将螺钉表面层制成含硬质表面层和其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬质渗氮层,然后利用了强酸浸渍法除掉所述硬质氮层的预定部分的所述超硬表面层以暴露出连接心部的内硬层。
6、一种制造硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材置于一种含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛下以在该表面上形成氟化层,在渗氮气氛下加热氟化的螺钉,以将螺钉表面层制成一层含超硬表面层和其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬质渗氮层,然后将所述硬质渗氮层预定部分的所述超硬表面层除掉以暴露出连接心部的内硬层。
7、根据权利要求6所述的一种制造硬质奥氏体不锈钢螺钉的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:将奥氏体不锈钢螺钉基材置于一种含氟或含氟化物气体的气氛下以在该表面上形成氟化层,在渗氮气氛下加热氟化的螺钉,以将螺钉表面层制成一层含超硬表面层和其下连接螺钉心部的内硬层的硬质渗氮层,然后将所述硬质渗氮层预定部分的所述超硬表面层除掉以暴露出连接心部的内硬层。
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US5445683A (en) * | 1992-05-13 | 1995-08-29 | Daidousanso Co., Ltd. | Nickel alloy products with their surfaces nitrided and hardened |
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TW237484B (zh) * | 1992-09-16 | 1995-01-01 | Daido Oxygen | |
EP0678589B1 (en) * | 1994-04-18 | 1999-07-14 | Daido Hoxan Inc. | Method of carburizing austenitic metal |
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CN105839165B (zh) * | 2016-04-20 | 2017-12-12 | 深圳八六三计划材料表面技术研发中心 | 一种奥氏体不锈钢及提高硬度和耐蚀性的处理方法 |
TWI714846B (zh) * | 2018-05-09 | 2021-01-01 | 國聯螺絲工業股份有限公司 | 300系列不銹鋼螺絲扣件氮化熱處理製程 |
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ES2057766T3 (es) | 1994-10-16 |
DE69103114T2 (de) | 1994-12-08 |
DK0479409T3 (da) | 1994-11-21 |
EP0479409A3 (en) | 1992-09-30 |
ATE109252T1 (de) | 1994-08-15 |
KR950000307B1 (ko) | 1995-01-13 |
JP2633076B2 (ja) | 1997-07-23 |
KR920008210A (ko) | 1992-05-27 |
JPH04143263A (ja) | 1992-05-18 |
CN1060503A (zh) | 1992-04-22 |
EP0479409B1 (en) | 1994-07-27 |
DE69103114D1 (de) | 1994-09-01 |
EP0479409A2 (en) | 1992-04-08 |
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